8 resultados para Acartia longiremis

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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20世纪90年代以来,为了确保日益增长的人口对蛋白质的需求,海洋鱼类养殖在全球范围内日趋发展。然而,许多养殖鱼类的品质如抗病力、口味等与野生种类相比大为降低。饵料对于鱼类品质的好坏起着至关重要的作用。在海洋的自然环境中,浮游动物,特别是数量庞大、种类繁多的桡足类是野生鱼类的天然活饵料。哪些桡足类适于作养殖饵料,如何获得、从何处获得桡足类,人工培养是否可行,能否通过加入桡足类来改善养殖鱼类的品质是长期以来业内人士一直关注的问题,需要大量的基础性探索研究工作。 开展有潜在开发价值种的生物学特性及室内培养的基础研究,进而开展大量生产技术的研究与应用,不仅是开发利用桡足类的一个重要途径,而且可以获得一些重要的生态学参数。 本论文自2003年10月-2004年9月之间,在胶州湾采集不同的桡足类种类,通过室内比较培养实验,选定双刺纺锤水蚤作为具有开发潜力的研究培养对象,对其展开一系列培养条件及生物学特性研究,在此基础上进行了小水体增殖培养,结合现场调查资料对与其生活策略相关的生态学问题进行了初步研究探索。结果如下: 筛选:2003年10月-2004年9月全年不同季节共采集11 种桡足类,在室内自然温度、自然海水(盐度30-32)下长时间培养,粗略筛选出能够经受实验室人工养殖水体生活的种类有:强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus. crassirostris)、汤氏长足水蚤(Calanopia thompson)、太平洋真宽水蚤(Eurytemora pacifica)、双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)。对上述种类的成体和子代幼体分别测定其对不同盐度、温度的耐受能力。培养结果表明:18℃室温下,强额拟哲水蚤幼体在盐度20以上的环境中,存活时间不超过11天;汤氏长足水蚤雌体在培养温度低于20℃时,只能存活10天;25℃室温下,当盐度低于20时,汤氏长足水蚤雌体存活时间不超过9天,子代的存活时间不超过7天;太平洋真宽水蚤不适宜在温度较高的夏秋季培养,幼体在不同盐度的实验条件下存活时间不超过5天,不适宜长期培养;双刺纺锤水蚤在全年8-24℃的室内培养温度范围内保持了24-85%的存活率,雌体和子代在盐度10-35的范围内都能存活,最终结果表明双刺纺锤水蚤是其中最适宜进行人工培养的种类。 繁殖:对双刺纺锤水蚤雌体的培养条件和繁殖生物学的研究结果表明:在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料:微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)、小球藻(Chlorella.sp)、等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subordiformis)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)中,亚心型扁藻和中肋骨条藻适宜成体培养,亚心型扁藻对雌体存活有利,排粪率也要比中肋骨条藻低得多,亚心型扁藻在高温条件下的饵料利用效率要高于中肋骨条藻,中肋骨条藻对产卵有利,二者混合优势互补;预饥饿处理的双刺纺锤水蚤恢复到最高产卵率需要较长的时间,并且一直保持较低的产卵率;该种繁殖的最适温度范围15-20℃;在10-25℃温度范围内的平均产卵率差异并不显著。 生长及发育:对双刺纺锤水蚤幼体培养条件及发育生物学研究结果表明:在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料中,微绿球藻是比较理想的开口饵料;粒径小( 4 m)的微藻——微绿球藻和小球藻不能保证双刺纺锤水蚤后期无节幼体发育至桡足阶段,22℃以下采用微绿球藻 + 亚心型扁藻 + 中肋骨条藻的食物搭配,22℃以上需加入粒径在4m左右的等鞭金藻。 世代时间:通过一系列的温度梯度实验,证明在相同饵料的情况下,温度对双刺纺锤水蚤的发育具有显著的影响,在15-25℃的范围内,随着温度的升高,生长速度加快、世代周期缩短;在温度条件为15、18、20、22、25℃下的世代时间分别为25.5, 18.5, 13, 11.5, 9.5天。 群体培养:研究了适宜的微藻饵料种类搭配比例以及总饵料浓度对种群日均增值率的影响。结果表明:20℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻:中肋骨条藻:微绿球藻按含碳量2:1:1的比例组成混合饵料,达到最高增殖率的混合饵料浓度范围在1.0-4.0 μg C ml-1之间;25℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻:中肋骨条藻:微绿球藻:等鞭金藻按含碳量2:1:1:2的比例组成混合饵料,日均增殖率在混合饵料总浓度为1.0 μg C ml-1 时最高,低于和高于此浓度都会降低日增值率。 度夏机制:针对野外大面调查发现双刺纺锤水蚤在高温季节的胶州湾内仍然存在的事实(传统观点认为该种在夏季从水体中消失,通过休眠卵度夏),本论文从基础生态学研究出发,根据胶州湾夏季的温度和叶绿素浓度资料,设计实验研究了高温和饵料浓度对成体繁殖和幼体生长发育的影响。实验发现,饵料浓度对高温下雌体的繁殖有着明显的影响,15g Chla l-1浓度下的雌体在28℃都可以保持产卵状态,而且卵的孵化率也在50%以上;各处理中的卵都很快孵化,并保持了60%以上的孵化率;高浓度组15 g Chla l-1和10 g Chla l-1,无节幼体都能发育至成体,低浓度5 g Chla l-1处理组中,28℃下,不能发育至桡足阶段,而25℃下也只能发育至C4期。在本实验中没有发现双刺纺锤水蚤产生休眠卵。在胶州湾自然环境中发现该种全年存在。胶州湾中的双刺纺锤水蚤在夏季能够在不产生休眠卵的情况下安全度夏。

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The influence of diatoms on the reproduction and naupliar development of Acartia bifilosa was investigated under laboratory conditions, comparing initial in situ values and laboratory-food treatments. Egg production by A. bifilosa was significantly reduced by one diatom diet (Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Pt) and by two non-diatom diets (Platymonas subordiformis: Ps and Nannochloropsis oculata: No). It was less affected by the other diatom diet (Skeletonema costatum: Sc) or by two mixed-food treatments (D-mix and DG-mix), composed of