影响大学生学业成绩的四个重要非智力因素

In the present study, 520 questionnaires about general self–efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were delivered to university students. The students were randomly chosen from Communication University of China, Central University of Finance and Economics, Capital University of Business and Economics and Shanxi University. 495 responses were valid , in which 225 majoring in liberal arts and 270 majoring in natural sciences. The influences of these four factors on students’ academic achievements were explored. And the gender differences in General self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were analyzed in the present study too. It was found that: 1) There were gender difference on academic achievements. The scores’ of female students were higher than males’. 2) Significant gender differences were found in four considered factors which indicated that female students got higher scores than male students; 3) There were close relations between the four considered factors and students’ academic achievements. There were also obvious relations among the four factors. 4) University students’ academic achievements could be well predicted by their general self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management.

大学生现实自我与理想自我差异的特点、产生机制和效应

The arguments on self discrepancy can be traced back to the old ages, but the systematic investigations were started by Higgins et al. at 1985.Compared to the large number of foreign studies, only a few ones have been conducted in our own country. Numerous characteristics of undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy and a great many determinative factors have been found as well as many of its negative effects—especially the greater the actual-ideal discrepancy, the more negative on the mind and behavior. Nevertheless, there are still many issues to be solved, such as the extend of the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy level in own country. On the other hand, although there are a great many internal and external determinative factors of actual-ideal discrepancy, how they overally influence the discrepancy of the same individual is still unknown; to what extent does actual-ideal discrepancy influence the human mind and behavior and whether the influence is positive or negtive? This research collected a sample consisting of 4 undergraduate grades and 5 majors from a middle-ranked university. We adopted questionnaires in the study, and analyzed the data using correlation analysis, regression analysis, variances analysis, and path analysis. Our aim focused on the general characteristics of the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy in own country, the overall working mechanism of the determinative factors including environmental and personal factors on the actual-ideal discrepancy of the same individual, and the effects of the actual-ideal discrepancy on psychological adaption, motivation, and behavior. The main results are as following: (1)The improved measurement instrument possesses good validity and reliability, and can be used in future research. (2) The actual-ideal discrepancy level among undergraduates is slightly bellow medium. The proportion of undergraduates who have a higher actual-ideal discrepancy level is small. There is significant gender difference in actual-ideal discrepancy level, but no significant difference across different majors and grades. (3)This research probed the overall working mechanism of the parenting style(environmental factors) and the personality factors(personal factors) including stability, flexibility, cleverness, and esteem on the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy. The results shows that the parenting style of warmth and understanding, stability, flexibility, and esteem influence the actual-ideal discrepancy. Esteem entirely moderate the relationship between the parenting style of warmth and understanding and actual-ideal discrepancy, partially moderate the relationship between the flexibility, stability and actual-ideal discrepancy. Furthermore, the above factors can be order as stability, flexibility, and parenting style of warmth and understanding in terms of decreasing impact on the actual-ideal discrepancy. No significant effect of cleverness and other parenting style was found. The parenting style of warmth and understanding, stability, and flexibility interactively influence the actual-ideal discrepancy in the following manner: the stability and flexibility, both of which have independent influence on the actual-ideal discrepancy, entirely moderate the relationship between the parenting style of warmth and understanding and actual-ideal discrepancy. (4) Actual-ideal discrepancy plays a negative role in adaption indices, including self-efficacy, self-identity, self-actualization. Actual-ideal discrepancy also has negative effects on the 9 symptoms measured by SCL-90, vitality, approach motivation, avoidance motivation, and performance goals. No significant influence on mastering goals was found. Actual-ideal discrepancy uniquely correlates with depression symptom. The above results contribute from the point of self-discrepancy to the understanding of self-identity of undergraduates, and they enrich the knowledge of the development of self and contribute to the understanding of the development of human personality.This research advances on the two key problems of the developmental mechanism of actual-ideal discrepancy and that promotes the knowledge of the developmental mechanism of actual-ideal discrepancy. The research probed the relationship between the actual-ideal discrepancy and motivation which is an important phenomenon and this enlarges the domain of the actual-ideal discrepancy research. The results make sure that actual-ideal discrepancy is one of the important factors influencing undergruaduate’s mind and behavior. The conclusions can provide reference and guidance in the diagnosis and intervension strategies for mental health education and counseling practice in university.

