分离扇回旋加速器的接受度及效率；Acceptance and efficiency of sector-separated cyclotron

以9.7MeV/u的238U36+,5.62MeV/u的70Zn10+为典型离子,分析并模拟了分离扇回旋加速器(SSC)的注入、加速和引出,得到了SSC在理论等时场下横向和纵向的接受度。为了研究SSC在实际情况下的接受度,在实测场的基础上采用Kr-Kb方法以及Lagrange插值方法建立了与实际比较符合的等时场,计算了该等时场下SSC横向和纵向的接受度,发现了导致SSC实际接受度和传输效率低的主要原因在于注入系统中的MSI3元件和引出系统中的MSE3元件设计存在缺陷。模拟结果显示,通过改变MSI3和MSE3的曲率或者垫铁改变元件内部的场分布可以改善SSC的实际接受度和传输效率。

Improved color purity and efficiency by a coguest emitter system in doped red light-emitting devices

We demonstrate red organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with improved color purity and electroluminescence (EL) efficiency by codoping a green fluorescent sensitizer 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1, 1, 7,7-tetramethyl-1H, 5H, 11H-(1)-benzopyropyrano(6,7-8-ij)quinolizin-11-one (C545T) as the second dopant and a red fluorescent dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) as the lumophore into tris(8-hydroquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) host. It was found that the C545 T dopant did not by itself emit but assisted the carrier trapping from the host Alq(3) to the red emitting dopant. The red OLEDs realized by this approach not only kept the purity of the emission color, but also significantly improved the EL efficiency. The current efficiency and power efficiency, respectively, reached 12 cd/A at a current density of 0.3 mA/cm(2) and 10lm/W at a current density of 0.02 mA/cm(2), which are enhanced by 1.4 and 2.6 times compared with devices where the emissive layer is composed of the DCJTB doped Alq(3), and a stable red emission (chromaticity coordinates: x = 0.64, y = 0.36) was obtained in a wide range of voltage. Our results indicate that the coguest system is a promising method for obtaining high-efficiency red OLEDs.

Improved color purity and efficiency in polyfluorene-based light-emitting diodes

Polyfluorene (PF) is a class of typical blue electroluminescent (EL) material, but it exhibits undesired feature in the green spectral region under operation condition. We investigated the spectral properties of different device structures of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO)-based light-emitting diodes, and found that the interaction between cathode and PFO is the main origination of green emission in EL devices. The general method of inserting a buffer layer between the PFO and cathode can decrease the low energy band emission to purify the color and improve the EL performance of devices.

A CE/SE Scheme for Flows in Porous Media and Its Applications

In this paper, a new computational scheme for solving flows in porous media was proposed. The scheme was based on an improved CE/SE method (the space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element method). We described porous flows by adopting DFB (Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy) equation. The comparison between our computational results and Ghia's confirmed the high accuracy, resolution, and efficiency of our CE/SE scheme. The proposed first-order CE/SE scheme is a new reliable way for numerical simulations of flows in porous media. After investigation of effects of Darcy number on porous flow, it shows that Darcy number has dominant influence on porous flow for the Reynolds number and porosity considered.

Effects of ammonium on growth, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of Potamogeton maackianus A. Benn

Growth, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to eutrophication were studied for a submerged plant Potamogeton maackianus, a species common in East Asian shallow lakes. The plants were grown in six NH4+-N concentrations (0.05, 0.50, 1.00, 3.50, 5.00 and 10.00 mg/L) for six days. NH4+-N levels in excess of 0.50 mg/L inhibited the plant growth. The relationships between external NH4+-N availability and total nitrogen (TN), protein-N, free amino acid-N (FAA-N) and NH4+-N in plant tissues, respectively, conformed to a logarithmic model suggesting that a feedback inhibition mechanism may exist for ammonium uptake. The response of starch to NH4+-N was fitted with a negative, logarithmic curve. Detailed analysis revealed that the influx NH4+-N had been efficiently incorporated into organic-N and eventually stored as protein at the expense of starch accumulation. These data suggest that this species may be able to tolerate high levels of ammonium when dissolved oxygen is sufficient.