two diatoms (Pt, Sc) and four species (Pt, Sc, Ps and No), respectively. The negative effect of Pt was eliminated when adult copepods were offered mixed-food diets. There were no significant differences between the hatching success values observed in filtered seawater and in algal exudates, indicating that diatoms did not produce active dissolved toxic substances under the different food concentrations tested. The mortality rate of nauplii was higher with Pt than the other diets, suggesting that this diatom species had a negative effect on egg production, hatching success and naupliar survival simultaneously. Compared to other diets, No and Pt were not beneficial food sources for reproduction and for female and larval survival. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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本文研究了胶州湾内1988年5月至1989年5月,小拟哲水蚤[Paracalanus parvus(Claus)]、双刺纺锤水蚤[Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht)]、太平洋纺锤水蚤(A. pacifica steuer)和1982年5月至1983年4月中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)的种群结构和种群数量的季节变化。双剌纺锤水蚤和太平纺锤水蚤在胶州湾是季节性出现的种类,它们能产生休眠卵,本文对其休眠卵数量的季节变化以及影响休眠卵产生和孵化的因素进行了初步的探讨。本文还研究了体长的季节变化以及温度和食物条件对体长的影响。

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浮游动物是河口生态系统的重要组成部分,在食物网中,浮游动物是浮游植物捕食者,对浮游植物有摄食压力,所以控制浮游植物数量的增长。同时,浮游动物还是鱼类的饵料,从而影响渔业资源的数量。长江口是各种经济鱼、虾和蟹的重要产卵场、索饵场和洄游场。长江口各个分汊的分流量的差异较大,导致不同分汊的水文环境明显不同,其中最为明显就是北港和北支水域。然而以往对浮游动物的研究仅限于某一水域,没有对整体水域进行研究,本文选择最具代表性的北港和北支水域,对两水域浮游动物的群落生态特征进行比较研究。 本论文的数据来源于2004年5、8、11月和2005年2月在长江口北港和北支水域4个航次的海洋综合调查资料。通过采用优势度和优势种贡献率等生态学指标,同时结合逐步回归分析,讨论了温、盐与浮游动物总丰度变化的关系。结果表明,就四季而言,浮游动物总丰度和盐度呈显著正相关,和温度负相关。而就单个季节而言,除了5月和2月落潮,总丰度和盐度均呈显著正相关,与温度相关关系不显著。调查水域优势种主要为河口半咸水种或近海种。北港的盐度约为0-5, 表现为长江淡水特征;北支的盐度约为12-28,表现为长江径流和外海水团混合水团的特征。上述优势种的盐度适应和水团分布特征决定了长江口浮游动物分布的时空变化,即盐度较高的水域往往有较高的丰度,北支的总丰度和生物量均大于北港。此外,在长江口口内水域,水温较低的枯水期,浮游动物丰度高于水温较高的丰水期,温度的季节波动,以及主要优势种中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)对低温环境的适应,是调查水域浮游动物总丰度季节变化的重要因素。 另一方面,本论文通过物种多样性、累积优势度曲线等群落水平的指标和相似性检验分析(ANOSIM),对长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落及其主要优势种的差异,以及主要生态因子对浮游动物群落的影响进行了分析。结果表明,北港主要由潮汐影响的淡水和低盐水组成,北支由中、高盐水组成。春季,北港浮游动物丰度和多样性均低于北支,主要优势种为中华华哲水蚤;北支优势种种数较多,主要是真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)。夏季,北港和北支的多样性较接近,但是种类组成差别较大,北港以中华华哲水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)为主构成河口半咸水群落,北支以由火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)和太平洋纺锤水蚤等构成河口低盐群落。秋季,北港的丰度和多样性均低于北支,两个水域的群落差异明显,北港主要由中华华哲水蚤构成,北支由小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)、真刺唇角水蚤和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)等近岸和外海种组成。冬季,两个水域种数和多样性均较低,群落差别达四季最小,中华华哲水蚤占绝对优势。温度和盐度及其相互作用是决定长江口浮游动物群落特征的最主要因素。其中温度是造成研究水域浮游动物群落季节变化的主要因素,而由径流和外海水之间的消长引起的盐度变化是造成北港和北支浮游动物群落区域变化的决定因素。

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小型桡足类在生态系统中的重要作用近年来得到了广泛的关注,在近岸生态系统中,小型桡足类起着相当重要的作用。但关于小型桡足类种群动力学的研究在国内还处于起步阶段,因此我们选取了国内沿岸海域常见优势种小拟哲水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤及强额拟哲水蚤等四种小型桡足类为研究对象,探讨其种群动力学相关方面的变动机制。本文在2005年10月-2006年9月选取胶州湾为主要的研究海域,进行了一周年的小型桡足类的采样和培养实验研究。在胶州湾,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)全年出现,其种群数量变动呈现双峰型,在夏季(6月和8月)达数量高值,在冬季(1月)有一个小的高峰。种群数量在4月达全年最低值,在7月份数量也有一个明显的数量降低。从空间分布上来讲,该水蚤在冬季主要以CV期桡足幼体存在于湾南和湾外区域,湾北数量很少;从春末开始,各期幼体开始在各海区广泛分布。小拟哲水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(2月份除外),但较高的产卵率主要集中在春末到秋初,最大产卵率出现在5月,达27.9 eggs female-1d-1。