熊猫（Macaca assamensis）精子的电镜观察

用光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜首次研究了熊猴精子的结构。在光镜及电镜下，熊猴精子头的形状、顶体大小、核的结构等，与猕猴属其他种类相似。精子总长（７９．４９±０．１１μｍ）及各部分的长度与藏酋猴相近，而与猕猴属其他种类存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文的结果表明，熊猴可能在种系进化过程中与藏酋猴关系最近，而与猕猴属中其他种分离较早。

食蟹猴和熊猴杂种F_1的细胞遗传学研究

本工作采用染色体显带、睾丸组织学切片以及低渗铺张──硝酸银染色等方法较为详细地研究了食蟹猴和（Ｍ．ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｒｉｓ）和熊猴（Ｍ．ａｓｓａｍｅｎｓｉｓ）种间杂种Ｆ_１体细胞染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带，Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ、精母细胞联会复合体的结构、形态和行为以及精子发生。结果表明：（１）杂种亲本的染色体组具有高度的同源性；（２）杂种的精子发生过程完全正常；（３）食蟹猴和熊猴的种间生殖屏障可能主要是生态隔离。此外，本文还对食蟹猴和熊猴分类地位以及杂种细胞中Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ的异态性等问题进行了分析和讨论。

猕猴属6个种的rDNA变异及其系统进化关系

以人28S,18S DNA为探针,用15种限制性内切酶构建了猕猴属6个种(M.mulatta、M.facsicularis、M.arctoides、M.assamensis、M.thibetana、M.nemestrina)和滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti),白颊长臂猿(Hylobates leucogenys)核糖体DNA重复单位的限制性内切酶图谱。红面猴(M.arctoides)与熊猴(M.assamensis)拥有完全相同的限制性内切酶图谱。基于内切酶图谱得到了68个信息位点并计算了各种rDNA重复型间的遗传距离。用PHYLIP version 3.5c软件包中的NEIGHBOR和RESTML程序,以滇金丝猴和白颊长臂猿为外群,构建了NJ树和最大似然树。两棵树的拓扑结构不完全一致,但恒河猴( (M.mulatta)和食蟹猴(M.facsicularis)总是位于树的基部。熊猴-红面猴(M.assamensis-M.arctoides)虽然与藏猴(M.thibetana)共享的限制性位点数更多,在NJ树上两类动物也最为接近,但在最大似然树中熊猴-红面猴却与平顶猴(M.nemestrina)聚在一起。因此,rDNA变异的数据尚不能对猕猴类动物进行有效的分组。

PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS OF MACAQUES AS INFERRED FROM RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) purified from 25 samples of 6 species of macaques, Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. arctoides, M. nemestrina, M. assamensis and M. thibetana, were analyzed to study the phyletic relationships among the species. A total of 36-46 sites was observed in each sample. By combining the cleavage patterns for each of the endonucleases, the 25 samples were classified into 11 restriction types. When data on M. fuscata and M. cyclopis collected by other authors were added to our own, the resultant molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that the 8 species may be divided into 4 groups: (1) M. mulatta, M. fuscata, M. cyclopis and M. fascicularis; (2) M. arctoides, (3) M. nemestrina; (4) M. assamensis and M. thibetana. Our results suggest that within both the fascicularis and sinica groups genetic distances are small between members and that the status of the species within the groups may require further investigation.

Sequence evolution of the CCR5 chemokine receptor gene in primates

The chemokine receptor CCR5 can serve as a coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 infection and both M-tropic and T-tropic SIV infection. We sequenced the entire CCR5 gene from 10 nonhuman primates: Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates leucogenys, Trachypithecus francoisi, Trachypithecus phayrei, Pygathrix nemaeus, Rhinopithecus roxellanae, Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus avunculus, Macaca assamensis, and Macaca arctoides. When compared with CCR5 sequences from humans and other primates, our results demonstrate that:(1) nucleotide and amino acid sequences of CCR5 among primates are highly homologous, with variations slightly concentrated on the amino and carboxyl termini; and (2) site Asp13, which is critical for CD4-independent binding of SIV gp120 to Macaca mulatta CCR5, was also present in all other nonhuman primates tested here, suggesting that those nonhuman primate CCR5s might also bind SIV gp120 without the presence of CD4. The topologies of CCR5 gene trees constructed here conflict with the putative opinion that the snub-nosed langurs compose a monophyletic group, suggesting that the CCR5 gene may not be a good genetic marker for low-level phylogenetic analysis. The evolutionary rate of CCR5 was calculated, and our results suggest a slowdown in primates after they diverged from rodents. The synonymous mutation rate of CCR5 in primates is constant, about 1.1 x 10(-9) synonymous mutations per site per year. Comparisons of K-a and K-s suggest that the CCR5 genes have undergone negative or purifying selection. K-a/K-s ratios from cercopithecines and colobines are significantly different, implying that selective pressures have played different roles in the two lineages.

Phylogenetic relationships of the macaques (Cercopithecidae : Macaca), inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

To study the phylogenetic relationships of the macaques, five gene fragments were sequenced from 40 individuals of eight species: Macaca mulatta, M. cyclopis, M. fascicularis, M. arctoides, M. assamensis, M. thibetana, M. silenus, and M. leonina. In addition, sequences of M. sylvanus were obtained from Genbank. A baboon was used as the outgroup. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum-parsimony and Bayesian methods. Because five gene fragments were from the mitochondrial genome and were inherited as a single entity without recombination, we combined the five genes into a single analysis. The parsimony bootstrap proportions we obtained were higher than those from earlier studies based on the combined mtDNA dataset. Excluding M. arctoides, our results are generally consistent with the classification of Delson (1980). Our phylogenetic analyses agree with earlier studies suggesting that the mitochondrial lineages of M. arctoides share a close evolutionary relationship with the mitochondrial lineages of the fascicularis group of macaques (and M. fascicularis, specifically). M. mulatta (with respect to M. cyclopis), M. assamensis assamensis (with respect to M. thibetana), and M. leonina (with respect to M. silenus) are paraphyletic based on our analysis of mitochondrial genes.

