1990～2000年中国土壤碳氮蓄积量与土地利用变化

基于2473个土壤剖面资料和1980年代末~1990年代末陆地卫星TM影像分析中国1990~2000年林地、草地、耕地之间的土地利用变化对土壤碳氮蓄积量的影响。IPCC建议的国家温室气体清单方法计算表明从1990~2000年中国林地、草地、耕地土壤(30cm)有机碳氮库分别损失了77.6±35.2TgC(1Tg=106t)和5.6±2.6TgN,年均损失约7.76TgC/yr和0.56TgN/yr,其中耕地土壤碳库分别增加了79.0±7.7TgC和9.0±0.7TgN,草地土壤碳氮蓄积量分别损失了100.7±25.9TgC和9.8±2.2TgN,林地土壤碳氮蓄积量分别损失了55.9±17.0TgC和4.9±1.1TgN。同时根据中国6大行政区林地、耕地和草地之间的相互转换面积、土壤有机碳氮密度的变化率进行估算,表明土壤(30cm和100cm)有机碳氮蓄积量分别损失了53.7TgC、5.1TgN和99.5TgC、9.4TgN。由于中国不同地区土地利用变化的空间格局差异显著,从而导致东北地区土壤碳氮蓄积量变化较大,而华东地区变化较小。

STUDY ON THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LAND-USE CHANGE AND ANALYSES OF DRIVING FORCES IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA DURING 1990-2000

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990 - 2000). It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland - arable land conversion zone, dry land - paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74. 9 and 276. 0 thousand ha respectively; urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76. 8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland decreased sharply with the amount of 1399. 0 and 1521. 3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased by 148. 4 and 513. 9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land- use types. In this paper, the relationships between land- use conversion and DEM, accnmlated temperature(>= 10 degrees C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land- use changes in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland - cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land - paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of fanning than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion.

胶东半岛海岸带土地利用变化及其水文效应--以夹河流域为例

在归纳和总结国内外关于土地利用和土地覆被变化(LUCC)及其水文效应研究大量文献的基础上，以胶东半岛海岸带的夹河流域为案例，利用1979、1990、2000和2009年四个时相的遥感影像信息进行分类，得到土地利用分布数据，对夹河流域土地利用分布与变化、土地利用变化驱动力、土地利用变化的模拟、预测及其水文效应等问题等进行了较为系统的研究。研究表明：夹河流域的土地利用以耕地、林地和草地为主；土地利用分布受高程、坡度、到河流距离、到居民点距离和政策等因素的影响显著，而且自1979年以来，流域内土地利用发生了很大的变化，最显著的特点是受人口增长、经济发展和城市化的影响，城镇、农村居民点以及独立工矿等建设用地的面积大幅增加。应用LTM模型和CA-Markov模型对夹河流域土地利用变化进行模拟、预测，并分析和比较两个模型的特征与精度水平，结果表明：CA-Markov模型的原理与技术均较明确，模拟精度整体较高；LTM模型的灵活性、可扩展性和可探索性较强，但模拟精度受驱动力选择、数据制备方法等因素的影响，因而案例区模拟结果的精度略低。基于N-SPECT水文分析模型，利用土壤分布数据、多时相土地利用数据和过去10年（2000~2009年）的年降水数据，以年径流量指标为代表，对土地利用变化的水文效应进行模拟及未来情景分析，结果表明，未来20年夹河流域土地利用变化具有促使流域年径流量及河口入海通量持续增加的趋势。通过研究认为，为服务于海岸带区域可持续发展的框架目标，宜于强化流域综合管理和海岸带综合管理的集成与衔接，科学规划、合理配置夹河流域土地资源的结构特征和空间布局，促进经济、社会和生态环境的协调发展。

