Scanning electron microscopy of Aspidogaster ijimai Kawamura, 1913 and A-conchicola Baer, 1827 (Aspidogastrea, Aspidogastridae) with reference to their fish definitive-host specificity

Two species of aspidogastreans, namely Aspidogaster ijimai and A. conchicola, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In nine lakes and an old river course, the Tian'ezhou oxbow, investigated in the flood plain of the Yangtze River, A. ijimai was obtained from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in three lakes, and A. conchicola from the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus in three lakes and the oxbow. In none of the localities, however, were the two species found together. It is suggested that A. ijimai may be considered as a specialist parasite for the common carp, at least in the flood-plain lakes of the Yangtze River. The two parasites were similar in many aspects of their morphology. Their bodies can both be separated into a dorsal part and a ventral disc, with the body surface of the dorsal part elevated by transverse folds, and the disc subdivided into alveoli by transverse and longitudinal septa, although the number of alveoli was different in the two species. The depression on the ventral surface of the neck region was prominent for both species, and their ventral disc was covered densely with non-ciliated bulbous papillae. The position of mouth, osmo-regulatory pore and marginal organ was also similar for A. ijimai and A. conchicola. However, microridges in the trough of the folds in the neck region and numerous small pits on the upper part of the septa were found exclusively in A. ijimai, but uniciliated sensory papillae in A. conchicola.

水平荷载作用下张力腿平台吸力式基础的物理模拟

介绍了张力腿平台吸力式基础在水平静载和循环动荷载作用下的离心模型试验。通过水平静载离心试验获得了基础的水平承载力。利用电磁式激振器模拟动荷载，研究在动荷载作用下吸力式基础的动力响应，并比较了荷载强度和基础刚度对基础动力响应的影响。分析结果表明，在动荷载作用下，泥面下1～2m深度内土体中孔压最大。当动荷载强度超过临界承载力时，基础周围土体有非常强的液化可能性。综合孔压变化和基础沉降规律分析基础有两种可能的破坏模式：振动最初1～2h内的液化破坏和长时间激振后沉降过大引发的问题。将单桶连接成多桶基础，增大基础刚度，在相同动载强度下，周围孔压增长和激振沉降均小于承受相同荷载条件的单桶基础。

Experimental Study of Surface Deformation and Flow Pattern on Buoyant-Thermocapillary Convection

Free surface deformation is one of the most important physical phenomena in fluids with free surface. In the present paper, convection and surface deformation caused by thermocapillary effect in a rectangular cavity were investigated. In ground experiments, the convection was also affected by gravity. The cavity has a horizontal cross section of 52mm×42mm and the thikkness of the liquid layer is 4mm. Temperature difference between two sides of the liquid layer was increased gradually, and the flow in liquid layer will develop from steady to unstable convection. An optical diagnostic system consisting of a revised Michelson interferometer with image processor was developed to study fluid surface deformation in convection, and the displacements of free surface oscillation were determined. PIV technique was adopted to observe the evolution of flow pattern, and the velocity fields were obtained quantitatively. The present experiments demonstrate that surface deformation is quite distinct in buoyant-thermocapillary convection. in order to understand the mechanism of buoyant-thermocapillary convection, not only the hydrothermal wave instability but also the surface wave instability should be discussed.

基于光学对准的光刻机投影物镜密集线焦深原位检测技术

提出了一种检测光刻机投影物镜密集线焦深（DOF）的新技术。该技术将具有精细结构的测量标记曝光在硅片上，硅片显影后，由光学对准系统获取曝光在硅片上的测量标记图形的对准位置信息，根据对准位置信息计算得到视场中各点的焦深。与传统的FEM焦深测试技术相比，该技术具有测量精度高、速度快、成本低、操作简单等优点，在光刻工艺参数优化及光刻设备性能评价等方面有很好的应用前景。

板条激光放大器中寄生振荡的研究

寄生振荡的存在使得放大器在信号光到达之前消耗了大量的反转粒子数,降低了放大器的激光增益和储能效率,严重地影响了激光放大器的性能,尤其对高功率激光放大器。在理论分析和实验研究的基础上,以Nd∶YAG晶体板条为例,用8条半导体激光阵列对晶体进行双侧抽运,研究了高功率激光放大器的寄生振荡现象,分析了板条晶体寄生振荡产生的原因,并详细比较了晶体在不同的抽运功率和表面处理下的放大效果,得到了2倍的单程放大,当输入能量为140 mJ时,获得了278 mJ的激光输出。