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF A CAPTIVE MACAQUE COLONY IN CHINA FOR ANTIBODIES TO SIMIAN TYPE-D RETROVIRUSES

Sera from 510 macaques consisting of Macaca mulatta, Macaca assamensis, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca arctoides were investigated for antibodies to simian AIDS type D retrovirus (SRV) by ELISA and Western blot with viral antigens purified from supernatants of SRV-1 infected cell cultures. Of these monkeys, 104 were seropositive by ELISA; only 23 were confirmed by Western blot. The true positive reaction to SRV was found in 15 of 463 (3.2%) M. mulatta and eight of eleven (72.7%) M. assamensis.

中国猕猴类(Macaca)的演化

对6种中国分布猕猴某些头骨特征的比较和35个比例性状的聚类分析, 并对 这几个种的亲缘关系进行了探讨。结果表明: M. assamensis和M. thibetana.M. mulatta和M. cyclopis关 系最为接近, 在前两者相聚以后, 与M. nemestrina相 聚成一大支系, 后两者与M. arctoides相聚成另一大支系, 最后两大支系聚在 一起成为中国猕猴类的亲缘关系。图1表1参21

中国熊猴的分类整理

该文通过查看国内收藏的标本对 M.assamensis 进行了分类整理, 认为 M.a.coolidgei 的亚种地位应予恢复, 滇西地区熊猴可能代表一个新类群. 通过t检验, 滇南和越南等地与滇西北和西藏东南部等地熊猴头骨的某些特征表现出显著或极显著差异. 作为区分 coolidgei 与 assamensis 的指标: coolidgei 体型较小, 肩背毛较短, 35—75mm, 背毛环纹略显或不明显, 0—2环, 体色更为灰暗; assamensis 体型较大, 肩背毛较长, 85—110mm, 背毛环纹明显, 3—4环。

乳酸脱氢酶 LDH 同功酶在猕猴属四种动物正常血清中的含量比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 PAGE 和瑞典LKB-2202型激光光密度扫描仪, 分析测定了猕猴属中恒河猴(Macacamulatta), 红面猴(M.arctiodes), 熊猴(M.assamensis)和平顶猴(M.nemestrina)等四个种正常血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同功酶谱型及含量变化. 结果表明: 这四个种正常血清的LDH同功酶及A、B两种亚基的含量存在着差异. 其中恒河猴与平顶猴之间的差异相对较大, 熊猴与红面猴之间的差异相对较小. 该文讨论了这些差异与这四种猴的分类地位的关系。

猕猴属三个种的血液学参数研究

该文比较了恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)、平顶猴(Macaca nemestrina)和熊猴(Macaca assamensis)的血液及血液生化参数. 三种动物的血象观察结果表明, 因驯养时间和条件不同, 导致白细胞总数出现明显差异, 其它各项参数均相近. 恒河猴血清中的淀粉酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶明显高于人类正常值, 而其它各项均在人类正常值范围内. 乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的五条带间的百分比不同于健康人的百分比. 健康人的磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶有一条带, 而恒河猴显示两条带, MM带占70%左右, MB带约占30%。

我国几种猕猴属动物肠道寄生虫的调查

通过尸体解剖、肉眼查找虫体和镜检虫卵三方法,从云南、四川、湖北等地产的猕猴(M. mulatta)、熊猴(M. assamensis)、豚尾猴(M. nemestrina)、红面猴(M. arctoides)和毛耳猕猴(M. mulatta lasiota)等五种猕猴属动物体内获得肠道寄生虫13种,多为人畜共患的旧种,列表给出了其分布及感染率。表1

猕猴属3个种的肱骨远端关节面的比较研究

对猕猴(Macaca mulatta)、 藏酋猴(M.thibetana)和熊猴(M.assamensis)肱 骨远端关节面Ⅱ项变量的分析表明, 关节面宽、鹰嘴窝宽、内上髁宽和滑车长 是区别3种猴类标本的主要变量。与其他灵长类相应变量的比较和主分量分析表 明: 与猕猴相比, 藏酋猴和熊猴的肱骨远端关节更为相似, 而猕猴则相似于暗色 叶猴、长臂猿和豚尾猴的关节面。 图2表2参17

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF THE ELBOW JOINTS IN 5 SPECIES OF CHINESE MACAQUES

In this paper, we report the findings of a comparative study of the elbow joints of five species of macaque that inhabit China: Macaca assamensis, M. arctoides, M. mulatta, M. thibetana and M. nemestrina. Results of multivariate analyses of size-related variables and indices of the elbow joint suggested that the breadths of the ventral aspect of the trochlea and of the medial epicondyle of the humerus as well as indices describing the head of the radius are important factors for discriminating these species. The elbow joint of M. arctoides was most similar to that of M. thibetana, no doubt reflecting recency of common ancestry and similarity in terrestrial locomotion. The structures of the elbow joints in M. nemestrina and assamensis seemed more adapted to arboreal quadrupedalism. The elbow joint of M. mulatta, however, appears intermediate between the most terrestrial and the most arboreal forms.