Shock wave diffraction by a square cavity filled with dusty gas

A simple two-dimensional square cavity model is used to study shock attenuating effects of dust suspension in air. The GRP scheme for compressible flows was extended to simulate the fluid dynamics of dilute dust suspensions, employing the conventional two-phase approximation. A planar shock of constant intensity propagated in pure air over Aat ground and diffracted into a square cavity filled with a dusty quiescent suspension. Shock intensities were M-s = 1.30 and M-s = 2.032, dust loading ratios were alpha = 1 and alpha = 5, and particle diameters were d = 1, 10 and 50 mum. It was found that the diffraction patterns in the cavity were decisively attenuated by the dust suspension, particularly for the higher loading ratio. The particle size has a pronounced effect on the flow and wave pattern developed inside the cavity. Wall pressure historics were recorded for each of the three cavity walls, showing a clear attenuating effect of the dust suspension.

掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷的光谱特性

采用传统陶瓷烧结工艺,在无压还原气氛下低温制备出透明性良好的掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷,测试了其在室温下的吸收光谱、发射光谱和荧光寿命.结果表明,掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷的吸收系数随着Yb^3＋掺杂浓度的增加而增大,最强吸收峰974 nm处的吸收截面为0.90～1.12×10^-20 cm^2;主发射峰1 032 nm和1 075 nm处的发射截面分别为1.05×10^-20 cm^2和0.87×10^-20 cm^2; Yb^3＋掺杂浓度为5at.%时荧光寿命为1.38 ms,并随Yb^3

木根麦冬rRNA基因进化的研究

木根麦冬（Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai）属于铃兰科（Convallariaceae）或广义百合科（Liliaceae s.l.）沿阶草族（Ophiopogoneae）沿阶草属（Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl.），属于典型的濒危植物。前人已从细胞学、种群生态学、生殖生物学和遗传结构与多样性等方面对木根麦冬进行了研究，但在分子进化和分子细胞遗传学水平上的研究近为空白。本文运用染色体的荧光原位杂交(FISH)、PCR扩增和克隆、DNA测序、系统发育重建等方法，对18S rDNA作了染色体原位定位，研究了木根麦冬的Ss rRNA基因结构特点，并重建了该基因的系统发育树，探讨了5S rRNA多基因家族的分子进化模式和木根麦冬的濒危机制。主要结果如下： 1．对木根麦冬三个居群七个个体、及其最近姐妹种林生麦冬（Ophiopogon svlvicola Wang et Tang）一个个体的5S rRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和TA克隆，在两个种中共得到1085个具有插入片段的阳性克隆。 2．对木根麦冬三个居群六个个体的294个SS rRNA基因克隆，及林生麦冬一个个体的45个克隆，总计339个克隆进行了DNA序列测定，这是目前已完成的最大的单个物种的5S rRNA数据。结果表明：两个种的序列高度多样化，在339个拷贝中仅仅有13对(3.8%)是相同的，序列长度变化在307bp-548bp之间，长度变异主要发生在间隔区，单个碱基的插入和缺失(indel)频率很高，5bp以上片段的插入，缺失有11个，插入的序列通常是其两侧序列的重复和倒位。术根麦冬序列的分化指数（sequence differentiation index，SDI）是0.078，林生麦冬是0.032，两个物种间是0.149，木根麦冬的序列之间的分化明显大于林生麦冬。 3．以PAUP程序对339个5S rRNA基因拷贝的DNA序列（包括编码区和间隔区）作了系统发育分析，结果如下：在得到一个唯一的最俭约树中，所有木根麦冬的拷贝被聚成一支，而林生麦冬的则被聚到另一支，统计支持率(bootstrap)达到lOO%，表明这两个物种所有的的5S rRNA基因拷贝分别来自各自的一个祖先拷贝（建立者拷贝），而其共同祖先的其它拷贝则在物种形成中或之后丢失：在多基因家族中如此长期而单一的拷贝偏选( sorting)过程尚未有前人报道;由此基因系统发育树可以看出，在这两个物种形成之后，“建立者拷贝”经历了多次扩增过程而形成了一个直系的（orthologous）多基因家族。 4．在木根麦冬分支中，很少有亚分支是全部由一个居群或一个个体的拷贝组成的，不同居群、不同个体的拷贝混合在同一个亚分支中;对基因系统发育树、序列多样性和序列分化指数分析表明，5S rRNA基因家族内一致化（homogeruzation）过程很弱，不同拷贝是独立进化的，这在串联．重复的多拷贝基因家族中是不寻常的;由上述分析我们推测，在术根麦冬的进化历史上，居群间的基因交流远远比今天频繁，可能是某些外在因素在近期发生变化，导致自交和自交衰退，并进而导致濒危。 5．利用荧光原位杂交技术，成功地将18S rRNA基因定位在木根麦冬减数分裂期的染色体上，两对强信号和一对弱信号分别位于三对二价体染色体上。

Genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level analysis among different gynogenetic clones of the polyploid gibel carp

Background: Some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. Further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. However, the DNA contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones. Methods: The sampled blood cells or sperms were mixed with blood cells from chicken or individual gibel carp and fixed in 70% pre-cooled ethanol overnight at 4degreesC. The mixed cell pellets were washed 2-3 times in 1x phosphate buffered saline and then resuspended in the solution containing 0.5% pepsin and 0.1 M HCl. DNA was stained with propidium iodide solution (40 mug/mL) containing 4 kU/ml RNase. The measurements of DNA contents were performed with Phoenix Flow Systems. Results: Triploid clones A, E, F, and P had almost equal DNA content, but triploid clone D had greater DNA content than did the other four triploid clones. DNA content of clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) was almost equal to the DNA content of clone D (5-38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) plus the DNA content of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). The DNA contents of sperms from clones A, P, and D were half of their blood cells, suggesting that normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis. Conclusions: Flow cytometry is a powerful method to analyze genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level among different gynogenetic clones of polyploid gibel carp. Through this study, four questions have been answered. (a) The DNA content correlation among the five triploid clones and one multiple tetraploid clone was revealed in the gibel carp, and the contents increased with not only the ploidy level but also the chromosome number. (b) Mean DNA content was 0.052 pg in six extra chromosomes of clone D, which was higher than that of each chromosome in clones A, E, F, and P (about 0.032 pg/ chromosome). This means that the six extra chromosomes are larger chromosomes. (c) Normal meiosis occurred during spermatogenesis of the gibel carp, because DNA contents of the sperms from clones A, P, and D were almost half of that in their blood cells. (d) Multiple tetraploid clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) contained the complete genome of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) and the genome of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). Cytometry Part A 56A:46-52, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

