高超声速前台阶绕流的计算分析

气动力和气动热的精确计算是高超声速流动分析的关键和难点，一直以来没有得到解决。本 文选择前台阶绕流这一经典问题，分析来流马赫数为10 的氩气流动以及台阶壁面的气动性能。通 过求解Navier-Stokes 方程和直接Monte-Carlo 粒子模拟，得到了高超声速前台阶绕流的精确流 动，并详细分析了计算网格对Navier-Stokes 方程求解结果的影响，同时解释了高超声速流动中热 流和摩阻计算困难的原因。通过壁面边界层的准一维假设，首次提出了壁面热流和剪切力的层流壁 面函数。研究发现，壁面函数很好地描述了高超声速层流边界层内的温度分布和速度分布，为高超 声速流动的气动力和气动热预估提供了有力的工具。

Mitochondrial molecular clocks and the origin of the major Otocephalan clades (Pisces : Teleostei): A new insight

The Otocephala, a clade including ostariophysan and clupeomorph telcosts, represents about a quarter of total fish species diversity, with about 1000 gencra and more than 7000 species. A series of recent papers have defended that the origin of this clade and of its major groups may be significantly older than the oldest fossils of each of these groups suggest. Some of these recent papers explicitly defend a Pangean origin for some otocephalan groups Such as the Siluriformes or Cypriniformes. To know whether or not the otocephalans as a whole, and particularly the mainly freshwater, cosmopolitan otophysans could have originated before the splitting of the Pangean Supercontinent is of extreme importance, since otophysan fishes are among the most useful animal groups for the determination of historical continental relationships. In the present work we examined divergence times for each major otocephalan group by an analysis of complete mtDNA sequences, in order to investigate if these divergence times support the hypotheses advanced in recent studies. The complete mtDNA sequences of nine representative non-otocephalan fish species and of twenty-one representative otocephalan species was compared. The present study is thus, among the studies dealing with molecular divergence times of telcosts, the one in which a greater number of otocephalan species are included. The divergence times obtained support that the major otocephalan groups had a much older origin than the oldest fossil records available for these groups suggest. The origin of the Otocephala is estimated as having occurred about 282 Mya, with the origin of the Otophysi being estimated at about 251 Mya. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

用阳极氧化铝模板实现半导体材料上图形转移的方法

于AD批量导入至AEzhangdi