延边林业可持续发展能力研究

林业是经济和社会可持续发展的重要基础，是生态建设的主体，因此，林业和林区的可持续发展在社会经济的发展中具有特别重要的地位。本文以吉林省重点林区延边朝鲜族自治州为研究对象，在分析林区森林资源动态变化的基础上，分别采用生态足迹，森林生态系统服务功能和林业可持续发展能力三个指标（体系）对林区1985~2002年及其所辖的10个林业局1990~2000年的林业可持续发展进行动态评价。结果表明：（1）1985~2002年有林地、人工林面积与蓄积增加；疏林地、未成林造林地与无林地(1995年除外)面积减少；（2）1985~2002年林地生产足迹、出口足迹与生态足迹下降，林地生态承载力与生态盈余增加，万元林业产业总产值生态足迹递减；（3）1990~2002年森林生态系统服务功能增加，其中直接经济价值的增长率大于间接经济价值，但涵养水源与净化空气是其主要功能；（4）林业可持续发展能力分值增加，其中1985~1994年属弱可持续发展，1995~2002年属中等偏弱可持续发展，2010年将步入强可持续发展；10个林业局可持续发展能力1990~2000年间平均值排序为：白河＞和龙＞八家子＞敦化＞天桥岭＞珲春＞汪清＞大石头＞黄泥河＞大兴沟。总之，延边林业可持续发展取得很大成效并已步入良性阶段，但仍存在不少问题，有待进一步加强管理。

大兴安岭地区森林资源变化及其对社会经济的影响

以黑龙江省大兴安岭为研究区,探讨森林资源变化对人类社会经济活动的影响,结果表明:1990～2000年,该区林木蓄积量和可采森林资源持续减少,森林质量明显下降,成熟林面积减少,森工企业危困,主要由于长期不合理的采伐经营所致。而这种变化导致1996年后林区人口迁出,出现负增长。同时,森林资源变化改变了产业结构,森林采伐和运输是第二产业的主要组成,因此在生产总值中的比重下降,第一产业上升,第三产业波动上升。

塔里木河中下游地区湿地景观格局变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,结合塔里木河中下游的区域特点,确定了塔里木河中下游湿地景观分类系统。通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、分布质心和平均斑块形状指数等景观的空间格局指数,较系统地分析了1980~2000年塔里木河中下游湿地景观空间格局变化。结果表明:塔里木河中下游湿地的分布面积呈显著下降趋势。1980~1990年湿地面积减少,斑块数量和密度增加。1990~2000年湿地面积有所增加,斑块数量和密度持续增加;随着人类干扰强度增加,景观多样性增加,优势度降低,湿地的破碎化程度越来越大;湿地景观要素中,河渠湿地、水库坑塘湿地面积有所增加,而湖泊、滩地、沼泽面积均在不断减少,其中沼泽湿地面积减少幅度最大。

经济改革背景下中国城市用地扩展的时空格局及其驱动因素分析

改革开放以来,中国进入了快速城市化发展时期。本文利用高分辨率陆地卫星(LandsatTM/ETM)遥感影像数据,监测了中国城市用地扩展态势,并分析了影响中国城市用地扩展的驱动因素。研究表明:1990～2000年,中国城市用地扩展表现出明显的时空分异态势,城市用地增长了近82万hm~2,其中前5年的扩展占80.8%,后5年的扩展占19.2%,后5年的扩展规模明显低于前5年。研究还发现,城市用地主要以同心圆模式、飞地模式、轴向扩展模式与多极核扩展模式以及4种扩展模式的组合模式扩张。本文选取13个特大城市作为典型案例,对其城市用地扩展的驱动机制进行了研究,研究发现,人口增长、经济发展以及土地管理法规政策的变化是影响城市用地扩展的主要因素。

中国特大城市空间形态变化的时空特征

基于国家资源环境数据库动态土地利用数据,借助GIS软件支持,分别计算了1990年和2000年中国31个特大城市平面轮廓形状的分维、紧凑度和形状指数以及城市的用地扩展类型。结果表明,从1990年到2000年,中国31个特大城市空间形态的总体变化趋势是,城市用地空间扩展类型以填充类型为主,外延类型相对较少且主要发生在发展限制较小的平原地区。总体上,分维呈减少趋势且南方城市大于北方城市,形状指数有减少,城市空间形状有紧凑化趋势。综观1990年和2000年中国31个城市的分维、紧凑度和形状指数的数据,可以看出广州、南昌、济南、成都、北京和上海等城市形状变化比较大,而兰州、太原和唐山等城市形状变化很小。若用地扩展为填充类型,则分维减少,紧凑性增加,形状指数减少;相反,若用地扩展为外延类型,分维增加,紧凑性降低,形状指数增加。

