Nonvolatile holograms in LiNbO3 : Fe : Cu by use of the bleaching effect

We report our observation of a bleaching effect under an ultraviolet exposure in LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystals. Two three-step recording-transferring-fixing schemes are proposed to record nonvolatile photorefractive holograms in such crystals. In the schemes two red laser beams and an ultraviolet illumination are used selectively to write the charge grating in the shallow-level Fe centers, to develop the charge grating in the deep-level Cu centers by transferring the charge grating in the Fe centers, and to fix only the charge grating in the Cu centers for unerasable read-out. Experimental results, verifications, and an optimal recording scheme are given. A comparison of the lithium niobate crystals of the same double-doping system of Fe:Mn, Ce:Mn, Ce:Cu, and Fe:Cu is outlined. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Bleaching kinetics of indoly-benzylfulgimide in PMMA

Indoly-benzlfulgimide belongs to the photochromic fulgide family and follows photochemical first order kinetics. Its bleaching kinetics is investigated at 633 nm and 640 nm by spectroscopy, by the time dependence of transmission and of diffraction from holographically induced gratings. The non-exponential decay law resulting for diffraction experiments with a Gaussian beam profile is calculated and verified experimentally. For a quasi-homogeneous beam profile the time constant determined from diffraction decay is half the one for absorbance decay. The photochemical reaction rate of indoly-benzylfulgimide in PMMA is (3.9 +/- 0.3) cm(2)/J at 650 nm. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effects of temperature, hypoxia, ammonia and nitrate on the bleaching among three coral species

Coral bleaching, which is defined as the loss of colour in corals due to the loss of their symbiotic algae (commonly called zooxanthellae) or pigments or both, is occurring globally at increasing rates, and its harm becomes more and more serious during these two decades. The significance of these bleaching events to the health of coral reef ecosystems is extreme, as bleached corals exhibited high mortality, reduced fecundity and productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases. This decreased coral fitness is easily to lead to reef degradation and ultimately to the breakdown of the coral reef ecosystems. Recently, the reasons leading to coral bleaching are thought to be as follows: too high or too low temperature, excess ultraviolet exposure, heavy metal pollution, cyanide poison and seasonal cycle. To date there has been little knowledge of whether mariculture can result in coral bleaching and which substance has the worst effect on corals. And no research was conducted on the effect of hypoxia on corals. To address these questions, effects of temperature, hypoxia, ammonia and nitrate on bleaching of three coral species were studied through examination of morphology and the measurement of the number of symbiotic algae of three coral species Acropora nobilis, Palythoa sp. and Alveopora verrilliana. Results showed that increase in temperature and decrease in dissolved oxygen could lead to increasing number of symbiotic algae and more serious bleaching. In addition, the concentration of 0.001 mmol/L ammonia or nitrate could increase significantly the expulsion of the symbiotic algae of the three coral species. Except for Acropora nobilis, the numbers of symbiotic algae of other two corals did not significantly increase with the increasing concentration of ammonia and nitrate. Furthermore, different hosts have different stress susceptibilities on coral bleaching.

沢吨染料的光化漂白动力学及全息特性研究

研究了以三乙醇胺作为引发剂,五种沢吨染料的光化漂白过程.实验结果表明五种染料的光化漂白速率大小顺序是藻红B（ErB）＞曙红Y（EY）＞孟加拉玫瑰红B（RsB）＞罗丹明B（RoB）＞荧光素（F）.并研究了曝光强度及染料浓度对漂白过程的影响,以及这五种染料的全息记录性能.

