Structural and Mechanical Properties of the Organic Matrix Layers of Nacre

The type of nanostructure referred to in biomineralization as a mineral bridge has been directly observed and measured in the organic matrix layers of nacre by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis provides the geometric characteristics and a distribution law of the mineral bridges in the organic matrix layers. Experiments reveal that the nanostructures significantly influences the mechanical properties of the organic matrix layers. In addition, the mechanical analysis illustrates the effects of the nanostructures on the behaviors of the organic matrix layers, and the analytical results explain the corresponding experimental phenomena fairly well. The present study shows that the mineral bridges play a key role in the mechanical performances of the organic matrix layers of nacre. The results obtained provide a guide to the interfacial design of synthetic materials.

Experimental Studies of the Material Properties of the Forewing of Cicada (Homoptera, Cicadidae)

Detailed investigations on the structural and mechanical properties of the forewing of the cicada were carried out. Measurement of the structures of the wings showed that the thickness of the membrane of each cell and the diameter of each vein were non-uniform in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, and their means were approximately 12.2 and 133.3 mum, respectively. However, the aspect ratios of the wings and the bodies were quite uniform and were approximately equal to 2.98 and 2.13, respectively. Based on the measured thickness, mass and area of the membranes of the cells, the mean density and the mean area density of the wing were approximately 2.3 g cm(-3) and 2.8 x 10(-3) g cm(-2), respectively. In addition, the diameters of the veins of the wings, including the diameters of the holes in the vein of the leading edge, were examined. The mechanical properties of the wing were investigated separately by nanoindentation and tensile testing. The results indicated that the mean Young's modulus, hardness and yield stress of the membranes of the wings were approximately 3.7 Gpa, 0.2 Gpa and 29 Mpa, respectively, and the mean Young's modulus and strength of the veins along the direction of the venation of wings were approximately 1.9 Gpa and 52 Mpa, respectively. Finally, the relevant results were briefly analyzed and discussed, providing a guideline to the biomimetic design of the aerofoil materials of micro air vehicles.

Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Diffusion Bonding

Molecular dynamics simulations on diffusion bonding of Cu-Ag showed that the thickness of the interfacial region depended on the stress. The interfacial region became amorphous during diffusion bonding, and it would normally transform from amorphous into crystalline structure when the structure was cooled to the room temperature.

The Capillary Force In Micro- And Nano-Indentation With Different Indenter Shapes

The influence of the indenter shapes and various parameters on the magnitude of the capillary force is studied on the basis of models describing the wet adhesion of indenters and substrates joined by liquid bridges. In the former, we consider several shapes, such as conical, spherical and truncated conical one with a spherical end. In the latter, the effects of the contact angle, the radius of the wetting circle, the volume of the liquid bridge, the environmental humidity, the gap between the indenter and the substrate, the conical angle, the radius of the spherical indenter, the opening angle of the spherical end in the truncated conical indenter are included. The meniscus of the bridge is described using a circular approximation, which is reasonable under some conditions. Different dependences of the capillary force on the indenter shapes and the geometric parameters are observed. The results can be applicable to the micro- and nano-indentation experiments. It shows that the measured hardness is underestimated due to the effect of the capillary force. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Robust Nanoadhesion Under Torque

In this article, optimization of shear adhesion strength between an elastic cylindrical fiber and a rigid substrate under torque is studied. We find that when the radius of the fiber is less than a critical value, the bonding-breaking along the contact interface occurs uniformly, rather than by mode III crack propagation. Comparison between adhesion models under torque and tension shows that nanometer scale of fibers may have evolved to achieve optimization of not only the normal adhesive strength but also the shear adhesive strength in tolerance of possible contact flaws.

Tuning The Geometrical Parameters Of Biomimetic Fibrillar Structures To Enhance Adhesion

Fibrillar structures are common features on the feet of many animals, such as geckos, spiders and flies. Theoretical analyses often use periodical array to simulate the assembly, and each fibril is assumed to be of equal load sharing (ELS). On the other hand, studies on a single fibril show that the adhesive interface is flaw insensitive when the size of the fibril is not larger than a critical one. In this paper, the Dugdale Barenblatt model has been used to study the conditions of ELS and how to enhance adhesion by tuning the geometrical parameters in fibrillar structures. Different configurations in an array of fibres are considered, such as line array, square and hexagonal patterns. It is found that in order to satisfy flaw-insensitivity and ELS conditions, the number of fibrils and the pull-off force of the fibrillar interface depend significantly on the fibre separation, the interface interacting energy, the effective range of cohesive interaction and the radius of fibrils. Proper tuning of the geometrical parameters will enhance the pull-off force of the fibrillar structures. This study may suggest possible methods to design strong adhesion devices for engineering applications.