总体来讲,在胶州湾小拟哲水蚤的产卵率与温度、叶绿素及体长均呈显著正相关,但与盐度呈负相关关系。从不同的区域来看,胶州湾湾北区域小拟哲水蚤产卵率较高,最高值出现在湾北6月份,产卵率达到了60.8 eggs female-1d-1。大于10 eggs female-1d-1的产卵率在湾北持续了6个月(4-9月),在湾口持续了5个月(4-8月),而在湾外只持续了3个月(5-7月)。小拟哲水蚤生物量在6月份达到最高值(6.15 mg C m-3),在4月达到全年最低值(0.028 mg C m-3)。次级生产的变动从4月到9月与生物量的变动趋势完全相似,但冬季生物量的高峰并没有伴随次级生产的高峰值,分析其原因是由于冬季低的生长率所致。小拟哲水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为158.41 mg C.m-3yr -1。强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)在胶州湾只在夏末到秋季出现,最大数量出现在8月份。从强额拟哲水蚤的分布区域来看,从湾内到湾外有递减趋势。在2006年9月份,只有湾北有部分种群,其他区域几乎没有该种出现。该种最大产卵率出现在8月,达11.2 eggs female-1d-1。强额拟哲水蚤生物量的变动与次级生产的变动趋势相似,最大值也都出现在8月份。该水蚤在胶州湾平均年次级生产仅为2.12 mg C m-3yr-1。双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)在胶州湾是全年出现,其种群数量在5-6月份突发性增加达全年最高值(>8000 ind. m-3),之后又急剧下降。从该种的区域分布来看,5-6月份数量的高峰主要出现在湾北区域,7月份虽然各区域数量均下降,但大部分种群集中在湾外区域。双刺纺锤水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(1-2月除外),产卵率的最高值出现在4月,达16.5 eggs female-1d-1。4月份雌体高的产卵率为5月份种群数量的大量增加提供了补充。双刺纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势一致,在5-6月份达到高值,在秋冬季次级生产较低。双刺纺锤水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为114.61 mg C m-3yr-1。太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)在胶州湾季节性出现,在冬春季节消失,从夏季开始出现。该种在5月零星出现,种群数量在6月份开始增多,到7月份达到最高值2356 ind. m-3,之后在8月数量锐减至196 ind. m-3。从区域分布来看,该水蚤在胶州湾只出现在湾北和湾南区域,湾外区域几乎没有,而且呈现湾北到湾南递减的趋势。6月份数量大部分出现在湾北区域,到7月份才有一部份在湾南出现。太平洋纺锤水蚤在其出现季节均产卵,最大产卵率出现在6月份,达37.17 eggs female-1 d-1,部分补充了7月份太平洋纺锤水蚤种群数量的大量增加。太平洋纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势相似,在7月份达到了最高值,在11月达到最低值。太平洋纺锤水蚤在胶州湾平均的年次级生产为45.63 mg C m-3yr-1。胶州湾四种小型桡足类总的年次级生产为~320 mg C m-3 yr-1。

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During spring (April/May 1999) and autumn (September/October 1998) cruises in the Bohai Sea, China, copepods were the dominant components of mesozooplankton, the most abundant species being Calanus sinicus, Centropages mcmurrichi, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Oithona similis. Pigment ingestion rates by three size classes of copepods (200-500, 500-1000 and > 1000 mum) were measured. In the south of the investigation area, gut pigment content (GPC), individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were lower in spring than in autumn. In the central area, GPC and individual pigment-specific ingestion rates were higher in spring than in autumn. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by the copepod assemblages was lower in spring than in autumn, however, because of the relatively smaller biomass in spring. In the western area where the Bohai Sea joins the Yellow Sea, GPC, individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were higher in spring than in autumn. Among the three size groups, the small-sized animals (200-500 mum) contributed more than 50% (range 38-98%) of the total copepod grazing during both cruises. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by copepods was equivalent to 11.9% (range 3.0-37.1%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and 53.3% (range 21.4-91.4%) of the primary production during the spring cruise. Grazing impact was equivalent to 6.3% (range 2.0-11.6%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and >100% (range 25.7-141.6%) of the primary production during the autumn cruise. The copepod community apparently consumed only a modest proportion of the standing stock of phytoplankton during spring and autumn blooms. They did, however, sometimes graze a significant proportion of daily primary production and hence were presumably able to limit the rate of further accumulation of phytoplankton, or even to prevent it. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A model is developed to investigate the trade-offs between benefits and costs involved in zooplanktonic diel vertical migration (DVM) strategies. The 'venturous revenue' (VR) is used as the criterion for optimal trade-offs. It is a function of environmental factors and the age of zooplankter. During vertical migration, animals are assumed to check instantaneously the variations of environmental parameters and thereby select the optimal behavioral strategy to maximize the value of VR, i.e. taking up as much food as possible with a certain risk of mortality. The model is run on a diel time scale (24 h) in four possible scenarios during the animal's life history. The results show that zooplankton can perform normal DVM balancing optimal food intake against predation risk, with the profile of DVM largely modified by the age of zooplankter.

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The Bohai Sea was the site of the Chinese national GLOBEC programme. During the June 1997 cruises of R/V Science No.1, observations and experiments on zooplankton feeding were conducted. At five 48 h time-series stations the following observations and measurements on zooplankton were carried out: (1) diurnal vertical migration, by collecting samples at different layers every 3 h with a closing net; (2) diurnal feeding rhythms, by gut pigment analysis; and (3) ingestion rate, by both gut pigment analysis and the dilution method. A classification by body size was used to deal with the diversity of species and developmental stages of zooplankton assemblages. Samples were separated into three size groups: small (200-500 mu m), medium (500-1000 mu m) and large (> 1000 mu m). The results showed that the copepods (Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Centropages mcmurrichi) performed clear diurnal vertical migrations. However, their behaviour was different at different stations. The variation in gut pigment content over the 24 h cycle showed strong diurnal feeding rhythms, particularly for the large size group. Gut pigment contents reached their daily maximum during the time from dusk to midnight (18:00-24:00). The peak value was about 10 times the minimum observed in the daytime. The in situ daily grazing rate, based on gut pigment contents and evacuation experiments, was 4.00-12.65 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the small size group, 5.99-66.58 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the medium size group and 31.31-237.13 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the large size group. The copepods consumed only a small part (2.90-13.52%) of the phytoplankton biomass hut about 77% of the daily production. The grazing mortality rate of phytoplankton by microzooplankton (<200 mu m) measured by the dilution method ranged from 0.43 to 0.69 day(-1) The calculated daily consumption of phytoplankton biomass was 35-50%, and 85-319% of the potential production.