Effect of Cold Rolling Ratio and Heating Rate of Batch Annealing on Textures of Micro-Carbon Steel Sheet

在四辊冷轧试验机和Gleeble-1500试验机上进行了热轧微碳钢板的冷轧和退火试验。用D/max-RC衍射仪测量了试样的,/”层织构,并用Roe软件进行了ODF分析。研究表明,所研究的热轧微碳深冲板压下率约为75%,退火升温速度为20-40℃/h时,试样为{111}织构特征；压下率较大(80%)时,退火织构为较弱的{111}组分。无论{111}织构还是非{111}织构都是在形核阶段开始形成,在晶粒长大优先长大,受到定向形核和选择生长双重机制的作用。

Study of Growth Mechanism of Lysozyme Crystal by Batch Crystallization Method

The lysozyme crystals were made by batch crystallization method and the distribution of aggregate in solution were measured by dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the dimension of aggregate increased with the increase of the concentration of lysozyme and NaCl, lysozyme molecules aggregated gradually in solution and finally arrived at balance each other. The higher the concentrations of lysozyme and NaCl were, the faster the growth rate of (I 10) face was. The growth rates of lysozyme crystal were obtained by a Zeiss microscope, and the effective surface energy (a) of growing steps were calculated about 4.01 X 10(-8) J.cm(-2) according to the model of multiple two-dimensional nucleation mechanism.

Enhanced anthocyanin production by repeated-batch culture of strawberry cells with medium shift

Repeated-batch cultures of strawberry cells (Fragaria ananassa cv. Shikinari) subjected to four medium-shift procedures (constant LS medium, constant B5 medium, alternation between LS and B5 starting from LS and alternation between LS and B5 starting from B5) were investigated for the enhanced anthocyanin productivity. To determine the optimum period for repeated batch cultures, two medium-shift periods of 9 and 14 days were studied, which represent the end of the exponential growth phase and the stationary phase. By comparison with the corresponding batch cultures, higher anthocyanin productivity was achieved for all the repeated-batch cultures at a 9-day medium-shift period. The average anthocyanin productivity was enhanced 1.7-and 1.76-fold by repeated-batch cultures in constant LS and constant B5 medium at a 9-day shift period for 45 days, respectively. No further improvement was observed when the medium was alternated between LS (the growth medium) and B5 (the production medium). Anthocyanin production was unstable at a 14-day shift period regardless of the medium-shift procedures. The results show that it is feasible to improve anthocyanin production by a repeated-batch culture of strawberry cells.

Morphological Evolution During Synthesis of New AlPO4 Center dot H2O Crystal

A new crystal of aluminophosphate, AIPO(4)(.)H(2)O, is synthesized from two-batch aqueous solution under hydrothermal conditions. Three types of the crystal habits, i.e. the tetragonal double pyramid, the tetragonal prism and the plate-type tetragonal prism, are found from batch-A solution. Two types of the crystal habits, i.e. the hexagonal pyramid and the strip-type tetragonal prism, are found from batch-B solution. The change of crystal morphology is originated from the fluctuation of the synthesis conditions, such as the supersaturation, the temperature and the impurity content. It causes change of the step energies, the defect density and the step roughness, and further, change of the growth rates. Since the crystal morphology is sensitive to the mass transport mechanism, the crystal habits could be changed under the microgravity.

配液结晶法制备溶菌酶蛋白质晶体的生长机理研究

采用配液结晶法制取了溶菌酶蛋白质晶体,使用动态光散射测量了溶液中聚集体的颗粒度几率分布;使用Zeiss显微镜测定了溶菌酶(110)晶面的生长速度.实验表明:随着蛋白质和NaCl浓度的增加,溶液中聚集体的颗粒尺寸也相应增加.随着反应时间的增加,溶菌酶分子在溶液中的聚集反应,逐渐达到平衡;在蛋白质和NaCl浓度较高时,溶菌酶晶体的(110)面生长较快,而在蛋白质和NaCl浓度较低时,该晶面生长较慢.基于二维成核生长机理,从晶体生长动力学理论方程出发,计算了二维成核的形成能a=4.01×10-8J?cm-2.