随机变幅荷载作用下焊接节点海水腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验

本工作采用国产海上平台用钢的T型和十字形板状焊接节点试件,模拟导管架臂节点的弯曲受力状态,在随机变幅荷载下进行了海水腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分别测得在海水自由腐蚀和阴极保护条件下的(~—da/dN)-AK~(NM)关系曲线。对于十字型焊接节点试件,根据试验测得的裂纹扩展速率曲线,用断裂力学方法对其海水腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命(有阴极保护)进行了估算,估算得到的裂纹扩展寿命曲线与试验数据,以及用线性累积损伤理论估算的寿命曲线,进行了分析比较和讨论。

焊接接头热影响区的海水腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率

本文采用T型板状焊接接头试件承受弯曲循环载荷进行空气中和海水自由腐蚀条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验(海水中试验条件为R=0-0.1,加载频率0.2Hz,海水温度20℃±1℃),得到了海上平台钢E36-Z35焊接接头热影响区在空气中和海水中裂纹扩展速率da/dN～AK曲线和Paris公式中相应的C和m值,并进行了讨论. 应用本文得到的试验数据,用断裂力学方法对板状焊接接头在空气中和海水中自由腐蚀条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行了估算,结果表明,在适当考虑裂纹起始寿命的情况下,用断裂力学方法估算的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命与试验结果相当符合.文中还讨论了初始裂纹尺寸的选取对估算裂纹扩展寿命的影响.

Theoretical interpretation on ion heating experiments in reverse field pinch devices

A new set of equations for the energies of the mean magnetic field and the mean plasma velocity is derived taking the dynamo effects into account, by which the anomalous phenomenon, T(i) > T(e), observed in some reversed field pinches (RFP's) is successfully explained.

The effects of capillary force in micro or nano-indentation

Models describing wet adhesion between indenters and substrates joined by liquid bridges are investigated. The influences of indenter shapes and various parameters of structures on capillary force are focused. In the former, we consider several shapes, such as conical, spherical and truncated conical indenter with a spherical end. In the latter, the effects of the contact angle, the environmental humidity, the gap between the indenter and the substrate, etc. are included. Different dependences of the capillary force on the indenter shapes and the geometric parameters are observed. Most interesting finding is that applying the present results to micro- and nano-indentation experiments shows the size effect in indentation hardness not produced but underestimated by the effects of capillary force.(4 refs)

Adhesive behavior of two-dimensional power-law graded materials

In this paper, we investigate the adhesive contact between a rigid cylinder of radius R and a graded elastic half-space with a Young's modulus varying with depth according to a power-law, E = E-0(y/c(0))(k) (0 < k < 1), while the Poisson's ratio v remains constant. The results show that, for a given value of ratio R/C-0, a critical value of k exists at which the pull-off force attains a maximum; for a fixed value of k, the larger the ratio R/c(0), the larger the pull-off force is. For Gibson materials (i.e., k = 1 and v = 0.5), closed-form analytical solutions can be obtained for the critical contact half-width at pull-off and pull-off force. We further discuss the perfect stick case with both externally normal and tangential loads.

中国主要地方品种猪血液蛋白遗传多样性研究

实验采用水平板淀粉凝胶电泳技术,对中国地方猪五大类型9个品种、1个引入品种共201个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。共分析遗传座位30个,其中只有MDH、PEPB、AK、6PGD、ADA、PHI 6个座位具有多态性。中国主要地方猪品种的多态座位百分比P=0.200,平均杂合度H=0.065,平均等位基因数A=1.300。根据基因频率采用PHYLIP3.5c软件包计算Nei氏遗传距离,然后用“NEIGHBOR”程序分别构建NJ和UPGMA系统树。

浙江地方猪种遗传多样性研究

采用蛋白电泳和线粒体DNA RFLP分析方法,研究了浙江七个地方品种猪及浙江野猪的遗传多样性状况。从分析的30个遗传座位、99个地方品种个体中发现MDH,PEPB,6PGD,AK,ADA,PHI六个座位具有多态性,其中AK,MDH多态座位在家猪中首次发现。浙江地方猪种的亲缘关系很近。在mtDNA RFLP水平,25种限制性内切酶在27个地方品种个体及3个野猪个体中共检出30种限制性态型,可归结成三种单倍型。各单倍型间平均遗传距离(P)为0.005,群体平均多态度(#pi#))为0.000 8,处于遗传多样性贫乏范围。