Long-range automaton models of earthquakes: Power-law accelerations, correlation evolution, and mode-switching

We introduce a conceptual model for the in-plane physics of an earthquake fault. The model employs cellular automaton techniques to simulate tectonic loading, earthquake rupture, and strain redistribution. The impact of a hypothetical crustal elastodynamic Green's function is approximated by a long-range strain redistribution law with a r(-p) dependance. We investigate the influence of the effective elastodynamic interaction range upon the dynamical behaviour of the model by conducting experiments with different values of the exponent (p). The results indicate that this model has two distinct, stable modes of behaviour. The first mode produces a characteristic earthquake distribution with moderate to large events preceeded by an interval of time in which the rate of energy release accelerates. A correlation function analysis reveals that accelerating sequences are associated with a systematic, global evolution of strain energy correlations within the system. The second stable mode produces Gutenberg-Richter statistics, with near-linear energy release and no significant global correlation evolution. A model with effectively short-range interactions preferentially displays Gutenberg-Richter behaviour. However, models with long-range interactions appear to switch between the characteristic and GR modes. As the range of elastodynamic interactions is increased, characteristic behaviour begins to dominate GR behaviour. These models demonstrate that evolution of strain energy correlations may occur within systems with a fixed elastodynamic interaction range. Supposing that similar mode-switching dynamical behaviour occurs within earthquake faults then intermediate-term forecasting of large earthquakes may be feasible for some earthquakes but not for others, in alignment with certain empirical seismological observations. Further numerical investigation of dynamical models of this type may lead to advances in earthquake forecasting research and theoretical seismology.

Potassium-Lead-Switched G-Quadruplexes: A New Class of DNA Logic Gates

A cation-driven allosteric G-quadruplex DNAzyme (PW17) was utilized to devise a conceptually new class of DNA logic gate based on cation-tuned ligand binding and release. K+ favors the binding of hemin to parallel-stranded PW17, thereby promoting the DNAzyme activity, whereas Pb2+ induces PW17 to undergo a parallel-to-antiparallel conformation transition and thus drives hemin to release from the G-quadruplex, deactivating the DNAzyme. Such a K+-Pb2+ switched G-quadruplex, in fact, functions as a two-input INHIBIT logic gate. With the introduction of another input EDTA, this G-quadruplex can be further utilized to construct a reversibly operated IMPLICATION gate.