Multicolor luminescence in oxygen-deficient Tb3+;doped calcium aluminogermanate glasses

In this paper, we report on the multicolor luminescence in oxygen-deficient Tb3+-doped calcium aluminogermanate glasses. A simple method was proposed to control oxygen-deficient defects in glasses by adding metal Al instead of the corresponding oxide (Al2O3), resulting in efficient blue and red emissions from Tb3+-undoped glasses with 300 and 380 nm excitation wavelengths, respectively. Moreover, in Tb3+-doped oxygen-deficient glasses, bright three-color (sky-blue, green or yellow, and red) luminescence was observed with 300, 380, and 395 nm excitation wavelengths, respectively. These glasses are useful for the fabrication of white light-emitting diode (LED) lighting.

Broadband infrared luminescence from bismuth-doped GeS2-Ga2S3 chalcogenide glasses

Near-infrared luminescence is observed from bismuth-doped GeS2-Ga2S3 chalcogenide glasses excited by an 808 nm laser diode. The emission peak with a maximum at about 1260 nm is observed in 80GeS(2)-20Ga(2)S(3):0.5Bi glass and it shifts toward the long wavelength with the addition of Bi gradually. The full width of half maximum (FWHM) is about 200 nm. The broadband infrared luminescence of Bi-doped GeS2-Ga2S3 chalcogenide glasses may be predominantly originated from the low valence state of Bi, such as Bi+. Raman scattering is also conducted to clarify the structure of glasses. These Bi-doped GeS2-Ga2S3 chalcogenide glasses can be applied potentially in novel broadband optical fibre amplifiers and broadly tunable laser in optical communication system.

睡莲科的花的生物学和生殖形态学研究

最近的一系列分子系统发育分析一致认定睡莲目为3 个最早的被子植物谱系（ 即包括Amborellaceae 、睡莲目和一个由八角目、Trimeniaceae 、 Austrobaileyaceae 组成的分支在内的ANITA）之一，这些研究结果和新近发现的早白垩世时期的睡莲类植物花化石的记录，支持过去长期认为睡莲目代表原始类群的观点。作为睡莲目组成之一的睡莲科，虽然在被子植物分类系统中一直处于关键的核心的系统发育位置，但对于这个科的生殖生物学和生殖形态学的研究还没有得到足够的重视。本文对睡莲科的王莲属、萍蓬草属和睡莲属的花的生物学、 Nuphar microphylla 的胚胎学、睡莲科的花粉形态学、睡莲科的胚珠和种子的发育形态学、以及睡莲科的柱头的形态解剖学开展了深入细致的研究工作。 本文所研究的睡莲科植物的花都具有开花生物钟的特性，在开花时期花器官的开放和闭合呈现有规律的运动。睡莲科的有些种植物（如睡莲属的一些种）的花是白天开放晚上闭合，而另外一些种（如王莲属）的花却是晚上开放白天闭合。睡莲科的不同物种的花的开花天数不同，一般是2 到数天。花大多是雌性先熟的，通常从开花的第二天开始释放花粉。睡莲科的不同属植物在开花时间，花的气味，花的颜色，各种花器官的形状和功能，以及传粉者方面存在很大差异。克鲁兹王莲的花具有大型的，单生的，多数花器官，花器官呈现有规律的开放和闭合运动，雌性先熟，能散发强烈气味，能够改变颜色，温度发生变化等特征。作者认为这些特征是高度特化的，它们适应于昆虫传粉。对Nuphar microphylla 的花的生物学研究支持Lippok 等人的观点：在任何居群，蝇、蜜蜂和甲虫对传粉贡献的相对大小更多地取决于这些昆虫的相对丰富度和可替换食物的多少，而不是取决于旧世界与新世界的萍蓬草属植物之间的雄蕊长度的差异。 本研究首次在Nuphar microphylla 中发现了一种新的4 细胞5 核雌配子体（具有1 个卵细胞，2 个助细胞和1 个具有2 个单倍体核的中央细胞）类型，这种雌配子体通过受精作用将产生三倍体的胚乳。作者认为这种雌配子体可能是最小的性功能单位，代表着被子植物的祖征。 睡莲科是一个具有多形态花粉的科，花粉沟有远极单槽和环槽两种类型。当前研究建议萍蓬草属的远极单槽花粉在睡莲科中是最原始类型。花粉形态学研究支持睡莲科是一个原始类群的观点。在所观察的睡莲科植物中，内珠被都作为一圈圆形的突起被产生，而外珠被是半圆形的，稍后形成兜状，在珠柄的凹面侧没有外珠被。在印度红睡莲、埃及白睡莲、墨西哥黄睡莲、芡实、以及克鲁兹王莲的胚珠的发育后期，珠柄的凹面侧产生不同长度的外珠被，所以它们成熟胚珠的外珠被为杯状。作者认为睡莲科的兜状的外珠被是原始的，杯状的外珠被是进化的。睡莲科的柱头形态高度多样化。睡莲属的柱头表面分布有许多拥挤的多细胞的乳头，萍蓬草属和芡实属的柱头是分泌性的，柱头表面具有单细胞乳突。王莲属柱头表面形成许多不规则的隆起。柱头形态学研究支持睡莲属和Ondinea 具有密切的亲缘关系的观点。

