13 resultados para 5E
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
Organisms living in water are inevitably exposed to periods of hypoxia. Environmental hypoxia has been an important stressor having manifold effects on aquatic life. Many fish species have evolved behavioral, physiological, biochemical and molecular adaptations that enable them to cope with hypoxia. However, the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in fish, remain unknown. in this study, we used suppression subtractive hybridization to examine the differential gene expression in CAB cells (Carassius auratus blastulae embryonic cells) exposed to hypoxia for 24 h. We isolated 2100 clones and identified 211 differentially expressed genes (e-value <= 5e-3; Identity > 45%). Among the genes whose expression is modified in cells, a vast majority involved in metabolism, signal transduction, cell defense, angiogenesis, cell growth and proliferation. Twelve genes encoding for ERO1-L, p53, CPO, HO-1, MKP2, PFK-2, cystatin B, GLUT1, BTG1, TGF beta 1, PGAM1, hypothetical protein F1508, were selected and identified to be hypoxia-induced using semi-quantitive RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Among the identified genes, two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding for CaBTG1 and Cacystatin B were obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaBTG1 had 94.1%, 72.8%, 72.8%, 72.8%, 68.6% identity with that of DrBTG1, HsBTG1, BtBTG1, MmBTG1 and XIBTG1. Comparison of Cacystatin B with known cystatin B, the molecules exhibited 49.5 to 76.0% identity overall. These results may provide significant information for further understanding of the adaptive mechanism by which C. auratus responds to hypoxia. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Since 1998, many experiments for metallic ion production have been done on LECR2 (Lanzhou ECR ion source NO.2), LECR3 (Lanzhou ECR ion source NO.3) and SECRAL (Superconductiong ECR ion source Advanced design in Lanzhou) at Institute of Modern Physics. The very heavy metallic ion beams such as those of uranium were also produced by the plasma sputtering method, and supplied for HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) accelerators successfully. During the test, 11.5e mu AU(28+), 9e mu AU(24+) were obtained. Some ion beams of the metal having lower melting temperature such as Ni and Mg ion beams were produced by oven method on LECR3 too. The consumption rate was controlled to be lower for Mg-26 ion beams production, and the minimum consumption was about 0.3mg per hour. In this paper, the main experimental results are given. Some discussions are made for some experimental phenomena and results, and some conclusions are drawn.
Resumo:
The relative partial cross sections for C-13(6+)-Ar collisions at 4.15-11.08 keV/u incident energy are measured. The cross-section ratios sigma(2E)/sigma(SC), sigma(3E)/sigma(SC), sigma(4E)/sigma(SC) and sigma(5E)/sigma(SC) are approximately the constants of 0.51 +/- 0.05, 0.20 +/- 0.03, 0.06 +/- 0.03 and 0.02 +/- 0.01 in this region. The significance of the multi-electron process in highly charged ions (HCIs) with argon collisions is demonstrated (sigma(ME)/sigma(SC) as high as 0.79 +/- 0.06). In multi-electron processes, it is shown that transfer ionization is dominant while pure electron capture is weak and negligible. For all reaction channels, the cross-sections are independent of the incident energy in the present energy region, which is in agreement with the static characteristic of classic models, i.e. the molecular Coulomb over-the-barrier model (MCBM), the extended classical over-the-barrier (ECBM) and the semiempirical scaling laws (SL). The result is compared with these classical models and with our previous work of C-13(6+)-Ne collisions
Resumo:
Iodothyronine plays a major role in growth, basic metabolism and organ formation. It has an extremely limited source in the body. In this thesis, we designed iodothyronine(T4) as hapten. Then a single chain antibody displayed on phange was obtained from a human phage displaying a single chain antibody library. The specific genes of E3 was subcloned in P-5E vector. According to its amino acid sequences, we simulate its three dimention structure by computer. It has never been reported in PDB.
