Growth and antioxidant system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus in response to microcystin-RR

Microcystins, one type of the cyanobacterial toxins, show a broad range of hazardous effects on other organisms. Most of the researches on the toxic effects of microcystins have involved in animals and higher plants. Little work, however, has been done on evaluating the mechanisms of microcystin toxicity on algae. In this study, the toxicological effects of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus were investigated. For this purpose, six physio-biochemical parameters (cell optical density, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) were tested in algal cells when exposed to 100 mug(-1) microcystin-RR. The results showed that the growth of Synechococcus elongatus ( expressed as optical density) was significantly inhibited compared with the control. At the same time, the treated algae exhibited a pronounced increase in production of ROS and MDA after 6 days exposure to microcystin-RR. Signi. cant changes in GSH levels and GSH-Px, GSH activities were also detected in algal cells, with higher values being observed in the toxin treated algae after 6 days exposure. GST activities in the treated algae exhibited a decline after exposure and rapid augmentation on day 3, thereafter, they kept at a high level when compared to the control group. GSH contents and GSH-Px activities were also significantly raised in the toxin-treated algae cells from day 3, but they showed a sharp decrease on day 4, which was the onward of cell proliferation. These results suggested that oxidative stress manifested by elevated ROS levels and MDA contents might be responsible for the toxicity of microcystin to Synechococcus elongatus and the algal cells could improve their antioxidant ability through the enhancement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic preventive substances.

Physiological and biochemical microcystin-RR toxicity to the Synechococcus elongatus

Freshwater Microcystis may form dense blooms in eutrophic lakes. It is known to produce a family of related cyclic hepatopeptides (microcystins, MC) that constitute a threat to aquatic ecosystems. Most toxicological studies of microcystins have focused on aquatic animals and plants, with few examining the possible effects of microcystins on phytoplankton. In this study we chose the unicellular Synechococcus elongatus (one of the most studied and geographically most widely distributed cyanobacteria in the picoplankton) as the test material and investigated the biological parameters: growth, pigment (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin), photosynthetic activity, nitrate reductase activity, and protein and carbohydrate content. The results revealed that microcystin-RR concentrations above 100 mug (.) L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of Synechococcus elongatus. In addition, a change in color of the toxin-treated algae (chlorosis) was observed in the experiments. Furthermore, MC-RR markedly inhibited the synthesis of the pigments chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin. A drastic reduction in photochemical efficiency of PSII (F-v/F-m) was found after a 96-h incubation. Changes in protein and carbohydrate concentrations and in nitrate reductase activity also were observed during the exposure period. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of microcystin toxicity on a cyanobacterium, according to the physiological and biochemical responses of Synechococcus elongatus to different doses of microcystin-RR. The ecological role of microcystins as an allelopathic substance also is discussed in the article. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

云南盘ju属Discogobio鱼类四新种

报道云南盘ju属鱼类4新种: 多鳞盘juD. polylepis、长鳔盘juD. macrophysallidos、长体盘juD. elongatus和短鳔盘juD. brachyphysallidos。全模标本存中国科学院昆明动物研究所。图4参9

铬离子对藻类生长的影响

利用自然光照条件,在不同铬离子质量浓度下,对5种藻类的生长进行了实验研究。研究结果表明:5种藻类在不同的光波长下,其吸收光谱存在两个最强的吸收区:420～440nm的蓝紫光部分和660nm的红光部分;在不同铬离子质量浓度0～20.63mg·L-1范围内,5种藻类生长受到不同程度的抑制,其耐受性也尽不相同,经过分析和比较后得出5种藻类对铬的耐受性大小顺序为:微囊藻(Microcystis)>水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)>细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)>斜

Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae, In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.