温敏转绿型水稻叶绿素缺失突变体1103s失绿复绿特性研究

叶绿素突变泛指能导致叶绿素代谢失调的核基因或叶绿体基因突变。发生叶绿素突变的植物个体普遍表现为叶色的变化，目前已报道的多数叶绿素突变体为人工诱变产物。叶绿素缺失突变导致的叶结素代谢缺陷实际上反映了叶绿体发育过程的缺陷，研究叶绿素突变更重要的意义是在于阐明叶绿体发育过程。 本研究所用材料1103s是一类特殊的叶绿素突变体，为籼性光敏核不育水稻（Oryza sativa L.）8902s群体中发现的自发突变体。该突本所具有的失绿特性为特定温度条件下才表现出来的瞬时性状，在环境温度恢复后，失绿组织可复发。遗传分析表明该突变由隐性核基因控制。本文不1103s所具有的温度敏感和失绿复绿特性，在亚细胞水平和生理化水平进行了详细的探讨。 叶绿素含量的检测表明，诱导后表现失绿的叶片组织内叶绿素含量明显降低，叶绿素a/b比值升高，原脱植基叶绿素含量低于绿色组织。失绿组织中的这种原脱植基叶绿素在失绿组织中含量的减少是由两方面因素造成的，其一是叶绿素合成过程中原脱植基叶绿素合成之前的某一步过程反应受阻;其二是原脱植基叶绿素向叶绿素转化的过程是正常进行的。 对1103s叶绿体内部的超微结构观察表明：1.控制叶绿素缺失性状的是一多效基因。该基因在特定温度条件下表达时，不仅影响到叶绿体的发育，也对细胞质中的其他细胞器产生重要的影响，其结果是细胞质中的高度有序的内膜系统被大量形状不规则的泡状结构所取代。放大后发现，这类泡状结构由（1）线粒体（2）功能未知的泡状结构I，其内部含颗粒状物质泡结构被膜内还有数层不连续的膜残片（3）功能未知的泡状结构II，其内部含大颗粒状物质。2.该突变体表达失绿和复绿过程中，叶绿体内部膜结构的变化伴随叶绿素含量的变化也有退脂和恢复的过程，但与已报道的其他突体有两个明显的不同：首先，在退化细胞的叶绿体内未观察到前片层体的存在。前片层体是叶绿体发育过程中黄化体阶段常见的非常明显的特殊结构，在电镜下为有规律的晶格状结构。已有研究表明，前片层体的形成与原脱植基叶绿素的积累有密切关系。与组培白化苗中检测到的结果不同，失绿组织中原脱植基叶绿素的含量不但没有积累，反而少于绿色组织中的含量，而造成该突变体在失绿过程中质体内无前片层体形成。其次，1103s在叶绿体退化过程中类囊体膜的变化不同于其化温敏的转绿型叶绿素突变体，尤其是在失绿过程中，其类囊体膜不是以直接解体的方式减少而是以单类囊体膜紧靠为主要特征。 对野生型 8902s与1103s类囊体膜结构的冰冻蚀刻分析表明，1103s失绿叶片上的失绿组织和绿色组织中，EFs面的大颗粒结构均异常。其异常之处表现在每个颗粒明显解离成两个亚单位（上面观），而在野生型8902s中则无上述现象出现。亚单位的解离程度在失绿组织中更明显。有间接证据研究表明，EFs面上的大颗粒代表PS II。如果该推论正确，那么失绿叶片的失绿组织和绿色组织中，PS II都可能是异常的。 另外，通过对失绿组织和绿色组织全叶蛋白双向电泳图谱的比较，得到了一个特异缺失的叶蛋白组分，该蛋白的分子量为51kd。此蛋白在失绿叶片上的失绿组织和绿色组织之间存在组织差异性。通过对该蛋白在不同温度处理和不同遗传背景下的变化规律分析，发现该蛋白是一存在于许多水稻品系叶片中的高含量组分，此蛋白表达本身不受变温诱导过程的影响，而是受另一感温过程的调控。初步分析表明该蛋白为一失绿相关蛋白。 综上所述，1103s所具有的失绿和复绿特性是核基因多效表达的结果，有一感温过程调控下游蛋白表达的复杂过程。此外，该突变特性很可能与PS II的结构异常有关。

常用鱼药漂白粉和氯杀宁对背角无齿蚌的毒性影响

试验以洱海流域的背角无齿蚌为研究对象,确定常用鱼药:漂白粉、氯杀宁对湖泊大型底柄动物背角无齿蚌的毒性影响.试验得出漂白粉作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h、168 h的半致死率;氯杀宁作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死率;漂白粉有效氯安全浓度95.25～108.86 mg/L;氯杀宁有效氯安全浓度3.32～3.55 mg/L.通过显微镜观察,漂白粉和氯杀宁的主要作用部位为背角无齿蚌的呼吸系统,在其鳃上可见明显病变.

Tunable Ag surface-plasmon-resonance wavelength and its application on the photochromic behavior of TiO2-Ag films

Surface and bulk plasmon resonance of noble metal particles play an essential role in the multicolor photochromism of semiconductor systems containing noble metal particles, Here we examined several key parameters affecting surface plasmon resonance wavelength (SPRW) of Ag particles and investigated the relation between surface plasmon and photochromic reaction wavelength. From the transmission spectra of sandwiched (TiO2/Ag/TiO2) and overcoated (Ag/TiO2) films deposited on quartz substrates at room temperature by rf helicon magnetron sputtering, we demonstrated that the SPRW can be made tunable by changing the surrounding media and thickness of the metal layer. The coloration and bleaching in visible light region due to photochromism were clearly observed for the films inserted with a 0.55 nm Ag layer.