Resumo:
A core from the source region of the Kuroshio warm current (east of the Luzon Island) was analyzed using several proxies in order to study the variability of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. Primary productivity (PP) variations were deduced from variations in the coccolith flora. Primary productivity was higher during glacial periods (the end of Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 3, some periods in MIS 2 and 6), and decreased during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS Se and probably MIS 5c-5d), with the lowest PP in MIS 5e. variations in the delta C-13 difference in benthic and bulk carbonate, thus in the vertical gradient of delta C-13 in dissolved inorganic carbon (Delta delta C-13(c). (wuellerstorfi-N. dutertrei) and Delta delta C-13(c.) (wuellerstorfi-coccolith)) Coincided With the PP Changes, showing that export productivity was low during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS 5e and Holocene) and high during glacial periods (MIS 6, probably MIS 5c-5d, late MIS 4 and late MIS 3). Comparison of foraminiferal carbonate dissolution indicators and PP changes reveals that nannofossil assemblage in core Ph05-5 is not sensitive to carbonate dissolution intensity. The depth of the thermocline (DOT) was estimated from planktonic forminiferal assemblages, and was relatively greater during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS 5e, probably MIS 5c and Holocene) than during glacials (middle MIS 6, probably MIS 5b and 5d, some periods in MIS 4, MIS 3 and MIS 2). Good coherence between the paleoproductivity records and the DOT suggests that the DOT changes could be the primary control factor in changes of paleoproductivity, and the glacial high productivity in the Kuroshio source region could be associated with a global increase of nutrient concentration in the intermediate waters that upwelled into the photic zone. The low CO2 values derived for intervals of high productivity and a relatively shallow DOT suggest that the changes in biological productivity and DOT in the equatorial Pacific could have modified atmospheric CO2 concentrations. High Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) during the warm MIS 5e in combination with intensified monsoonal rain fall could have resulted in a more intense stratification of the upper waters, resulting in low nutrient supply to the surface waters and a resulting decrease in productivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