Study on flow characteristics of solid/liquid system in lysozyme crystal growth

During the process of lysozyme protein crystallization with batch method, the macroscopic flow field of solid/liquid system was observed by particle image velocimetry (PIV). Furthermore, a normal growth rate of (110) face and local flow field around a single protein crystal were obtained by a long work distance microscope. The experimental results showed that the average velocity, the maximal velocity of macroscopic solid/liquid system and the velocity of local flow field around single protein crystal were fluctuant. The effective boundary layer thickness delta(eff), the concentration at the interface Q and the characteristic velocity V were calculated using a convection-diffusion model. The results showed that the growth of lysozyme crystal in this experiment was dominated by interfacial kinetics rather than bulk transport, and the function of buoyancy-driven flow in bulk transport was small, however, the effect of bulk transport in crystal growth had a tendency to increase with the increase of lysozyme concentration. The calculated results, also showed that the order of magnitude of shear force was about 10(-21) N, which was much less than the bond force between the lysozyme molecules. Therefore the shear force induced by buoyancy-driven flows cannot remove the protein molecules from the interface of crystal.

气相扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体的动态光散射研究

首次采用动态光散射研究了气相扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体 .实验中采用了两种溶解溶菌酶的方法，所得实验结果是有区别的 .这种区别表明了 NaCl对溶菌酶分子间相互作用产生十分重要的影响 .实验结果表明，晶体生长过程中，溶液中溶菌酶始终保持单分子与两分子聚集体的状态，这种状态是生长晶体的基础 .

An Extension of Self-Organizing Maps to Categorical Data

Self-organizing maps (SOM) have been recognized as a powerful tool in data exploratoration, especially for the tasks of clustering on high dimensional data. However, clustering on categorical data is still a challenge for SOM. This paper aims to extend standard SOM to handle feature values of categorical type. A batch SOM algorithm (NCSOM) is presented concerning the dissimilarity measure and update method of map evolution for both numeric and categorical features simultaneously.

桃和苹果库源关系中源叶光合作用，光抑制及其光保护机制的研究

以‘早久保’（Prunus persica (L.) Batch.）为试材，在果实最后迅速生长期，通过去果处理降低库力，同时设留果对照，并通过环剥和保留相同数量叶片严格控制库源关系，进行了源叶净光合速率（Pn）、叶绿素荧光、叶黄素循环、抗氧化酶及抗氧化同化物日变化的研究。结果表明，和留果对照相比，去果处理显著降低了源叶Pn、气孔导度（gs）和蒸腾速率（E），但显著增加了胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺（VPDl）和叶片温度（Tl）。光系统II光化学效率（ΦPSII）以及羧化速率（CE）与Pn平行降低。中午去果降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。在低库需条件下，开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。去果处理叶片中依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散以及抗氧化系统的上调保护叶片免受光氧化破坏。和留果对照相比，去果处理的叶片有更大的叶黄素循环库，更高的脱环氧化状态以及更高的抗氧化酶活性，包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDAR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）的活性以及更高的还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量。但与此同时，去果显著增加了过氧化氢（H2O2）以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量，这意味着在去果处理的叶片中可能会发生光氧化破坏。 以一年生‘皇家嘎拉’苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）组培苗为试材，通过环剥降低库力，进行了源叶Pn、叶绿素荧光、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶（Rubisco）以及光系统II（PSII）复合体关键蛋白PsbA和PsbO含量日变化的研究。和对照相比，环剥显著降低了源叶Pn、gs和E，但是却显著增加了Ci、Tl和淀粉的含量。在低库需下，开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。另一方面，环剥降低了光合作用关键酶Rubisco以及PSII复合体PsbA和放氧复合体PsbO的含量。以上结果表明，环剥降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。

