5 resultados para Amphipholis squamata
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evolutionary history of reptiles; the pseudo-tRNA of snakes occurred in the Caenophidia; snake is shorter than other vertebrates in the length of tRNA because of the truncations of T psi C arm (less than 5 bp) and "DHU" arm. The phylogenic analysis by MP and BI analysis showed that the phylogenetic position of A. meiguensis was placed in Caenophidia as a sister group to other advanced snakes with the exclusion of Acrochordus granulatus which was rooted in the Caenophidia. Therefore we suggested that the subfamily Xenodermatinae, which contains A. meiguensis, should be raised to a family rank or higher rank. At the same time, based on the phylogenic statistic test, the tree of Bayesian was used for estimating the divergence time. The results showed that the divergence time between Henophidia and Caenophidia was 109.50 Mya; 106.18 Mya for divergence between Acrochordus granulatus and the other snakes of the Caenophidia; the divergence time of A. meiguensis was 103 Mya, and Viperidae diverged from the unilateral of Elapidae and Colubridae was 96.06 Mya.
Resumo:
冷杉属是松科中的第二大属,在北半球有着广泛的分布区,从温带的高纬度地带到亚热带(偶达热带地区)的山地,呈间断不连续的分布。虽然一些学者曾对冷杉属进行过大量的分类学和系统学研究,但该属复杂的变异式样至今仍困扰着植物系统学家们。本论文是在腊叶标本和野外实地调查的基础上,从形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和植物地理学等方面进行分类学和系统发育的分析研究。现得到以下初步结果。1.对冷杉属叶角质层内表面胞间凸缘的研究结果表明,可以分为4种类型: 1. 弯曲且发达的单凸缘;2直且发达的单凸缘;3不发达的单凸缘;4双桥型凸缘。分布于欧洲和亚洲的绝大部分种类都是弯曲且发达的单凸缘类型(日本一种除外),而分布于北美的种类则具有四种不同的类型。 2. 叶横切面的研究结果表明皮下层细胞的发育状况和树脂道的位置与大小在Sect. Balsamea中稳定,皮下层细胞的缺失和不发育、树脂道大且中生在该属中可能反映原始状态。 3. 本研究首次发现nrDNA ITS的长度在属下有较大的变异,变异幅度1700 bp-2500 bp,分析得出引起这一变异的主要原因是由于ITS1中有以GGCCACCCTAGTC为核心数目不等的重复序列的存在,并讨论了ITS长度的变异在冷杉属和松科系统演化中的意义。 4. nrDNA ITS的RFLP分析结果和5种冷杉的ITS序列分析结果(以Keteleeria davidiana为外类群)表明A. bracteata与Sect. Balsamea总是聚在一起,亲缘最近;A. kawakamii应属于Sect. Momi。 5. 地理分布和系统发育分析的研究结果表明,冷杉属的多样性中心在北美西南部、而种类分布最大多的地区为东亚、种群分化最强烈的地区为我国的横断山脉。根据冷杉属的系统发育、化石资料和现代冷杉属的地理分布格局,冷杉属可能起源于白垩纪的高纬度地带。 6. 结合ITS RFLP和ITS序列的分支分析结果以及某些形态特征和地理分布资料,重建属下分类系统,将冷杉属分为8组2亚组。探讨了各组间的亲缘关系,认为Sect. Balsamea是冷杉属中的原始类群,Sect. Balsamea是与Sect. Balsamea亲缘最近,形态上十分特化的类群。来自ITS的分析结果为摒属下亚属的划分和将A. kawakamii自Sect. Balsamea中移出,放入Sect. Momi中提供了强有力的证据。经过标本和文献考证,综合各方面的资料,本文对冷杉属进行了全面系统的分类学修订,包括44种17变种1亚种,系统排列如下: 组1. 树脂冷杉组Sect. 1. Balsamea Engelmann。该组包括8种4变种:Abies balsamea, A. lasiocarpa, A. sibirica, A. sachalinensis, A. fraseri, A. koreana, A. nephrolepis, A. veitchii, A. bracteata。 组3. 日本冷杉组Sect. 3. Momi Franco。 亚组1.日本冷杉亚组Subsect. 1. Firmae (Franco) Farjon et Rushforth。该亚组包括6种3变种:A.holophylla, A. homolepis, A. firma, A. beshanzuensis, A. chensiensis, A. pindrow, A. beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis, A. chensiensis var. ernestii, A. chensiensis var. salouenensis。 亚组2. 鳞皮冷杉亚组Subsect. 2. Squamatae E. Murray。该亚组包括12种6变种:A squamata, A. delavayi, A. nukiangensis, A. recurvata, A. spectabilis, A. mariesii, A. kawakamii, A. forrestii, A. fargesii, A. fansipanensis, A. fanjingshanensis, A. yuanbaoshanensis, A. delavayi var. fabri, A. delavayi var. motuoensis, A. spectabilis var. densa, A. forrestii var. georgei, A. forrestii var. ferreana, A. fargesii var. faxoniana。 组4. 冷杉组Sect. 4. Abies。该组包括7种1变种1亚种:A. alba, A. cephalonica, A. nordmanniana, A. nebrodensis, A. cilicica, A. pinsapo, A. numidica, A. nordamanniana ssp. equitrojani, A. pinsapo var. marocana。 组5. 太平洋冷杉组成Sect. 5. Amabiles (Matzenko) Farjon et Rushforth。该组仅一种:A. amabilis。 组6. 高贵冷杉组Sect. 6. Nobilis Engelmann。该组有2种1变种:A. procera, A. magnifica, A. magnifica var. shastensis。 组7. 大冷杉组成Sect. 7. Grandes Engelmann, emend. Farjon et Rushforth。该组包括4种2变种:A. concolor, A. grandis, A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. concolor var. lowiana, A. durangensis var. coahuilensis。 组8. 墨西哥冷杉组Sect. 8. Oiamel Franco, emend. Farjon et Rushforth。该组包括A. religiosa, A. vejarii, A. vejari var. mexicana, A. hickelii