焦虑的因素结构及其在中学生中的验证

Since anxiety exists as a certain kind of relation between the subject and his stimuli, present study proposed the criterion that every one of the anxiety’s structural components had to manifest the properties of the relation, not the subject’s properties, and not the stimuli’s properties, too; and that every component must be a bridge from the subject to the object. Several structural models on anxiety were judged by the criterion, and three suited factors were drawn out, which were controllability, importance and urgency. Then through various methods of interview, questionnaire, laboratorial experiment, events graded, the research examined the relations between the three factors and normal anxiety, and explored the interaction of controllability, importance and urgency when they worked together. The results were as the following: 1. The hypothesis that controllability, importance and urgency were the structural components of normal anxiety sounds reasonable, which was supported in different degrees by the results of several secondary research with various methods. 2. With a totally different method of constructing items from the prevalent integrative anxiety inventory, an effective normal anxiety inventory of middle school students was developed based on this theoretical consideration. Reliability and validity research showed that the coefficient of homogeneity and test-retest reliability were high. The construct validity and criterion validity were good enough. The inventory was a useful scale to measure the normal anxiety for middle school students. 3. It’s through their interaction that controllability and importance effect on the level of anxiety which was produced by the relevant event. 4. Anxiety arises with the increasing of importance or urgency. Though there’s a very close connection between controllability and anxiety, the concrete situation is very complicated. Not only is the level of anxiety affected by the interaction of controllability and importance, but when controllability tends to be extremely high or extremely low, importance may also begin to vary with controllability. What’s more, dispositional optimism and self-efficacy still exert influences that cannot be ignored on the relationship between controllability and anxiety. All the results indicated that it was reasonable to regard and study anxiety as a kind of relation between the subject and his environment, and to some extent it’s even necessary if the intention was to clarify the structure of anxiety. Since all the other emotion also exists as a kind of relation between the subject and his stimuli, the wholeness principle which was first proposed and recommended in this study will be of great value to the related researchers. And the interaction between controllability and importance may suggest a valid coping strategy of anxiety.

社会发展与中国人人格变迁——控制测验理论与工具的变异后不同时期的中国人人格差异研究

In non-western society，researches on social development and personality change focused on economic development and social modernization. The present study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the social transformation and personality changes of Chinese people by using so-called indigenous personality measurement of CPAI (Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory). Meanwhile, the influence of CPAI measurement itself and measurement theory were also taken into consideration. In study 1, two sets of CPAI data collected in a 10 year interval were analyzed. At the same time, the CPAI-2 data was analyzed in terms of modernization level of various cities from which the data were collected. However, this study didn’t consider the importance of “equivalence” of the measurement, CPAI. In study 2, we detected DIF (Differential item functioning) across the different period groups to confirm if CPAI was equal to people in different period. In this process, both CTT and IRT method were used. The outcome reminded us that there were some DIF items. In study 3, to make sure that the personality measurement is fair to people in different period, we only saved those items whose DIF effect size lower than 0.01, and used IRT method to estimate test-taker’s personality. Then, cohort analysis was used to explore the pattern of personality change of Chinese people. In study 4, we factor-analyzed the DIF items to find the relation between social transformation and the latent personality variable which were composed of DIF items. From these 4 studies, we could got the following conclusions: (1) The CPAI 22 traits could be divided into two categories, with the changing of age, period and cohort, type I traits didn’t change, they were Logical vs Affective Orientation, Enterprise, Responsibility, Inferiority vs Self-Acceptance, Optimism vs Pessimism, Face, Family, Defensive, Graciousness vs Meanness; While with the changing of age, period and cohort, type II traits changed, they were Leadership, Self vs. Social Orientation, Veraciousness vs Slickness, Traditionalism vs Modernity, Harmony, Renqing, Meticulousness, Extraversion vs Introversion, Emotionality, Practical Mindedness, Internal vs External Locus of Control, Thrift vs Extravagance, Discipline. Meanwhile DIF items measured 5 psychologycial characteristics which changed greatly with the changing of age, period and cohort, they were Life attitude of Cynicism-realism, Psychological maladjustment, Coping style of Waiyuanneifang, Self-efficacy, the value of Individualism. (2) In sum, Chinese people in 1992 were more traditional than those in 2001, and with the 10-year of rapid development, according to the market economy’s needs, Chinese people became more individualism. (3) The DIF method of CTT and IRT were comparable. But, in generally, IRT method was more accurate and valid in detecting DIF as were as estimating personality. (4) The DIF outcomes showed that CPAI had good item validity. Meanwhile, it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess some psychological characteristics. In this current study, according to their stability and variability, we could divided personality traits and psychological characteristics into 3 categories, and the outcome supported the hypothesis of “Six Factor Model”, these foundings were of some theoretic meanings. Meanwhile, as the relation between social development and personality change being explored, it certain help Chinese people cope with the rapid changing society. In this study, we also found that it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess obverse personality traits and it had some practical use. Furthermore, the use of different measurement theory and cohort analysis embodied some innovation in methodology.