Status of sturgeon aquaculture and sturgeon trade in China: a review based on two recent nationwide surveys

The authors reviewed the aquacultural history of Acipenseriformes in China, related the legal status and examined the current status of the cultured species or hybrids, origins of seedlings, quantities of production, geographic distribution in farming, and the sustainability for both restocking programmes and human consumption. The census shows that since 2000, the production of cultured sturgeons in China appears to have become the largest in the world. As of 2000, the rapid growth of sturgeon farming in China mainly for commercial purposes has shifted harvests in the Amur River from caviar production to the artificial culture of sturgeon seedlings. This dramatic development has also caused a series of extant and potential problems, including insufficient market availability and the impact of exotic sturgeons on indigenous sturgeon species. Annual preservation of sufficient higher-age sturgeons should be a national priority in order to establish a sustainable sturgeon-culture industry and to preserve a gene pool of critically endangered sturgeon species to prevent their extinction.

Effect of CO2 concentrations on the activity of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and extracelluar carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

The growth and activity of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA(ext)) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum were investigated while cultured at different levels of CO2 in order to see its physiological response to different CO2 concentrations under either a low (30 mumol . m(-2) . s(-1)) or high (210 mumol . m(-2) . s(-1)) irradiance. The changes in CO2 concentrations (4-31 mumol/L) affected the growth and net photosynthesis to a greater extent under the low than under the high light regime. CAext was detected in the cells grown at 4 mumol/L CO2 but not at 31 and 12 mumol/L CO2, with its activity being about 2.5-fold higher at the high than at the low irradiance. Photosynthetic CO2 affinity (1/K-1/2(CO2)) of the cells decreased with increased CO2 concentrations in culture. The cells cultured under the high-light show significantly higher photosynthetic CO2 affinity than those grown at the low-light level. It is concluded that the regulations of CA(ext) activity and photosynthetic CO2 affinity are dependent not only on CO2 concentration but also on light availability, and that the development of higher CA(ext) activity and CO2 affinity under higher light level could sufficiently support the photosynthetic demand for CO2 even at low level of CO2.

A global shallow water model using high order multi-moment constrained finite volume method and icosahedral grid

A novel accurate numerical model for shallow water equations on sphere have been developed by implementing the high order multi-moment constrained finite volume (MCV) method on the icosahedral geodesic grid. High order reconstructions are conducted cell-wisely by making use of the point values as the unknowns distributed within each triangular cell element. The time evolution equations to update the unknowns are derived from a set of constrained conditions for two types of moments, i.e. the point values on the cell boundary edges and the cell-integrated average. The numerical conservation is rigorously guaranteed. in the present model, all unknowns or computational variables are point values and no numerical quadrature is involved, which particularly benefits the computational accuracy and efficiency in handling the spherical geometry, such as coordinate transformation and curved surface. Numerical formulations of third and fourth order accuracy are presented in detail. The proposed numerical model has been validated by widely used benchmark tests and competitive results are obtained. The present numerical framework provides a promising and practical base for further development of atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

