侵蚀环境人工刺槐林土壤水稳性团聚体演变及其养分效应

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体变化规律及其与土壤养分状况之间的相互关系。结果表明,侵蚀环境下的坡耕地由于人为耕作干扰,土壤水稳性团聚体含量低下,抗蚀性能较差。营造刺槐林前5 a土壤水稳性团聚体含量较坡耕地显著快速增加,随后增幅变缓,成对数增长,恢复25 a后土壤水稳性团聚体含量已经达到天然侧柏林水平。在植被恢复过程中土壤小粒径的水稳性团聚体逐渐聚集转变形成大粒径的团聚体。相关性分析和回归分析表明,植被恢复过程中>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体与有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、容重等相关性达到显著(p<0.05)或极显著水平(p<0.01),与全磷和速效磷相关性较弱。坡耕地退耕营造刺槐林后可以减少人为干扰,增加碳素和氮素供给,提高水稳性团聚体含量,使土壤抗蚀性能提高。

STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION AND RECLAMATION OF WASTE-WATER FROM A MEDIUM-SIZED CITY BY AN INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL POND SYSTEM

The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study. An integrated biological pond system was operated for more than 3 years to purify the wastewater from a medium-sized city, Central China. The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing their purification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influent purification, effluent upgrading and multi-utilization. These regions were further divided into several zones and subzones. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, algae, microorganisms and zooplankton, were effectively cooperating in the wastewater treatment in this system. The system attained high reductions of BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, TP and other pollutants. The purification efficiencies of this system were higher than those of most traditional oxidation ponds or ordinary macrophyte ponds. The mutagenic effect and numbers of bacteria and viruses declined significantly during the process of purification. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone, the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield dramatic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, though it did significantly affect the biomass productivity of the macrophytes. The effluent from this system could be utilized in irrigation and aquaculture. Some aquatic products were harvested from this system and some biomass was utilized for food, fertilizer, fodder and some other uses. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.

黄土丘陵区典型群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

研究了安塞县黄土丘陵区4种典型群落分布、物种多样性、生物量变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明,所选群落的盖度和地上、地下生物量随退耕年限增加而明显增加,土壤水分、粘粒含量也有增加趋势;典范对应、多元回归和通径分析表明,群落的分布及变化受环境因子综合影响,土壤有机质、恢复年限、粘粒含量、坡向、海拔、硝态氮含量等是影响退耕地典型群落特征及分布的主要因子;土壤全磷含量对生态优势度,有机质、全氮含量分别对地上、地下生物量有最大正效应。本研究为黄土丘陵半干旱区退耕地植被恢复重建提供了理论依据。

陕北丘陵沟壑区撂荒地自然恢复植被的组成结构与数量分类

采用样带调查与TWINSPAN分类等方法,对陕北丘陵沟壑区延安、安塞和吴旗174个撂荒地样方的物种组成、出现频率与盖度、及群落类型进行了统计与分类。植被组成结构的统计结果表明:该区自然恢复的植被几乎一半是由禾本科、菊科、豆科和蔷薇科的物种组成,北温带、旧世界温带、世界与泛热带分布成分占到总物种数近75%,且以中旱生、中生和旱生的草本类植物为主,具有典型的温带地面芽植物气候特征。植被的数量分类表明:调查样方基本包括了该区自然恢复的主要植被类型,延安、安塞和吴旗的植被在1年生草本群落到多年生蒿禾类草本群落阶段,依次均以猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、赖草(Leymussecalinus)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)等为主要优势物种构成的不同组合的植物群落,且这些物种具有较高的盖度和频度;但在植被演替后期,不同植被带及阴阳坡的演替方向却发生了明显的变化。以延安为代表的森林带,阴坡可形成黄...

半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响

坡地土壤降雨入渗、径流和侵蚀过程与土壤结构密切相关。试验样地为宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区的坡耕地、退耕6a、退耕11a(前8a放牧,后3a禁牧)和退耕16a坡地,室内测定土壤结构指标,野外采用基于径流-入流-产流方法的新型降雨仪器在17、43和56mm/h雨强下观测坡地土壤的入渗性能,分析土壤结构特征对入渗的影响。对土壤结构的稳定性指标、孔隙性指标和分形维数指标进行分析,结果表明,随着退耕年限的延长,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,土壤结构孔隙状况得到明显改善。模拟降雨结果显示,随着雨强的增大,退耕地的土壤入渗率增加,但坡耕地反而降低。退耕11a样地受放牧牲畜践踏影响,入渗性能最差。通过逐步回归分析可知,在17mm/h和56mm/h雨强下,影响土壤稳定入渗率的土壤结构因子主要是容重和有机碳含量,而在43mm/h雨强下主要是毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度。土壤有机碳含量和孔隙状况的差异致使土壤结构特征不同,从而对入渗性能和过程产生明显的影响。