长期施肥对潮棕壤无机磷组分的影响

本研究在潮棕壤上进行长期施肥试验(开始于1990年)，涵盖了中国颇具代表性的8种施肥模式：不施肥(CK)、单施循环猪圈肥(M)、单施氮肥(N)、氮肥+循环猪圈肥(N+M)、氮肥+磷肥(NP)、氮肥+磷肥+循环猪圈肥(NP+M)、氮肥+磷肥+钾肥(NPK)、氮肥+磷肥+钾肥+循环猪圈肥(NPK+M)。 对1990年本底和2004年耕层(0~20cm)土壤样品以及1995年、2001年和2007年耕层(0~20cm)土壤样品进行无机磷分级测定。纵观这18年施肥处理，结果表明：有效或缓效态无机磷(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P)在无磷肥直接投入的情况下皆有不同幅度的下降，导致土壤无机磷收支赤字，在有磷肥直接投入的情况下，这些形态的无机磷不但能满足当季作物需求还有盈余，丰富了土壤P库；而O-P和Ca10-P这两种形态的无机磷的生物有效性很低，但可由盈余的有效态无机磷缓慢转化而来，长期试验结果表明，盈余有效态无机磷会逐渐转变成无效态，肥效降低；所有的施加循环猪圈肥的处理相对于单施化肥的处理能减缓无机磷素的下降，促进磷素缓慢积累，甚至能逐步建立起小规模的P库，可见循环猪圈肥不但能发挥前期供磷作用，也有较好的后期供磷作用。 各形态无机磷与速效P(Olsen-P)之间存在很好的相关性，对土壤中各形态无机磷与速效进行通径分析及逐步回归分析，在全部引入各因子的情况下得出回归方程：Y=15.127+2.158x1+0.152x2+0.265x3+0.168x4-0.128x5-0.247x6 (R2=0.9997，F=571.78，Pr=0.032；Y、x1、x2、x3、x4、x5和x6分别代表Olsen-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P的含量)，这进一步明确了各因子间的关系。无机磷分级与速效含量测定相结合，可以为评价土壤供磷力提供更科学的理论依据。 循环猪圈肥(M)对土壤无机磷形态的影响与矿质磷肥截然不同，对几种有机物料(大豆秸秆粉、玉米秸秆粉、新鲜猪粪和腐熟猪粪)进行无机磷分级测定，研究发现：秸秆粉中各形态无机磷的含量甚微，而新鲜猪粪中含量较高，各种有机物料中Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P的含量明显高于其它组分，新鲜猪粪与秸秆粉混合堆腐，其Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量有所下降，腐熟猪粪中有效态的无机磷组分主要来自新鲜猪粪。循环猪圈肥(M)在施入土壤初期，会提供大量的Ca2-P和Ca8-P，这两部分主要来自新鲜猪粪，并且随着土壤微生物的活动，循环猪圈肥(M)将再次缓慢释放出Ca2-P和Ca8-P，发挥后效作用；循环猪圈肥(M)在施入土壤初期还能提供相当数量的Al-P、Fe-P和O-P，但是，与Ca2-P和Ca8-P不同的是，这三种形态无机磷后期释放较少。 为进一步明确土壤无机磷形态变化除了受施肥影响之外有无其它干扰，对三种茬口(一季玉米茬、大豆茬、连作玉米茬)的无机磷分级与速效P进行相关性分析，发现，一季玉米茬、大豆茬口中二者都表现出良好的相关性，而连作玉米茬口中二者相关性弱于前两者，可以说明不同的茬口对于无机磷组分含量影响是不同的。大豆根茬分解释放出的有效态无机磷素成为翌年植物生长一个重要的速效P库。这为合理地评价土壤供磷力、指导磷肥管理提供了科学的理论依据。 本研究选择8种典型的施肥模式来模拟我国农田土壤供磷力的发展。在早期单施有机肥的条件下，循环猪圈肥(M)能释放部分磷素以供作物生长所需，随着施肥年限的增加，其在土壤中残效累积，能建立起小规模的无机P库，在农业发展中对于提高土壤供磷力极为重要；氮肥的施用，加速了作物对磷素的吸收，使得磷素输出加剧，磷素利用率提高，充分利用土壤磷素，间接地提高土壤供磷力，但是土壤P库仍是入不敷出；氮肥配施循环猪圈肥(N+M)，尽管有循环猪圈肥的投入，还是很难满足作物对磷素的需求，土壤供磷力相对低下；磷肥开始施用以后，大大改善了土壤的供磷状况，每年土壤中残存的各无机磷组分有部分盈余，土壤P库逐步扩大，土壤供磷水平大大提高；钾肥的引入，农田土壤供磷水平开始出现转折，因为钾肥能促进磷素的吸收，使得磷素被大量带出农田系统，作物体内磷素含量数据也证明了这一点。

