Dislocation evolution in epitaxial multilayers and graded composition buffers

This paper presents models to describe the dislocation dynamics of strain relaxation in an epitaxial uniform layer, epitaxial multilayers and graded composition buffers. A set of new evolution equations for nucleation rate and annihilation rate of threading dislocations is developed. The dislocation interactions are incorporated into the kinetics process by introducing a resistance term, which depends only on plastic strain. Both threading dislocation nucleation and threading dislocation annihilation are characterized. The new evolution equations combined with other evolution equations for the plastic strain rate, the mean velocity and the dislocation density rate of the threading dislocations are tested on GexSi1-x/Si(100) heterostructures, including epitaxial multilayers and graded composition buffers. It is shown that the evolution equations successfully predict a wide range of experimental results of strain relaxation and threading dislocation evolution in the materials system. Meanwhile, the simulation results clearly signify that the threading dislocation annihilation plays a vital role in the reduction of threading dislocation density.

Temperature and composition profile during double-track laser cladding of H13 tool steel

Multi-track laser cladding is now applied commercially in a range of industries such as automotive, mining and aerospace due to its diversified potential for material processing. The knowledge of temperature, velocity and composition distribution history is essential for a better understanding of the process and subsequent microstructure evolution and properties. Numerical simulation not only helps to understand the complex physical phenomena and underlying principles involved in this process, but it can also be used in the process prediction and system control. The double-track coaxial laser cladding with H13 tool steel powder injection is simulated using a comprehensive three-dimensional model, based on the mass, momentum, energy conservation and solute transport equation. Some important physical phenomena, such as heat transfer, phase changes, mass addition and fluid flow, are taken into account in the calculation. The physical properties for a mixture of solid and liquid phase are defined by treating it as a continuum media. The velocity of the laser beam during the transition between two tracks is considered. The evolution of temperature and composition of different monitoring locations is simulated.

Effect of alkaline-earth metal composition on spectroscopic properties of Er3+ in fluorophosphate glasses

Optical spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped alkaline-earth metal modified fluoropho sphate glasses have been investigated experimentally for developing broadband fiber and planar amplifiers. The results show a strong correlation between the alkaline-earth metal content and the spectroscopic parameters such as absorption and emission cross sections, full widths at half-maximum and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters. It is found that strontium ions could have more influences on the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters and the absorption and emission cross sections than other alkaline-earth metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+. The sample containing 23 mol% strontium fluoride exhibits the maximum emission cross section of 7.58 x 10(-21) cm(2), the broadest full width at half-maximum of 65 nm and the longer lifetime of 8.6 ms among the alkaline-earth metal modified fluorophosphates glasses studied. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameter Omega(6)s, the emission cross sections and the full widths at half-maximum in the Er3+-doped fluorophosphate glasses studied are larger than in the silicate and phosphate glasses.

Composition dependent frequency upconversion luminescence in Er3+-doped oxychloride germanate glasses

Er3+ -doped oxychloride germanate glasses have been synthesized by conventional melting and quenching method. Structural and thermal stability properties were obtained based on the Raman spectra and differential thermal analysis, indicating that PbCl2 plays an important role in the formation of glass network and has an important influence on the maximum phonon energy and thermal stability of host glasses. Intense green and red emissions centered at 525, 546, and 657 nm, corresponding to the transitions H-2(11/2) -> I-4(15/2), S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2), and F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2), respectively, were observed at room temperature. With increasing PbCl2 content, the intensity of green (525 and 546 nm) emissions increases significantly, while the red (657 nm) emission increases slowly. The results indicate that PbCl2 has more influence on the green emissions than the red emission in oxychloride germanate glasses. The possible upconversion luminescence mechanisms has also been estimated and discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.