Contamination and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in agriculture fields in Ya-Er Lake area, China

The contamination and distribution of polychlorinated dibeinizo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from two agricultural fields of a heavily polluted lake area in China (Ya-Er Lake) are presented. The vertical distribution pattern of total PCDD/Fs in soil cores reveals that the maximum concentration was in the layer of 20-30 cm. The concentrations in the top layer of soil at the two sites were similar (17.48 ng/kg at Site 1 and 18.10 ng/kg at Site 2), but the maximum concentration of Site 1 (120.8 ng/kg) was two times higher than that of Site 2 (64.39 ng/kg). The maximum concentration of PCDD/Fs in mud cores in rice fields (0-50 cm) at Sites 1 and 2 was in the layer of 0-10 cm. The maximum PCDD/F concentration in the top layer in mud at Site 1 (203.1 ng/kg) was higher than that at Site 2: (143.3 ng/kg). Significant correlations were found between the mind PCDD/Fs and the organic carbon content (R = 0.9743, P< 0,05 at Site 1; R = 0.9821, P< 0.05 at Site 2), the two variables being highly correlated (R = 0.9049, P< 0.05, at Site 1; R = 0.9916, P< 0.05 at Site 2). All correlation coefficients were significant at the 95% level. Concentrations were highly correlated with organic carbon, indicating that sorption to organic carbon was the dominant mechanism. Using principal component analysis, the homologue profiles of soil, mud, and plants (rice and radish) were compared. The PCDD/F patterns in plants were found not to be correlated to those in soil and mud. This suggests that atmospheric deposition may be the main source of PCDD/Fs in rice grain. However, mixed exposure involving uptake mechanisms and atmospheric deposition is considered main the source of PCDD/F pollution in radishes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in East Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history

Background: The emergence of agriculture about 10,000 years ago marks a dramatic change in human evolutionary history. The diet shift in agriculture societies might have a great impact on the genetic makeup of Neolithic human populations. The regionally restricted enrichment of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase sequence polymorphism (ADH1BArg47His) in southern China and the adjacent areas suggests Darwinian positive selection on this genetic locus during Neolithic time though the driving force is yet to be disclosed. Results: We studied a total of 38 populations (2,275 individuals) including Han Chinese, Tibetan and other ethnic populations across China. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in these populations indicates a clear east-to-west cline, and it is dominant in south-eastern populations but rare in Tibetan populations. The molecular dating suggests that the emergence of the ADH1B*47His allele occurred about 10,000 similar to 7,000 years ago. Conclusion: We present genetic evidence of selection on the ADH1BArg47His polymorphism caused by the emergence and expansion of rice domestication in East Asia. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in East Asia is consistent with the unearthed culture relic sites of rice domestication in China. The estimated origin time of ADH1B*47His allele in those populations coincides with the time of origin and expansion of Neolithic agriculture in southern China.

Effects of gibberellin A(3) on growth and microcystin production in Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanophyta)

Environmental. factors that affect the growth and microcystin production of microcystis have received worldwide attention because of the hazards microcystin poses to environmental safety and public health. Nevertheless, the effects of organic anthropogenic pollution on microcystis are rarely discussed. Gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) is a vegetable hormone widely used in agriculture and horticulture that can contaminate water as an anthropogenic pollutant. Because of its common occurrence, we studied the effects of GA3 on growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) PCC7806 with different concentrations (0.001-25mg/L) in batch culture. The control was obtained without gibberellin under the same culture conditions. Growth, estimated by dry weight and cell number, increased after the GA3 treatment. GA3 increased the amounts of chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and cellular-soluble protein in the cells of M. aeruginosa PCC7806, but decreased the accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates. In addition, GA3 was observed to affect nitrogen absorption of the test algae, but to have no effect on the absorption of phosphorus. The amount of microcystin measured by enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) increased in GA3 treatment groups, but the stimulatory effects were different in different culture phases. It is suggested that GA3 increases M. aeruginosa growth by stimulating its absorbance of nitrogen and increasing its ability to use carbohydrates, accordingly increasing cellular pigments and thus finally inducing accumulation of protein and microcystin. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