复合垂直流构建湿地系统净化水体中的痕量有机物

在稳定运行三年的复合垂直流构建湿地中试系统中进行了水体中痕量有机物的净化研究。进水为东湖茶港附近的湖水。水流方式为下行流 -上行流 ,进水方式采用间歇式 ,间隔为 8h ,水力负荷为 80 0mm3/(mm2 ·d)。采用C18反相SPE柱富集萃取中试系统的进出水及自来水 ,然后对其进行GC/MS分析 ,结果表明 ,东湖水主要为石油烃污染 ,酞酸酯类污染严重 ,自来水中亦存在痕量有机物的污染。复合垂直流构建湿地中试系统的出水比进水中痕量有机物的种类及数量均有所减少 ,说明这种系统有助于水体中痕量有机物的去

FACTORS INFLUENCING CHLOROPHYLL A CONCENTRATION IN THE YANGTZE-CONNECTED LAKES

To determine the environmental factors influencing C, phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Ch1 a), field investigations 4 were conducted in three river-connected lakes (Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Shijiu Lake) of the Yangtze floodplain in 2004. Results showed that the average Chi a concentration in these lakes ranged from 2.98 to 3.65 mg m(-3). The major factors influencing Chl a in lentic and lotic regions were total phosphorus (TP) and water velocity (U), respectively. Multiple relationships including total nitrogen (log(10)TN) and water depth (log(10)Z) were established. Further analyses found that the absolute Chi a and slope of log(10)Chl a=f (log(10)TP) in the river-connected lakes were obviously lower than those in the river-isolated lakes. This suggests the river-lake connectivity can significantly modify relationship between TP and chlorophyll a concentration.

The youngest split in sympatric schizothoracine fish (Cyprinidae) is shaped by ecological adaptations in a Tibetan Plateau glacier lake

Although new empirical evidence shows that sympatric speciation has occurred in some species, there are few indisputable model organisms for this process of speciation. The two subspecies (Gymnocypris eckloni eckloni and G. e. scoliostomus) of the schizothoracine Gymnocypris fish species complex from a small glacier lake in the Tibetan Plateau, Lake Sunmcuo, fit several of the key characteristics of the sympatric speciation model. We used combined mitochondrial control region sequences and the cytochrome b gene (1894 bp) to address the phylogenetics and population genetics of 232 specimens of G. e. eckloni and G. e. scoliostomus, as well as all of its closely related sister species. We found that: (i) a total of four old lineages were uncovered in the widespread G. e. eckloni, of which only one was shown to be shared with all G. e. scoliostomus individuals and (ii) the new subspecies (G. e. scoliostomus) evolved in Lake Sunmcuo from the ancestral G. e. eckloni population within approximately 0.057 Ma. These two taxa of the species complex are morphologically distinct, and reproductive isolation is further suggested. Ecological disruptive selection based on morphological traits (e.g. mouth cleft characters) and food utilization may be a mechanism of incipient speciation of two sympatric populations within Lake Sunmcuo. This study provides the first genetic evidence for sympatric speciation in the schizothoracine fish.

Study of sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of HCH in stimulated sediment/water system

This paper reported the sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in laboratory sediment/water system under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The effect of organic nutrient addition to the sorption of HCH was also investigated. It indicates that HCH is highly adsorbed on sediments under both conditions. During the tests, the biodegradation and isomerization of HCH were dramatically speeded up after organic nutrient additions, especially in the case of the observation under aerobic condition. It was found, beta-HCH was the most persistent in the environment, that is due to the isomerization of alpha-HCH in a big amount to beta-HCH, besides its chemical stability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.