中国横断山区裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)部分类群的系统分类和谱系地理学研究

论文以线粒体细胞色素b 基因对裂腹鱼属鱼类的两个分布广泛的物种 (灰裂腹鱼Schizothorax griseus 和光唇裂腹鱼Schizothorax lissolabiatus)进行了谱系地理学研究；对灰裂腹鱼进行了物种分化研究；对光唇裂腹鱼进行了地理变异研究；并进一步对横断山区分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了谱系地理学研究；整理了中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类。对灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼的谱系地理学研究结果表明：1、来自不同水系的灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼个体间存在明显的遗传差异，两个物种各自不呈单系；灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼同域分布的个体有共享单倍型的情况；北盘江、牛栏江、乌江和元江的个体在系统树上有较近的亲缘关系。2、对灰裂腹鱼进行了重新描述并对来自于不同水系被认为是灰裂腹鱼的标本进行了查看，结果表明：灰裂腹鱼分布于金沙江下游及其支流；分布于澜沧江的，过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表裂腹鱼属鱼类一新种——裸腹裂腹鱼Schizothorax nudiventris sp. nov.；分布于南盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——异鳔裂腹鱼Schizothorax heterophysallidos sp. nov.；分布于北盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——北盘裂腹鱼Schizothorax beipanensis sp. nov.。3、本研究还陈述了光唇裂腹鱼的各地理种群(怒江、澜沧江、元江、南盘江和北盘江)部分形态特征以及差异情况。主成分分析结果表明：怒江和澜沧江个体在形态上无差异；澜沧江上游和下游个体在部分特征上表现出一定程度上的渐变异。4、横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类的谱系地理学研究表明：系统树不支持裂腹鱼属鱼类亚属的划分；本属不同种类Cyt b 基因序列的最大遗传距离为11.2%；怒江和澜沧江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系；伊洛瓦底江水系与雅鲁藏布江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系；金沙江流域与元江、南盘江、北盘江的个体聚成一单系；晚中新世(9.5 Ma) 和早上新世(3.6 Ma)的青藏高原的强烈隆升可能是横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类物种分化的重要时间；裂腹鱼属鱼类的演化是历史生物地理学过程中隔离分化假说的一个实例；横断山区的古河道向南入海可能有3 个方向，它们是雅鲁藏布-伊洛瓦底江方向、怒江-澜沧江方向、金沙江及其支流-红河方向(包括南盘江-红河)；不支持长江第一湾为袭夺湾的观点，古金沙江入古红河可能不经剑川-洱海一线；滇中、滇东北水系发育复杂。5、本研究还对中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了整理。认为本地区裂腹鱼属鱼类共8 种(包括2 新种)：南方裂腹鱼Schizothorax meridionalis、奇异裂腹鱼Schizothorax heteri sp. nov.、独龙裂腹鱼Schizothorax dulongensis、软刺裂腹鱼Schizothorax malacathus、少鳞裂腹鱼 Schizothorax oligolepis、吸口裂腹鱼Schizothorax myzostomus、细身裂腹鱼 Schizothorax elongatus 和白体裂腹鱼Schizothorax leukus sp. nov.。

云南抚仙湖的鱼类及其在进化过程中的生物学表达

本文依据生物与环境相统一、生物的演化必然在其生态学特性上表达出来，从进化的观点出发，以生态学作为一种手段，结合湖泊的地质变迁，借以阐明抚仙湖的鱼类区系在漫长的演化过程中是怎样形成的。全文分八部分。着重介绍区系的概貌、起源及鱼类演化的生物学表达。经鉴定，抚仙湖共有土著鱼类23种，根据属的分布中心可把它们分为四个分布型，即广泛分布型、云南弧分布型、南亚分布型和青藏高原分布型。它们从宏观上反映了抚仙湖鱼类区系起源的背景和演化的阶段性。研究结果表明，抚仙湖鱼类的演化是从时间(time)、空间(space)、形式(form)三个方面展开的。具体表现在鱼类物种和区系两个层次的生物学特点均源自对抚仙湖由浅变深的时、空演变过程的适应。随着湖泊由浅变深和贫营养化，抚仙湖的鱼类区系产生了一系列相应的变化：鱼类区系的空间分布由古抚仙湖的广泛性浅水生活类型分化为目前的沿岸浅水区生活类型、敞水区中上层生活类型、深水区中下层生活类型；种间食性出现多种多样的分歧；生长的演化表现为生长速度减慢，体型趋向细长；繁殖期延长，而且每两个产卵批次之间有一定的时间间隔，个体的繁殖力趋向降低，种群性比趋向悬殊，雌性增多。这些综合分化的结果就形成了今天抚仙湖鱼类的多样性。它们各得其所，各就其位，保持一个相对稳定而复杂的网络关系。文中还记述了2新种和1新亚种，它们是抚仙高原鳅(Triplophysa fuxianensis)、后鳍云南鳅(Yunnanilus opisthopterus)和小鳔长身 (Acheilognathus elongatus elongatus)。这进一步反映了云南高原湖泊鱼类区域化较突出的特点。抚仙湖鱼类区是云南高原湖泊鱼类区系的典型代，而且是云南众多湖泊中唯一仍基本保持其自然而貌的湖泊，因此，发展抚仙湖渔业生产的方针应不同于其它湖泊，即有选择地增殖土著鱼类，首先是增殖鱇 白鱼和云南倒刺鲃；谨慎引入外来种。同时还要兼顾湖泊的多功能性加以综合利用，不可就某一功能就满打满算。