Kinetics of photoinduced anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin film under two pumping beams

Photoinduced anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin (BR) film arises from the selective bleaching of BR molecules to linearly polarized light. The kinetics of photoinduced anisotropy excited by single and two pumping beams are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Compared with a single pumping beam (650 nm), which produces comparatively small photoinduced anisotropy, dual-wavelength linearly polarized pumping beams (650 and 405 nm) can obviously change the photoinduced anisotropy. When the polarization orientation of the 405 ran pumping beam is perpendicular to that of the 650 nm pumping beam, the peak and steady values of the photoinduced anisotropy kinetic curves are remarkably enhanced. But when the two pumping beams have parallel polarization orientation, the peak and steady values are restrained. At a fixed intensity of the 650 nm pumping beam, there exists an optimal intensity for the 405 nm pumping beam to maximize the value of the photoinduced anisotropy. The photoinduced transmittance of the polarizer-BR-analyzer system is modulated by the polarization angle of the 405 nm pumping beam in an approximate-cosine form. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Application of bacteriorhodopsin film for polarization phase-shifting interferometry

Photoinduced anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin (BR) film is based on photoanisotropic selective bleaching of BR molecules under linearly polarized excitation light. It is modulated by the polarization orientation of the linearly polarized light. The anisotropic information recorded in the BR film is read by a circularly polarized light, which is in turn converted into an elliptical polarized light by the BR film. The rotation angle and the ellipticity of the elliptical polarized light are dependent on the polarization orientation of the linearly polarized excitation light. A phase-shifting interferometer based on the photoinduced anisotropy of BR film is presented theoretically and experimentally. Phase shift is controlled by the polarization orientation of the external excitation light, thus, the phase shift can be controlled without moving parts inside the interferometer, which contributes to the mechanical stability of the system.

生物法提取桑皮纤维漂白工艺的研究与优化

研究生物法提取桑皮纤维的最佳漂白工艺。【方法】采用回归正交组合设计,研究了碱(NaOH)用量、漂白剂(H2O2)用量、水料比、漂白温度及漂白时间对生物法提取桑皮纤维漂白的技术参数。【结果】(1)各因子对纤维白度的影响程度依次为:漂白温度>漂白时间>碱用量>漂白剂用量>水料比,漂白温度是漂白过程中的关键控制因素。(2)因子交互效应分析显示,碱用量与漂白温度、漂白剂用量与漂白时间、料水比与漂白时间通过互作产生了增白效应。【结论】通过对纤维白度模型的优化,得到的最佳漂白工艺参数为:碱用量2.05 g/L,漂白剂用量6%,水料比16.7∶1,漂白温度112℃,漂白时间125 min。在最佳工艺参数条件下,纤维白度可达75.0以上,经反复试验验证,该工艺正确可行。

Color center formation in silica glass induced by high energy Fe and Xe ions

Silica glass samples were implanted with 1.157 GeV Fe-56 and 1.755 GeV Xe-136 ions to fluences range from 1 x 10(11) to 3.8 x 10(12) ions/cm(2). Virgin and irradiated samples were investigated by ultraviolet (UV) absorption from 3 to 6.4 eV and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The UV absorption investigation reveals the presence of various color centers (E' center, non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) and ODC(II)) appearing in the irradiated samples. It is found that the concentration of all color centers increase with the increase of fluence and tend to saturation at high fluence. Furthermore the concentration of E' center and that of NBOHC is approximately equal and both scale better with the energy deposition through processes of electronic stopping, indicating that E' center and NBOHC are mainly produced simultaneously from the scission of strained Si-O-Si bond by electronic excitation effects in heavy ion irradiated silica glass. The PL measurement shows three emissions peaked at about 4.28 eV (alpha band), 3.2 eV (beta band) and 2.67 eV (gamma band) when excited at 5 eV. The intensities of alpha and gamma bands increase with the increase of fluence and tend to saturation at high fluence. The intensity of beta band is at its maximum in virgin silica glass and it is reduced on increasing the ions fluence. It is further confirmed that nuclear energy loss processes determine the production of alpha and gamma bands and electronic energy loss processes determine the bleaching of beta band in heavy ion irradiated silica glass. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photochromic inorganic-organic multilayer films based on polyoxometalates and poly(ethylenimine)

Novel photochromic inorganic-organic multilayers composed of polyoxometalates and poly(ethylenimine) have been prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly method. The growth process, composition, surface topography, and photochromic properties of the multilayer films were investigated by UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electrospin resonance (ESR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Irradiated with ultraviolet light, the transparent films changed from colorless to blue. Moreover, the blue films showed good reversibility of photochromism, and could recover the colorless state gradually in air, where oxygen plays an important role in the bleaching process. On account of the ESR and XPS results, parts of W6+ in multilayers were reduced to W5+, which exhibited a characteristic blue; a possible photochromic mechanism can be speculated. This work provides basic guideline for the assembly of multilayers with photochromic properties.

BaLiF3(Eu2+): A promising X-ray storage phosphor

The TSL glow of X-irradiated BaLiF3 crystallite vanished within 15 min of sunlight bleaching or after 2 similar to 3 days of room temperature annealing, which indicate that X-irradiation damage is light and can be easily erased. It is also found that BaLiF3:Eu2+ is photostimulatable and seems be a promising X-ray storage phosphor for practical utilization.