猪粪农用的生态风险——以东北黑土为例

集约化养殖大量使用铜(Cu)作为饲料添加剂会在养殖废物的排放和利用中导致一定的环境问题。随着东北老工业基地产业结构的调整，畜牧业作为东北地区二次振兴的主要产业得到迅速发展，由此会产生大量的畜禽粪便用于农业土壤施肥。而东北地区又是我国重要的农副产品生产基地，研究畜禽粪便农用的健康及环境风险就显得殊为必要。黑土是东北地区最主要的土壤类型，本文以东北黑土为供试材料，通过在盆栽实验中添加不同Cu浓度的猪粪来模拟施肥年限不同的菜园土，研究土壤中Cu累积对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)地上部分生物量与Cu含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶(脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性、微生物群落功能多样性以及对土壤功能微生物——氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)等的影响，从而实现含Cu猪粪农用对食物链途径的健康风险以及土壤生态系统的生态风险的综合评价。 研究结果表明，施用猪粪显著地改善了土壤的pH，增加了小白菜地上部分生物量，对其体内Cu浓度则没有显著影响;小白菜地上部分Cu浓度与土壤全Cu和水溶态Cu浓度显著正相关(P<0.01)，而地上生物量与土壤全Cu浓度显著负相关(P<0.05)。当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后，小白菜地上部分生物量受到强烈抑制。 猪粪的施用在一定时期内显著地促进了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性，但随土壤Cu浓度的增加，脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性逐渐受到抑制。当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后，微生物生物量、脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶等均受到强烈抑制。 施加猪粪提高了土壤微生物群落功能多样性，当土壤Cu浓度达到170 mg kg-1后，显著地抑制了微生物群落功能多样性。种植小白菜后，各处理间微生物群落功能多样性没有显著差异，意味着植物能够维持微生物群落功能多样性。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示，当土壤全Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后，微生物群落功能多样性与其它处理显著不同。 猪粪显著地促进了土壤的硝化潜势速率(PNR)。随着Cu浓度的增加，硝化潜势速率逐渐受到抑制，当土壤全Cu浓度达到170 mg kg-1后，即与对照无显著差异。植物在维持硝化速率方面也起到重要作用。古菌amoA基因在每克干土中的拷贝数在9.4*106~2.59*107，细菌amoA基因在每克干土中的拷贝数约为1.48*106~1.41*107。猪粪在一定时期内显著地增加了AOA和AOB的数量，当土壤Cu浓度达到300 mg kg-1后，AOA和AOB的数量显著下降，并且AOA与AOB amoA基因拷贝数的比值增加，在小白菜栽种前(B1)和小白菜收获后(B2)分别为2.33和9.26，这意味着在高Cu浓度胁迫下，AOA的耐受性更强。古菌与细菌的amoA拷贝数与PNR之间则没有显著的相关关系，意味着AOA和AOB种群结构以及其中某些种群的活性可能发生了变化。 本文通过对东北黑土菜地土壤中Cu在作物体内的迁移积累及其对土壤微生物学指标(微生物生物量、酶活性、微生物群落功能多样性及功能微生物)的影响的综合研究，揭示了含Cu猪粪农用所造成的健康和生态风险，为建立适宜的土壤环境质量标准提供了一定的科学依据。通过本研究得出，黑土蔬菜种植中Cu浓度的阈值在170-300 mg kg-1之间。

Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100%, with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isolation and Characterization of a Methomyl-Degrading Paracoccus sp mdw-1

Methomyl, an extremely toxic pesticide, is widely used in agriculture. A strain named mdw-1 capable of degrading methomyl rapidly was successfully isolated from activated sludge in this study. It could utilize methomyl as the sole carbon or nitrogen source. The optimal temperature and medium pH for its growth and methomyl biodegradation were 30 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. It was identified as a Paracoccus sp. according to its morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of 16S rDNA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that methomyl could be completely transformed to S-methyl-N-hydroxythioacetamidate in 10 h of incubation with the isolate mdw-1.

论高粱的抗旱性及在旱区农业中的地位

本文以笔者研究组多年研究结果为基础,以玉米为主要参比作物,就干旱逆境下高粱的产量表现、水分利用及抗旱特性进行了论述。认为高粱是一种综合抗旱能力很强的作物,尤其具有低耗水、高水分利用效率特性,其耐旱性显著高于玉米,也高于谷子和苜蓿,属于一种典型的模式抗旱作物,具有重要的生产和研究价值。指出高粱作为抗逆性很强的粮饲酿兼用作物,特别是作为一种能源植物,仍具良好的发展前景。建议今后在降水量低于450mm、热量可满足生长的地区扩大高粱种植面积,同时加强对其整体抗旱性机理及抗旱基因组的研究。

根系分泌物生态学研究

The study of root exudates enriches the theories and methods of rhizospheric soil ecology, and offers theory warranty that it can be used in agriculture and forest. This paper discusses the types and components of root exudates, mechanism of exudation, and the relationship between root exudates and the biotic and environmental factors. The development tendency and study aspect of root exudates in the future was evaluated as well.

农业经济用水量与我国农业战略节水潜力

在分析我国农业水资源利用现状基础上,从保障粮食安全和最大用水综合效益出发,提出了"农业经济用水量"的概念,分析了其内涵,提出了基于宏观水资源合理配置的"农业经济用水量"研究的理论基础及其相应技术基础,并从战略层面对我国未来可实现的农业经济用水量及其节水潜力进行了初步分析,为缓解我国农业用水与工业用水、生态用水之间的矛盾提供了有益的探索。

土壤中施用聚丙烯酸钠保水剂对冬小麦生长及产量影响

聚丙烯酸钠因其特殊的保水性能受到广泛重视,但是其研究仍多限于实验室模拟研究。为了促进其在农业生产中的应用与推广,该文采用大田试验,研究了聚丙烯酸钠对冬小麦生长、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明施入聚丙烯酸钠能够促进小麦生长,提高小麦叶绿素含量,提高小麦产量与WUE。采用沟施5.5 m3/hm2的1/2000聚丙烯酸钠水溶液,能够使小麦较对照增产2.9%,WUE增加3.52 kg/(hm2.mm);与肥料混合使用时,增产效果更加显著,可增产10.14%,WUE增加4.38 kg/(hm2.mm)。