Marangoni-Benard instability with the exchange of evaporation at liquid-vapour interface

A new two-sided model rather than the one-sided model in previous works is put forward. The linear instability analysis is performed on the Marangoni-Benard convection in the two-layer system with an evaporation interface. We define a new evaporation Biot number which is different from that in the one-sided model, and obtain the curves of critical Marangoni number versus wavenumber. The influence of evaporation velocity and Biot number on the system is discussed and a new phenomenon uninterpreted before is now explained from our numerical results.

Electrochemical Study of the Self-exchange between Viologen-thiol Self assembled Monolayers and Alkanethiol Gold Electrodes

The preparation and cyclic voltammetric behaviors of self assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing electroactive viologen group have been investigated. Treatment of this viologen SAM with solutions of alkanethiols remits in replacing the electroactive third, shifting negatively its formal potentials and decreasing its heterogeneous elixtron transfer constants along with the immersion time. The aim of the work is to understand the exchange regularity of the mixed SANK on gold electrode surface.

Probe beam deflection study of the ion exchange between Prussian blue film or indium hexacyanoferrate film and electrolyte solutions

Probe beam deflection(PBD) technique together with electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry was used to study the ion exchange in prussian blue(PB) film and its analogue indium hexacyanoferrate (InHCF) chemically modified electrodes, The ion exchange mechanism of PB was verified as following: K2Fe2+FeI(CN)(6)(-e--K+)reversible arrow(+e-+K+)KFe(3+)Fe(I)(CN)(6)(-xe--xK+)reversible arrow(+xe-+xK+) [Fe3+FeI(CN)(6)](x)[KFe3+FeI(CN)(6)](1-x) where on reduction in contact with an acidic KCl electrolyte, H+ enter PB film before K+. Both the cations and anions participate concurrently in the redox process of InHCF, meanwhile K+ ion plays a major role in the whole charge transfer process of this film with increasing radii of anions.

A novel in-situ spectroelectrochemical technique with probe beam deflection: For study of the ion exchange between films on electrode surface and solutions

A novel in-situ spectroelectrochemical technique, the combination of probe beam deflection (PBD) with cyclic voltammetry (CV), was used to study the ion exchange process of prussian blue(PB) modified film electrode in contact with various electrolyte solutions. The ion exchange mechanism was verified as following: (K2Fe2+FeII)(CN)(6) -e(-)-k(+)reversible arrow +e(-)+k(+) (KFe3+FeII)(CN)(6) -ke(-)-xk(+)reversible arrow +xe(-)+kk(+) [(Fe3+FeIII)(CN)(6)](x)[(KFe3+FeII)(CN)(6)](1-x) where on reduction PB film in contact with an acidic KCl electrolyte, it was confirmed that protons enter into the PB film before K+ cations.

THE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS AND CONNECTIVITY OF SOUTH CHINA SEA ON THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF WATER EXCHANGE IN THE LUZON STRAIT

Seasonal variations of water exchange in the Luzon Strait are studied numerically using the improved Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with a consideration of the effects of connectivity of South China Sea (SCS) and monsoons. The numerical simulations are carried out with the strategy of variable grids, coarse grids for the Pacific basin and fine grids for the SCS. It. is shown that the Mindoro Strait plays an important role in adjusting the water balance between the Pacific and the SCS. The SCS monsoon in summer seasons hinders the entrance of the Pacific water into the SCS through the Luzon Strait while the SCS monsoon in winter seasons promotes the entrance of Pacific water into the SCS through the Luzon Strait. However, the SCS monsoon does not affect the annual mean Luzon Strait transport, as is mainly determined by the Pacific basin wind.

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea (SCS) with the Pacific. The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation, heat and water budgets of the SCS. Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial. On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120 degrees E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006, the characteristics of temperature, salinity and density distributions are analyzed. The velocity and volume transport through the Luzon Strait are calculated using the method of dynamic calculation. The major observed results show that water exchanges are mainly from the Pacific to the South China Sea in the upper layer, and the flow is relatively weak and eastward in the deeper layer. The net volume transport of the Luzon Strait during the observation period is westward, amounts to about 3.25 Sv. This result is consistent with historical observations.