Resumo:
沙蜥属Phrynocephalus Kaup,1825隶属于爬行纲(Reptilia)有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)鬣蜥科(Agamidae),是欧亚大陆荒漠和稀疏草原常见蜥蜴。沙蜥属的分类及系统演化关系、地理分布格局与新生代第三纪以来古地中海的变迁、青藏高原的抬升及亚洲内陆干旱荒漠化的过程有密切的关系,长期以来有关沙蜥属的研究一直受到中外学者们的关注。由于沙蜥属地理分布广、形态变异大、体色和斑纹变化复杂,虽然前人使用过许多形态性状来描述和分类沙蜥属物种,但是仍然存在许多问题。性状的分类学意义不明确是造成这些问题的主要原因之一,因此本研究针对沙蜥属常用的鉴别性状进行分类意义的分析,希望能对沙蜥属物种鉴定及分类学其它研究有所裨益。 中国沙蜥属物种主要分布于西北的干旱荒漠区域及青藏高原的大部分地区,大约为18种。 本文研究了中国境内12种沙蜥:青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)、西藏沙蜥(P. theobaldi)、南疆沙蜥(P. forsythii)、变色沙蜥(P. versicolor)、旱地沙蜥(P. helioscopus)、荒漠沙蜥(P. przewalskii)、乌拉尔沙蜥(P. guttatus)、草原沙蜥(P. frontalis)、叶城沙蜥(P. axillaris)、白稍沙蜥(P. koslowi)、无斑沙蜥(P. immaculatus)和白条沙蜥(P. albolineatus),对它们的65项外部形态性状进行了观察和测量,其中数量性状29项、质量性状36项。评价了这些性状的序级性、间断性和代表性,结论如下: 1. 对于数量性状,得出了适合各级分类的数值区间; 2. 给出了在不同序级上适合分类的质量性状。 并利用各性状评价的结果,给出12种沙蜥的检索表,以及对中国沙蜥物种某些尚存在争议的问题进行了探讨。 详细记录了青海沙蜥红原亚种的骨骼系统,首次发现并命名了肘骨(elbow bone)和垫骨(stepping bone),为沙蜥属系统学研究补充了骨骼方面的证据;解剖了乌拉尔沙蜥、旱地沙蜥、荒漠沙蜥的雌体和雄体的骨骼系统,并在14项骨骼形态性状上对这3种沙蜥进行了比较。 Phrynocephalus (Squamata,Agamidae) is a familiar genus of lizards inhabited desert and sparse steppes in Eurasia. The taxonomics, phylogenetics and distribution pattern of Phrynocephalus are relative intensely to these events: the vicissitudes of the archaic Mediterranean sea since the Cainozoic, the uplift of Qingzang Plateau and the expending arid areas in the inland of Asia. Owing to the wide distribution, the large variability of the morphology and the different colors in Phrynocephalus, it is difficult to identify them. Tough many morphological characters are used to describe and discriminate them,a lot of questions still exist. One of the most important reasons is the confusion in the morphological characters. In this study, we demonstrate the validity and the invalidity of the familiar characters. There are about 18 species of the genus Phrynocephalus in China, which exist in arid desert in Northwest China and Qingzang Plateau. Twelve Chinese species was analyzed in this paper. They are P. vlangalii,P. theobaldi,P. forsythia,P. versicolor,P. helioscopus,P. przewalskii,P. guttatus,P. frontalis,P. axillaris,P. koslowi,P. immaculatus,P. albolineatus. We measure 29 quantitative characters and observe 36 qualitative characters in each individual. Through analyzing these characters, we made some conclusions as follows: 1. to every quantitative character, we get a clear numeric area to discriminate the different operational taxonomic units. 2. we chose the valid qualitative characters in these operational taxonomic units. This paper is the first to describe the “elbow bone”, which is a bone in pectoral appendage equivalent to patella,and “stepping bone”, which is a bone under carpal. A detailed description of the skeletal system of female Phrynocephalus vlangalii hongyuanensis was conducted. We also anatomise the skeletal systems of three species: P. guttatus,P. przewalskii,P. helioscopus, and compare or contrast 14 skeletal characters in them. What’s more,this paper offers some suggestions to the questions of Chinese Phrynocephalus species and keys to 12 species of Phrynocephalus basing on our conclusions on the evaluation of the morphological characters.