醋酸——醋酸铵缓冲体系中柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解特征

采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲体系中柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解特征。结果表明:反应液中Al、Si浓度随柠檬酸浓度提高、反应液pH降低及反应时间的推移而增加;且低浓度柠檬酸(1mmol L-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(RL)减小;高浓度柠檬酸(≥5mmol L-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(RL)增加,但增幅随pH的降低而大幅减弱;且随着酸度的升高,配体对高岭石溶解的贡献相对减弱,但相对于质子,本试验柠檬酸浓度及酸度范围内,其对高岭石溶解的贡献仍是主要的。

柠檬酸对高岭石中铝、硅释放的影响

采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究柠檬酸对水淋洗下高岭石铝、硅释放的影响.结果表明:柠檬酸能显著促进高岭石Al和Si的释放,且Al、Si的释放能力随柠檬酸浓度的增加而增强;高岭石溶解同步性与柠檬酸浓度有关,随着柠檬酸浓度的提高,其溶解的同步性增强,且反应前期高岭石都表现为Al的优先释放,而在反应后期Al、Si趋于同步释放.柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解速率一般较无机酸高1个数量级左右,且其溶解速率表现出对柠檬酸浓度的饱合性.

柠檬酸对酸沉降下高岭石的溶解作用

采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究酸沉降下的高岭石在柠檬酸溶液中的长期溶解效应。研究表明:柠檬酸能显著促进高岭石Al和Si的释放,且Al、Si的释放能力随柠檬酸浓度的增加而增强;高岭石溶解同步性与柠檬酸浓度有关,随着柠檬酸浓度的提高,其溶解的同步性增强,且反应前期高岭石都表现为Al的优先释放,而在反应后期Al、Si趋于同步释放。柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解速率一般较无机酸高1个数量级左右,且其溶解速率表现出对柠檬酸浓度的饱和性。

柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解作用

采用间歇法(batch method)研究柠檬酸对高岭石溶解的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.02mmolL-1)柠檬酸可促进高岭石中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+少量的释放。当柠檬酸浓度分别为1.0mmolL-1和8mmolL-1时,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,Na+,Si,Al3+阳离子的释放量也相应地增加。释放的Ca2+、Mg2+主要来自高岭石表面的吸附,而Na+、K+则来自高岭石的溶解。

Rapid quantification of total microcystins in cyanobacterial samples by periodate-permanganate oxidation and reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Microcystins (MCs) comprise a family of more than 80 related cyclic hepatotoxic heptapeptides. Oxidation of MCs causes cleavage of the chemically unique C-20 beta-amino acid (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda) amino to form 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB), which has been exploited to enable analysis of the entire family. In the present study, the reaction conditions (e.g. concentration of the reactants. temperature and pH) used in the production of MMPB by oxidation of cyanobacterial samples with permanganate-periodate were optimized through a series of well-controlled batch experiments. The oxidation product (MMPB) was then directly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The results of this study provided insight into the influence of reaction conditions on the yield of MMPB. Specifically, the optimal conditions, including a high dose of permanganate (>= 50 mM) in saturated periodate solution at ambient temperature under alkaline conditions (pH similar to 9) over 1-4 h were proposed, as indicated by a MMPB yield of greater than 85%. The technique developed here was applied to determine the total concentration of MCs in cyanobacterial bloom samples, and indicated that the MMPB technique was a highly sensitive and accurate method of quantifying total MCs. Additionally, these results will aid in development of a highly effective analytical method for detection of MMPB as an oxidation product for evaluation of total MCs in a wide range of environmental sample matrices, including natural waters, soils (sediments) and animal tissues. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of thiamine on treatment performance of textile wastewater

Textile wastewater is commonly treated with activated sludge process technology. However, its treatment performance has not been demonstrated to be very effective. In this study, the effects of micronutrient thiamine on removal efficiencies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of textile wastewater in a batch test, together with its effect on the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of activated sludge, were evaluated. Significant improvements were observed in the removal rates of DOC, COD and OUR with 121%, 156% and 121% of those of the control, respectively, when 0.5-2.0 mg/L thiamine was added to the wastewater treatment system. Thiamine could be probably used to improve the treatment performance of textile wastewater.