中国城市形状的时空变化

基于国家资源环境数据库动态土地利用数据,计算了1990年和2000年我国31个大城市的形状指数。结果表明,从1934年～1990年的56年间城市形状从紧凑趋于非紧凑、分散;而在1990年～2000年10年间,由于受到城市建设用地控制增强的影响,城市形状趋于紧凑。从1934年～1974年间,在20个可比较的城市中有14个城市形状指数增加、6个城市形状指数减少。从1974年～1990年间,在22个可比较的城市中各有11个城市的形状指数增加和减少。从1990年～2000年间,31个城市中有11个城市的形状指数增加、20个城市形状指数减少。一些城市的形状指数在不同时间段变化十分剧烈。例如,兰州市是在1934年～1974年间形状指数增加最多的城市,而在1974年～1990年阶段则形状指数减少最多的城市。同样,武汉和昆明则是在1974年～1990年阶段形状指数增加量最大的城市,而在1990年～2000年阶段则是形状指数减少量最大的城市。这或许说明在城市规划和城市建设中,有时人们还未真正认识到城市形状的重要性,往往只有当城市形状变化到严重地影响人们的生产、生活和环境时,才发现形状存在的缺陷。

Assessing the consequence of land use change on agricultural productivity in China

China's cultivated land has been undergoing dramatic changes along with its rapidly growing economy and population. The impacts of land use transformation on food production at the national scale, however, have been poorly understood due to the lack of detailed spatially explicit agricultural productivity information on cropland change and crop productivity. This study evaluates the effect of the cropland transformation on agricultural productivity by combining the land use data of China for the period of 1990-2000 from TM images and a satellite-based NPP (net primary production) model driven with NOAH/AVHRR data. The cropland area of China has a net increase of 2.79 Mha in the study period, which causes a slightly increased agricultural productivity (6.96 Mt C) at the national level. Although the newly cultivated lands compensated for the loss from urban expansion, but the contribution to production is insignificant because of the low productivity. The decrease in crop production resulting from urban expansion is about twice of that from abandonment of arable lands to forests and grasslands. The productivity of arable lands occupied by urban expansion was 80% higher than that of the newly cultivated lands in the regions with unfavorable natural conditions. Significance of cropland transformation impacts is spatially diverse with the differences in land use change intensity and land productivity across China. The increase in arable land area and yet decline in land quality may reduce the production potential and sustainability of China's agro-ecosystems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in china during the economic reform era

Along with its economic reform, China has experienced a rapid urbanization. This study mapped urban land expansion in China using high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper data of 1989/1990, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000 and analyzed its expansion modes and the driving forces underlying this process during 1990-2000. Our results show that China's urban land increased by 817 thousand hectares, of which 80.8% occurred during 1990-1995 and 19.2% during 1995-2000. It was also found that China's urban expansion had high spatial and temporal differences, such as four expansion modes, concentric, leapfrog, linear and multi-nuclei, and their combinations coexisted and expanded urban land area in the second 5 y was much less than that of the first 5 y. Case studies of the 13 mega cities showed that urban expansion had been largely driven by demographic change, economic growth, and changes in land use policies and regulations.

Industrial development and land use/cover change and their effects on local environment: a case study of Changshu in eastern coastal China

The interactions among industrial development, land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmental effects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China were analyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and water environmental quality monitoring data from research institutes and governmental departments. Three phases of industrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e., the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000 to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapid urbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changed drastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterized by major replacements of farmland by urban and rural settlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land. Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structure adjustment, and rural housing construction were the major socio-economic driving forces of LUCC in Changshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystem services in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990-2000, but increased significantly during 2000-2006. Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu, especially in rural areas, has not yet been improved significantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increased attention to fully realize the role of land supply in adjustment of environment-friendly industrial structure and urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating the land management and environmental protection policies into an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990-2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000-2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.