Resumo:
异毛虫科(Paraonidae)和海稚虫科(Spionidae)是环节动物门(Annelida),多毛纲(Polychaeta)中两个常见的科,其成体在海洋生态系统尤其是海洋底栖动物群落中占有重要地位。中国近海异毛虫科和海稚虫科种类极为常见,在潮间带和潮下带均有分布。但由于此两科种类个体小,采集和鉴定困难,在中国一直没有系统的分类学研究。 本论文选择异毛虫科和海稚虫科为研究对象,以中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物标本馆馆藏的3000余号成体标本为主要研究材料,结合攻读博士学位期间对全国各海域的补充采集标本和从其它单位借用的标本,在认真阅读相关文献和比对某些种类模式标本的基础上,首次对此两科的中国种类进行了全面系统的分类学和地理分布研究。结果如下: 1. 本文记述了中国海域异毛虫科4属18种,其中包括3新纪录种;海稚虫科16属39种,包括7新种,10新纪录种。各鉴定种类均进行了详细的分类学特征描述,并附有形态学结构图。对罕见种类的标本和保存状况较差、光学显微镜无法获得可靠分类学信息的标本进行了扫描电镜观察,并拍摄有电镜照片。 2. 对中国海域有关异毛虫科和海稚虫科种类记录进行了系统的分类学修订,澄清了部分种类特别是一些常见种类分类学研究中存在的错误和混淆。(1)通过大量阅读文献和反复比较检查标本,认为以前我国文献记录的海稚虫科奇异稚齿虫属的奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901)实际包括3种,即扭鳃奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio inaequibranchia (Caullery, 1914)、枫香树奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 1990和冠奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio cristata sp. nov.,其中扭鳃奇异稚齿虫和枫香树奇异稚齿虫在中国海属首次记录,冠奇异稚齿虫为一新种。枫香树奇异稚齿虫主要分布于黄海,其分布南界为121°30′ E, 34°30′ N, 扭鳃奇异稚齿虫分布于南海,其分布北界为114°00′ E, 21°45′ N,冠奇异稚齿虫分布区域较广,从长江口到南海的沿岸水域均有分布。奇异稚齿虫是分布在智利、南加利福尼亚、西墨西哥(可能还有安哥拉)的种,在我国海域未见分布。(2)将在我国北方沿海非常常见但长期被记录为鳞腹钩虫Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Müller, 1806)(海稚虫科)的标本重新鉴定为一个新种,即红纹腹钩虫Scolelepis (Scolelepis) daphoinos sp. nov.;鳞腹钩虫分布于北大西洋和地中海沿岸水域,在我国海域未见分布。(3)明确了中国海Prionospio steenstrupi复合体种类。此复合体所包含的种类在形态上十分相似,分类学研究时极易混淆。在已有的文献记录中,该复合体中国种类包括两种,玛氏稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) malmgreni Claparède, 1870和西沙稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) sishaensis Wu & Chen, 1964。本文将该复合体中国种类修正为5种,分别是包氏稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) bocki Söderström, 1920、开普敦稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Maciolek, 1985、太平洋稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) pacifica sp. nov.、欢乐稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) paradisea Imajima, 1990和西沙稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) sishaensis Wu & Chen, 1964。现在大多数分类学者认为玛氏稚齿虫是一个不可鉴定种,该种的原始描述可能包括数种,且模式标本已丢失。(4)将中国海记录的矮小离稚齿虫Apoprionospio pygmaea (Hartman, 1961)更正为卡米拉离稚齿虫Apoprionospio kirrae Wilson, 1990;将中国海记录的科氏光稚虫Spiophane kroyeri Grube, 1860更正为深蓝光稚虫Spiophanes fuscatus sp. nov.。 3. 比较研究了中国海域异毛虫科和海稚虫科的区系特点,详细分析了两科中国海种类的组成。认为中国种类在区系组成上属于印度-马来区系,异毛虫科中国海特有种较少,仅2种,占该科中国种数的11%;而海稚虫科中国海特有种较多,共9种,占该科中国种数的23%。中国海异毛虫科种类组成和日本、俄罗斯附近水域的组成较为相似,中国海海稚虫科种类组成和日本、澳大利亚附近水域的组成较为相似。
Resumo:
A new species of Spionidae, Scolelepis (Scolelepis) daphoinos sp. nov., is described and illustrated from northern China seas. The species was frequently encountered and highly abundant on sand beaches, but rarely found in subtidal areas. It was formerly misidentified as S. (S.) squamata (Muller, 1806) in China but differed from the latter species in several details in morphology, including the presence of obvious reddish pigmentation patches and the absence of unidentate hooded hooks. Another two Scolelepis species, S. (S.) lingulata Imajima, 1992 and S. (S.) variegata Imajima, 1992, are reported for the first time from Chinese waters. Two species of Scolelepis, S. (S.) globosa Wu & Chen, 1964 and S. (S.) lefebvrei (Gravier, 1905), were reported previously; therefore, five species in this genus are known from China in total. A key to all Scolelepis species from Chinese waters is provided.