中学生的性别—理科刻板印象及其影响因素

Gender stereotype has a great effect on an individual’s cognition and behavior. Notably, stereotyped cognition about gender and science exerts an influence on an individual’s academic or career choice. In order to weaken the negative effect of gender-science stereotype and facilitate girls’ participation in science, this study examined the development of implicit gender-science stereotype and influence factors with implicit association test and questionnaires in a sample of secondary school students. The present work showed that: Firstly, there were no gender differences and gender predominance in performance of math and physics during secondary school years. However, girls tended to attribute success in math and physics to unstable factors, or the failure to stable factors. The reverse was true for boys’ attribution. This gender difference in attribution was especially evident in their study of physics. Secondly, 7th to 11th grade students implicitly regarded science as male domain, with the exception of 7th grade boys, who thought both boys and girls can study science well. On the whole, this gender-science stereotype was more and more evident as the specialization of science subjects’ progresses through secondary school, and this inclination decreased with increasing grade. Thirdly, the negative correlation between explicit and implicit stereotype which appeared in girls from 8th grade grew stronger with increasing grade and became significant in 10th grade. On the contrary, the significantly positive correlation existed in 7th -11th boys. Fourthly, the experience including attitude toward science, science interests and self –efficacy in math and physics had significantly negative effect on girls’ implicit gender-science stereotype, and significantly positive effect on boys’. It was showed that gender moderated the effect of experience in the study of science and implicit gender-science stereotype, and the attitude toward science mediated the relationship between science interests, self-efficacy and implicit gender-science stereotype. Fifthly, the perceived teacher’s class behaviours by students and the perceived parents’ gender stereotype by children had strong predictive power on students’ implicit gender-science stereotype. And the perceived teachers’ and parents’ performance expectancies can influence gender-science stereotype indirectly through self-efficacy in related subjects and attitude toward science. In conclusion, the present study showed that cognitive bias about gender and science existed in Chinese secondary school students. The information conveyed from teachers and parents interacting with students’ experience in the study of science affect the formation of stereotyped cognition.

应激源，缓冲因素及其关系——中美大学生应激的跨文化研究

Questionnaire of Stressors, which was constructed earlier, and Resilience Factor Scale were applied on 252 Chinese University students and 207 American University students. Reliability and validity tests were applied on the data. Results are as following: 1. Cronbach α coefficient of both scales were tested and showed good results. Construction validity of them was also tested by applying Factor Analysis on the data. The results are good. 2. Stressors of University students consist of three factors, named Survival Anxiety, Social Anxiety, and Role Stress. Resilience Factors consist of Social Support and Self-Efficacy. They affected each other. Significant correlation was found among those five factors. 3. Significant differences were found between Chinese sample and American sample in the scores of most items of the two scales.