碳离子局部照射对荷瘤小鼠存活时间和血常规的影响

目的观察碳离子局部照射对荷瘤小鼠存活时间和血常规的影响。方法将30只荷瘤小鼠随机均分为3组(0、1、24Gy组),用碳离子单次局部照射小鼠右后肢,分别在第0、7、14天计数外周血白细胞和血小板数,并记录小鼠生存时间。结果各组动物存活时间无显著性差异。照射后白细胞数都逐步升高,但与对照组(0Gy组)相比无显著性差异;除24Gy组第14天时血小板数显著升高外(P=0.032,F=4.062),照射后各组血小板数无明显变化。结论碳离子局部照射小鼠右后肢对动物存活天数和血常规无显著影响。

基于人工神经网络的区域水环境承载力评价模型及其应用

在分析水环境承载力概念及人工神经网络技术基础之上,从阈值角度出发,建立了基于人工神经网络的区域水环境承载力评价模型,并将其应用于辽宁省水环境承载力评价,通过模型计算得到该省水环境承载能力指数。结果表明,2000—2004年,辽宁省水环境承载能力指数分别为0·29、0·36、0·32、0·37和0·43,整体上呈上升趋势,但承载力依然较弱。本文提出的水环境承载力评价模型具有结构简单、建模方便的特点,评价结果可以直观地反映区域水环境承载状态。

热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析

以我国云南省西双版纳的热带森林为例,对热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性进行了分析。首先,利用森林资源连续清查的林业固定样地数据计算出各样地的森林植被生物量,并建立其GIS数据库。然后,对遥感图像进行几何校正,并对遥感图像进行主成分变换、缨帽变换以及植被指数的计算来产生其派生数据。其次,将样地数据、遥感数据及其派生数据,地形和气象数据转换到统一的坐标系和投影下,并将其内插为30米分辨率的格网数据。最后,进行样地森林植被生物量与其遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析。该分析表明,森林植被的生物量与年降雨量和第二主成分在0·01的水平上相关显著,而与中红外植被指数、LANDSATTM5、缨帽变换的亮度、湿度以及第一主成分在0·05的水平上相关显著。其中,与年降雨量的相关性最高,达到0·308;其次是与第二主成分,达到-0·231;再次是与中红外植被指数和LANDSATTM5,其相关系数分别为0·203和-0·201。

热带森林植被生物量遥感估算探讨

该文以我国云南省西双版纳的热带森林植被为例,对热带森林植被生物量的遥感地学估算进行初步探讨。研究表明,只用LANDSATTM的波段数据建立生物量的回归估算模型时,其模型的复相关系数只有0118,而利用其主成分或植被指数建立回归估算模型时,其模型的复相关系数不仅没有提高,反而在一定程度上有所降低。原始波段与其主成分结合能提高估算模型的复相关系数,其效果比原始波段与植被指数结合的效果要好。模型中如果考虑气象因子中的年平均降雨量,能在很大程度上提高其复相关系数。在此基础上引入地形因子,未能显著提高模型的复相关系数。有气象因子参与建立的遥感气象模型和遥感地学模型在001水平上回归显著。

内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗饮茶型氟铝联合中毒调查

目的查明内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗饮茶型氟、铝联合中毒原因。方法在陈巴尔虎旗3个牧区嘎查随机抽取93名20~50岁牧民进行发、血清、尿含氟、铝水平测定,并拍摄前臂、小腿、骨盆正位及腰椎正侧位X线片,同时检测饮水、牛奶、砖茶等氟和铝水平,以扎兰屯市地方病防治研究所的34名23~50岁职工为对照组。结果陈巴尔虎旗牧民发、血清、尿及饮用的奶茶含铝量分别是(22.34±8.06)mg/kg、(1.13±0.48)mg/L、(3.78±1.62)mg/L、(6.02±1.77)mg/L,含氟量分别是(1.21±0.63)mg/kg、(0.092±0.042)mg/L、(2.08±1.16)mg/L、(3.00±1.11)mg/L,饮水、牛奶含铝量分别是(39±16)μg/L、(0.553±0.179)mg/L,含氟量分别是(0.50±0.39)、(0.063±0.032)mg/L;对照组发、血清、尿铝分别是(5.80±2.14)mg/kg,(0.203±0.101)mg/L、(2.19±1.34)mg/L,含氟量分别是(1.17±0.68)mg/kg、(0.033±0.008)mg/L、(0.57±0.32)mg/L,牧民发、血清、尿铝及血清、尿氟均高于对照组(P<0.001)。牧民X线改变硬化型22.2%(20/88),疏松型37.5%(33/88),退行性变86.4%(79/88),对照组退行性变13.3%(4/30),其余改变未检出。结论陈巴尔虎旗牧区饮茶型氟中毒实际为饮茶型氟、铝联合中毒。