氮杂环化合物的绿色合成研究

氮杂环化合物大多数都是具有生理活性的物质，例如喹喔啉化合物与苯二氮卓类化合物，因此研究氮杂环化合物骨架的构建方法具有一定意义。绿色化学的迅速发展迫切要求化学家发展清洁、经济和环境较友好条件下的有机合成方法。其中，水相反应与绿色固体酸催化剂的使用都是实现绿色有机合成的重要途径，它们非常具有潜力，近些年受到了广泛关注。本论文的主要工作是围绕水相及固体酸催化条件下两类具有生物活性的含氮杂环小分子的合成方法而开展的，具体包括以下内容： 1. 研究和探索出了两类绿色固体酸催化剂蒙脱土（Mont. K-10）和杂多酸(H4SiW12O40), 在水相条件下成功合成出喹喔啉化合物的有效方法。两个催化体系都以无毒无公害的水作反应溶剂，实验条件温和，操作安全简便，反应速度快，底物普适性强，产率高，且产物易分离收集。两类固体酸催化剂，对设备腐蚀性小，可回收循环使用，对环境无公害; 蒙脱土催化大部分底物能得到当量产率的产物，硅钨酸催化催化剂负载量小。 2. 实现了无溶剂条件下，以杂多酸（H3PW12O40）作催化剂，高效合成1,5-苯二氮卓衍生物的合成方法。该催化体系具有以下一些优势：实验条件温和，反应速度较快，底物普适性良好，产物易分离收集，反应过程中没有加入其它有机溶剂，绿色环保。 ‘Green Chemistry’ is currently a major issue of modern chemistry. It is widely acknowledged that there is a growing need for more environmentally acceptable processes in the chemical industry. New green catalysts and green reaction media are the important and efficient strategies in green chemistry. New green catalysts include solid acid catalysts, solid base catalysts, metal catalysts not only possess higher activity and selectivity, but also are easily separated from reaction system. Green reaction media include water, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids can not only substitute traditional toxic and harmed organic solvents, but also improve reaction activity and selectivity. Meanwhile water is a promising green reaction medium for use in modern chemistry because it has a number of advantages such as the cheapest solvent available on earth, being non-hazardous and non-toxic to the environment. Solid acids had also attracted much attention for realizing green chemistry due to their unique acidity, high activity and efficiency as organic catalysts. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds of different ring sizes such as quinoxaline and benzodiazepine are the important pharmacologically active compounds. Due to the wide biological significance of these compounds, the synthesis of these types of compounds have received a great deal of attention. Despite the large availability of methods to construct nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, there is still a strong need to further explore green methods to efficiently and safely synthesize these compounds. Thus, we aim at developing efficient and green methodology for the synthesis of quinoxaline and benzodiazepine carried out under water condition with solid acid catalysts. The contents of this dissertation are listed as the following: 1. We have developed two catalytic systems for the synthesis quinoxaline via the condensation of an aryl 1,2-diamine with a 1,2-diketone compound in the presence of Mont. K-10 or H4SiW12O40 as a catalyst in water solvent. Both of these two methods can be applied to wide range of substrates, tolerating aryl 1,2-diamine/1,2-diketone with the electron donating/drawing substituent. Operational simplicity, the ambient conditions, use of an economically convenient catalyst, use of water as a desirable solvent, high yields and short reaction times are the key features of these two protocols. 2. We developed a convenient and efficient protocol for the synthesis of a variety of 1,5-benzodiazepines in high yields via condensation of aryl o-phenylenediamine derivatives with a variety of ketones using H3PW12O40 as a green recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free condition. The simple experiment procedure combined with ease of recovery and reuse of this catalyst make this procedure quite simple, more convenient and environmentally benign.

Analysis of specific gene by integration of isothermal amplification and electrophoresis on poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips

We have successfully achieved the integration of isothermal amplification and the subsequent analysis of specific gene fragments on poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips. In our experiments, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, which can offer higher specificity and efficiency than PCR, has been performed at a constant temperature (65 degreesC). After amplification, products could be either examined by the integrated microchip-based electrophoresis or directly observed by naked eye with SYBR Green I added into the reaction solution. By such an integrated microsystem, the amplification and the subsequent analysis of prostate-specific antigen gene with template concentration at 23 fg/muL could be finished within 15 min, which demonstrates its advantages of high specificity, good reproducibility, and fast speed in gene detection.

Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach

A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free-falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of I m x I m, the expected number of received free-failing raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re-detachment amount. The re-detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free-falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re-detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0.15% and 2.6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil-splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.