老化态度对老年人记忆作业影响的研究

It was a study of the effect of non-cognitive factors on cognitive aging. The purpose of the study was to research the effect of attitude towards aging on memory performance of the elderly, and trying to explore the mechanism of the attitude towards aging on memory performance. The entire study was divided into three phases and included six experiments. The questionnaire of attitude towards aging was compiled in phase 1. Then the validity and reliability of it was tested in the elderly. The self-esteem scale was also tested as above. These prepare the instruments for the study. It was a static study in phase 2. Through comparing the old groups in different environment, analyzing relationship between different non-cognitive factors and memory performance in the old subjects in identical environment, the paths of the effect of the attitude towards aging on memory performance was explored. It was a dynamic study in phase 3. By changing attitude towards aging of the elderly with direct thinking (positive, negative), the effect on memory performance was observed and the mechanism was explored. Main results: 1. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire towards aging were good. Its construct had two factors (positive, negative). Both reliability of retest and split test were over 0.90. 2. Direct thinking task was able to change the attitude towards aging effectively in old or young adults. The scores of the attitudes towards aging between positive and negative thinking subjects were different significantly. 3. The effect of attitude towards aging on memory performance was significant. The results in static or dynamic condition showed that the elderly with higher score of the questionnaire of attitude towards aging (more positive), their memory self-efficacy and memory performance were higher. In the opposite (negative), they were lower. 4. Mechanism of the effect of the attitude towards aging on memory performance: in static condition there were two paths i.e. direct path and through memory self-efficacy; in dynamic condition, besides the two paths, emotion change constituted another path. 5. Different non-cognitive factors have different effect on psychological function. The results of this study found that self-esteem has no significant correlation with memory performance, but correlates with depression; The factor of education has effect on many non-cognitive factors and memory performance.

保险推销员自我效能感及其工作模型

The research studied self-efficacy and job mechanism of insurance salesmen in China by the methods of in-depth interview, focus-group, semi-open questionnaire, standard questionnaire. There were about 1300 samples surveyed. The way of data analysis such as factor analysis, correlation analysis, regreesion analysis and structure equation was used. Four following conclusions were drawn: First, self-efficacy of inssurance salesmen in China consists of eight factorswhich are interview skills, manner, persistence, control of emotion, plans and comments, master of knowledge, intuition and judgement, preparation. Second, the relationship between self-efficacy and other job variables such as achievement motivation, work incentive, coping strategy, view of ability, performance, goalsetting, colleague relationship, the way of feedback from leader, job satisfaction and exertion were tested and all the correlations were significant. Third, regression analysis was used to test the relationship between self-efficacy and the antecedent variables. The result was that four antecedent varialbes enter equation (p<.05). They are self-oriented achievement motivation, stability of emotion, performance and colleague relationship.. Finally, vertified by path-analysis, the research posits a comprehensive model about job for insurance salesmen, in which self-efficacy was the most important factor. On the one hand, self-efficacy has dominant effects on the consequent variables, such as mastery goal, performance- approach goal, job satisfaction, exertion, coping strategy, on the another hand, self-efficacy was found as mediator of the relationship between the antecedent variables and consequent variables.

下岗（失业）求职人员再就业的预测因素研究

How to improve the reemployment of lay-offs and unemployed is a big concern of Chinese society now. Based on literatures in related fields, the thesis investigated predictive factors of job-seeking behavior, reemployment status, quality of reemployment, psychological health among lay-offs (unemployed), and also the relationship between reemployment and psychological health. Lay-off (unemployed) participants for this study were recruited from four public employment centers in Beijing. participants completed two surveys. Results mainly demonstrated: 1 There were significant relationships between Job-seeking self-efficacy, motivation control and job-seeking frequency; age was negatively associated with job-seeking frequency and mental health; 2 Joh-seeking support was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of reemployment status; job-seeking frequency predicted job satisfaction of reemployed individuals; 3 The mental health of reemployed was significantly improved; but mental health of continously unemployed people deteriorated during these three months. High quality reemployment significantly improved mental health, low quality reemployment had no effect on mental health. The research demostrated some psychological factors predicting reemployment and relationships between reemployment and mental health. The results can improve the understanding relationships of reemployment and psychological factors. The results also can improve effective reemployment counseling and reemployment social services.

培训迁移效果影响因素的初步研究

The influence of climate of transfer and trainees' personality on transfer behavior is studied systematically by using interview, questionnaire survey and on-the-spot experiment. The results are: 1, The climate of transfer of training influences directly the frequency of transfer behavior. Time and leaders' positive feedback can discriminate between different levels of transfer behavior. 2, Trainees' idea of the applicability of training programs can influence directly the frequency of transfer behavior. In the meantime, trainees' idea of the applicability of training programs is influenced directly by zero feedback, his flexibility and self-efficacy. 3, Zero feedback, time support and colleagues' support can discriminate between different type of climate of transfer of training. In different type of climate, the percent of trainees showing different level of transfer behavior is significant different.