中国急流牙甲族的系统学研究

急流牙甲族Sperchopsini属于鞘翅目Coleoptera���甲科Hydrophilidae的水牙甲亚科Hydrophilinae，共包括五属，即水龟虫属 Hydrocassis、革牙甲属 Ametor、Sperchopsis、Anticura���Cylomissus，世界共计有25种，我国分布有2属18个种。 本文回顾了水甲虫、牙甲科以及急流牙甲族的研究简史；综述了水甲虫在分类学、保护生物学、形态学、遗传学、分子生物学等方面研究进展，总结了水甲虫与生态因子的关系以及水甲虫作为生态系统健康指示物的可行性。还简要介绍了昆虫分子系统学，以及细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）和rDNA���部转录间隔区（ITS）在昆虫学研究中的应用。 通过对收集到的700余号急流牙甲族的标本观察和分类研究，发现了一新种（内蒙水龟甲Hydrocassis mongolica sp.nov.）。并且对已知全部种类重新作了描述，特别是长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus雄性外生殖器部分，首次对7个种类（长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus、粗革牙甲 Ametor scabrosus、帝水龟甲 Hydrocassis imperialis、伪舟水龟甲Hydrocassis pesudoscapha���条纹水龟甲Hydrocassis scapulata���舟水龟甲 Hydrocassi scapha���四川水龟甲Hydrocassis sichuana���的雌性个体进行了描述。编制了急流牙甲族的分属、分种检索表。 采用支序分类学的方法对中国急流牙甲族种类的系统发育关系进行探讨。结果显示革牙甲属内的A. latus、A. rudesculptus、A. rugosus 及A. scabrosus 构成单系（不包括A. elongates），支持皱革牙甲A. rugosus和A. latus属于革牙甲属。水龟虫属内H. anhuiensis、H. baoshanensis、H. lacustris、H. pseudoscapha���H. scaphoides、H. scapulata���H. sichuana���H. taiwana���H. uncinata���H. schillhammeri构成一个单系。水龟虫属包括两大类群，一类群包括H. anhuiensis、H. lacustris、H. scapulata���H. sichuana 、H. taiwana���另一类群包括H. baoshanensis、H. scaphoides、 H. schillhammeri 、H. uncinata���两类群的不同之处在于后一类群的阳基侧突上有一齿状凸起。 测序了H. scapulata���H. sichuana���H. mongolica���雄各一个个体的COI和ITS2序列。全部的COI基因序列为828bp，编码275个氨基酸。H. scapulata���ITS2序列有446bp，H. sichuana���有456bp，H. mongolica���有455bp。用MEGA 3.1计算比对距离（pairwise distances）和构建邻近系统树。结果显示对于COI，种内的比对距离分别是0(H. scapulata)、0.008(H. mongolica)、0.004(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.024-0.045之间。对于ITS2，种内的比对距离分别为0.005(H. scapulata)、0(H. mongolica)、0.007(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.028-0.047之间。H. sichuana���新种间的比对距离在0.024-0.037(COI)和0.044(ITS2)。比对距离揭示出种内低于0.008，种间在0.024-1.078之间。因而，它们之间应该是种间关系而不是种内的关系。COI数据集和ITS2数据集所构建的系统树存在一定的差异，前者显示四川水龟甲和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种，后者显示新种和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种。总之，在内蒙古自治区发现的为一新的物种。

Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturases in Cyanobacterial Genomes

Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. The fatty acid desaturases from 37 cyanobacterial genomes were identified and classified based upon their conserved histidine-rich motifs and phylogenetic analysis, which help to determine the amounts and distributions of desaturases in cyanobacterial species. The filamentous or N-2-fixing cyanobacteria usually possess more types of fatty acid desaturases than that of unicellular species. The pathway of acyl-lipid desaturation for unicellular marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus differs from that of other cyanobacteria, indicating different phylogenetic histories of the two genera from other cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, soil, or symbiont. Strain Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 was isolated from calcareous rock and lacks thylakoid membranes. The types and amounts of desaturases of this strain are distinct to those of other cyanobacteria, reflecting the earliest divergence of it from the cyanobacterial line. Three thermophilic unicellular strains, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 and two Synechococcus Yellowstone species, lack highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids and contain only one Delta 9 desaturase in contrast with mesophilic strains, which is probably due to their thermic habitats. Thus, the amounts and types of fatty acid desaturases are various among different cyanobacterial species, which may result from the adaption to environments in evolution. Copyright (c) 2008 Xiaoyuan Chi et al.