Syntheses of fully sulfonated polyaniline nano-networks and its application to the direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c

Fully sulfonated polyaniline nano-particles, nano-fibrils and nano-networks have been achieved for the first time by electrochemical homopolymerization of orthanilic acid using a three-step electrochemical deposition procedure in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile (ACN) and water. The diameter of the uniform nano-particles is about 60nm, and the nano-fibrils can be organized in two-dimensional (21)) or three-dimensional (313) non-periodic networks with good electrical contact. Average distance between contacts is about 850 and 600 nm for a 2D and 3D system, respectively. The details of the poly(orthanilic acid) (POA) nano-structure were examined with a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structure and properties of POA were characterized with FTIR, UV-vis and electrochemical methods. The 3D POA nano-networks coated platinum electrode gave a direct electrochemical behavior of horse heart cytochrome c (Cyt c) immobilized on this electrode surface, a pair of well-defined redox waves with formal potential (E-ol) of -0.032 V (versus Ag/AgCl) was achieved. The interaction between Cyt c and POA makes the formal potential shift negatively compared to that of Cyt c in solution. Spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods were used to investigate the interaction of Cyt c with POA.

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定蘑菇中的镉、铅

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定蘑菇中的镉、铅,以磷酸二氢铵和硝酸镁作混合基体改进剂,提高了测定的灰化温度,消除了基体干扰。方法简便,快速,准确度高。镉和铅的相对标准偏差为3.7%～6.0 %和7.3 %～7.9%;回收率为 98%～106%和 98%～104%;检出限为0.009μg g和0.032 μg g。

Synthesis, crystal structure and reactivity of (2,4-C7H11)(2)Yb center dot DME

(2,4-C7H11)(2)Yb . DME was synthesized by the reaction of YbCl3 with K(2,4-C7H11)(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl potassium), and the single crystal X-ray diffraction showed that the complex exists in a cis- staggered conformation. Thf crystal of the compound belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 0.675 2 (1) nm, b = 1.490 6 (1) nm, c = 1.529 3 (2) nm, beta = 97.55 (2)degrees, V = 1.977 79 (4) nm(3), Z = 4, F(000) = 735.8 e, mu = 49.49 cm(-1), R = 0.033 and R-w = 0.032. The title complex can be used as a catalyst for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA).

X-ray crystallographic structure of meta- and para-dimethyl ester of pyromellitic acid

The polycrystalline powder of para- and meta-dimethyl ester of pyromellitic acid (PMDE) have been prepared by fractional crystallization, and their crystal structures have been determined by Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD). Both p-PMDE and m-PMDE was found to be orthorhombic crystal system, and their unit cell parameters a = 0.840 nm, b = 0.707 nm, c = 1.136 nm and a = 1.032 nm; b = 0.835 nm, c = 0.714 nm, respectively. Space group all belongs to P-mmm. p-PMDE has two molecules per unit cell with crystal density 1.388 g . cm(-3), while m-PMDE has two molecules per unit cell with crystal density 1.522 g . cm(-3). Indices of crystal diffraction peaks are also detailed in the present work. The difference in crystal structures between p-PMDE and m-PMDE has thus been used to explain the curing behavior of isomerically pyromellitic dianhydride-based poly(amic ester)s.