微藻脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的比较基因组学分析及重要基因功能的验证

不饱和脂肪酸是机体生物膜的重要组成成分，对生物膜结构、机能、相转变、通透性的调节及相关过程的调控有重要作用。并且，它参与细胞生物化学反应、转运过程和细胞应激反应，影响脂肪代谢、寻靶作用、免疫反应、耐寒、抗氧化等生理过程。此外，不饱和脂肪酸还是哺乳动物体内生成前列腺素、凝血哑烷和白三烯等激素的前体，具有提高人体免疫力、预防心血管疾病和癌症等重要的生理功能。本文对微藻中脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行了比较基因组学分析；分离并验证了模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中Δ12去饱和酶基因的功能；克隆了南极小球藻NJ-7不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因，并对内质网型Δ12基因的功能进行了研究。 1、对已测序的37株蓝藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析，发现，丝状或固氮蓝藻中具有的脂肪酸去饱和酶的种类一般多于单细胞蓝藻；海洋来源的聚球藻和原绿球藻的酰基-脂去饱和途径明显不同于其他来源的蓝藻，这两属的蓝藻与其他蓝藻可能具有不同的系统发育史；与嗜温蓝藻相比，三个嗜热蓝藻藻株，Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1， Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2-13)，sp. JA-3-3Ab只含有Δ9去饱和酶基因，这可能与它们的生长环境（温泉）有关。 2、对已测序的7株真核微藻的脂肪酸去饱和酶基因进行比较基因组学分析，发现，真核微藻不饱和脂肪酸合成途径具有多样性。绿藻衣藻和团藻，O. tauri和O. lucimarinus，硅藻三角褐指藻和伪矮海链藻中均存在两条不饱和脂肪酸合成途径，原核途径和真核途径。原核途径位于叶绿体，真核途径位于内质网，但合成的脂肪酸产物有所不同。原始红藻C. merolae只含有3个去饱和酶基因，2个Δ9基因和1个Δ12基因。不饱和脂肪酸合成缺失了一条原核途径，明显不同于其他蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和高等植物，这可能是由于它们的特定的生长环境（酸性火山温泉）导致的。 3、通过比较基因组学分析，从模式绿藻莱茵衣藻中发现了一个可能的内质网型Δ12去饱和酶基因（135825），以酿酒酵母作为表达系统，验证了该基因的功能，为明确该模式藻的脂肪酸合成途径提供了依据。 4、从南极小球藻NJ-7中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因的部分cDNA���列，并利用RACE方法获得了内质网型Δ12基因的全长，以酿酒酵母作为表达系统，对该基因的功能进行了研究。 本研究首次利用比较基因组学的方法分析了37株蓝藻和7株真核微藻中的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径，在此基础上研究了莱茵衣藻135825基因的功能。并从南极绿藻小球藻中克隆了参与不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的内质网型Δ12、Δ15去饱和酶基因和叶绿体型Δ12基因，为进一步研究温度调节去饱和酶表达的模式，明确微藻低温适应的分子机理奠定了基础。

The Bopyridae (Crustacea: Isopoda) parasitic on thalassinideans (Crustacea: Decapoda) from China

Eight species among six genera of bopyrid isopods (representing the subfamilies Pseudionmae and loninae) infesting thalassinideans from China are reported. Of these, four species are new to science: Gyge.fujianensis n. sp., Progebiophilits elongatus n. sp., Upogebione bidigitatus n. sp., and Procepon liuruiyui n. sp., infesting Upogebia major (de Haan), Nihonotrypaea japonica Ortmann, Upogebia carinicauda (Stimpson), and Austinogebia wuhsienweni (Yu). One species, lone cornuta Bate, 1864, is recorded for the first time from Chinese waters and from a new host. Pseudione longicauda Shiino, 1937, Gyge ovalis (Shiino, 1939), and Progebiophilus sinicus Markham, 1982, previously known from Hong Kong or Taiwan, are recorded for the first time from mainland China, extending their range north.