本论文通过对冲绳海槽南部的MD05-2908孔、北黄海的B-U35、B-U41、B-L44孔和北黄海的299份表层样中的孢粉组成、堆积速率、有机碳氮同位素的综合研究,分析了北黄海的孢粉来源、传播动力和途径,并与其它古气候记录对比,重建了末次冰消期以来东亚季风的演化。 MD05-2908孔孢粉组合特征显示6800-3800a BP间气候温暖干燥,其间存在着两次明显的温度降低、湿度增加阶段,即6800-6600a BP和5800-4850a BP;3800a BP以后,气候变得比较寒冷湿润,中世纪暖期和小冰期分别位于990-480a BP和480-230a BP。 北黄海表层孢粉百分含量等值线图显示北黄海不同海域孢粉来源不同,北黄 海东部海域(123.5°E以东的陆架区域)孢粉主要来源于鸭绿江;北黄海中部海域(123.5°E-122.6°E的陆架区域)孢粉来源比较复杂,既有来自辽东半岛、沿海岛屿、山东半岛,还有由黄海暖流携带而来的;北黄海西部海域(122.6°E以西的陆架区域)孢粉以黄海沿岸流携带而来的黄河来源的为主。 北黄海表层孢粉百分含量等值线图还显示,北黄海东部海域孢粉分布主要受 鸭绿江冲淡水影响,波浪和潮汐的作用较弱;北黄海中部海域孢粉分布受黄海暖流和辽东沿岸流的分支共同影响;黄海暖流与黄海沿岸流在山东半岛东北部相遇,形成一逆时针方向的涡旋,该涡旋控制着北黄海西部海域孢粉的分布。 B-U35孔、B-U41和B-L44孔孢粉组合特征显示,12830-12350a BP时气候 寒冷干燥,植被以旱生草本植物为主,时间上可能对应YD事件;12350-10100a BP时植被以针叶林为主,林下生长着大量蕨类植物,气候寒冷湿润,可能对应着YD事件;10100-6600a BP时植被以落叶阔叶林为主,伴生大量旱生草本植物,气候温暖干燥;6600-5000a BP时植被以针叶-落叶阔叶混交林为主,旱生草本植物含量下降,相对上一阶段温度有所降低,但气候更湿润,可能对应全新世最佳期;5000-4000a BP时针叶林所占比例扩大,温度再次降低,湿度变化不明显;4000-500a BP旱生草本植物含量增加,气候寒冷干燥;500a BP-至今,受人类活动影响,植被遭到严重破坏。 B-U35孔和B-U41孔淡水水生植物花粉百分含量曲线显示11750a BP以来黄河河口地区沼泽湿地面积几经变化。10100-6600a BP时沼泽湿地范围在上一阶段的基础上进一步扩大;6600-2850a BP间沼泽湿地大面积缩小,水生植物属种式微;2850a BP之后黄河河口地区沼泽湿地面积再次扩大,水生植物重新繁盛。 MD05-2908孔蕨类孢子百分含量被用来作为中国东南部季风演化的代用指标。结果显示6800-3800a BP时夏季风较强,其间有两次夏季风减弱阶段,分别位于6800-6600a BP和5800-4850a BP,3800a BP以来,夏季风明显减弱,此期的夏季风减弱除受太阳辐射量的减少影响外,可能还与El Nino的频繁爆发有关。 B-U35孔和B-U41孔蒿属、藜科、麻黄科百分含量被用来作为中国中北部夏季风演化的代用指标。研究表明,11750a BP以来东亚夏季风强度在10100-6600a BP时,显著加强,6600a BP左右,夏季风开始减弱,4000a BP以后夏季风显著减弱。 将MD05-2908孔、B-U35孔和B-U41孔夏季风代用指标进行对比发现,中晚全新世以来中国南-北湿度变化特征正好相反,东亚夏季风强度变化以及由此引起的雨锋的南进北撤可能是导致中国不同区域中晚全新世以来降雨量不同的主要原因。
Resumo:
利用取自热带太平洋边缘的5个柱状岩芯Ph05-5、WP3、MD2908、Z14-6和WP7,通过对其微体古生物和生物地球化学成分的分析,结合浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素数据、AMS14C测年结果和已有的研究资料,分别研究了热带西太平洋边缘晚第四纪以来的钙质超微化石群落特征、碳酸盐旋回、超微化石氧碳同位素特征、古生产力和上层海水结构演化以及高分辨率东亚夏季风指标,并探讨了碳酸盐旋回、古生产力和上层海水结构演化、全新世东亚夏季风强弱变化的控制机制,以及钙质超微化石下透光带属种Florisphaera profunda的相对百分含量变化在热带太平洋边缘的古环境指示意义及不同环境条件下的控制机制。 西菲律宾海Ph05-5岩芯和台湾东南部WP3岩芯中CaCO3和钙质超微化石碳酸盐溶解指数、初级生产力指标的变化显示约190 kyr BP以来CaCO3含量整体上都表现为冰期高、间冰期低的“太平洋型”旋回特征,但菲律宾以东海区在末次冰期(MIS 4~2期)内部又显示出间冰段含量高、冰段含量低的“大西洋型”旋回特征。碳酸盐旋回的主要控制因素在菲律宾以东海区是碳酸盐溶解作用,而台湾东南海区则是初级生产力变化引起的钙质生物输入量的波动。 西菲律宾海Ph05-5岩芯中190 kyr BP以来的钙质超微化石δ18O值在末次间冰期(MIS 5e)和全新世明显低于末次冰期(MIS 5d~2)和倒数第二次冰期(MIS 6)。超微化石δ18O值与浮游和底栖有孔虫δ18O值都呈明显的正相关关系,但是超微化石的δ18O平均值重于表层浮游有孔虫Globigeriniodes rubber,轻于中层Neogloboquadrina dutertrei。超微化石δ13C值变化与其绝对丰度变化表明西菲律宾海区大约在MIS 6和MIS 5e期,表层海水初级生产力相当稳定且显著低于其它各时期;约从MIS 5d期开始表层初级生产力显著上升,并一直持续到末次冰期;在MIS1、2期,表层初级生产力有所下降,但仍高于MIS 6和MIS 5e期。 Ph05-5岩芯中钙质超微化石下透光带属种F. profunda相对百分含量和浮游有孔虫转换函数的温跃层深度变化表明西太平洋暖池北缘约190 kyr BP 以来,营养跃层和温跃层冰期(MIS 6期和5d~2期)浅,间冰期(MIS5e)和全新世深,MIS5e期是最近两个冰期旋回中营养跃层和温跃层深度最深的时期。F. profunda百分含量初级生产力转换方程计算结果和与钙质超微化石绝对丰度的变化显示冰期初级生产力高,间冰期和全新世初级生产力低, MIS5e期初级生产力最低。此外,Δδ13C C. wullerstorf-coccolith和Δδ13C C. wullerstorf-N. dutertrei差值的变化也说明190 kyr BP以来冰期表层输出生产力高于间冰期,其中最为突出的特征也是MIS5e期为生产力输出的最低值期。上层海水结构和生产力的上述变化特征与现代La Niňa事件爆发时的海洋环境相当类似,该海区MIS5e期可能是La Niňa事件频繁爆发的一段时期,可以与现代La Niňa现象类比。同时,根据Wyrtki提出的信风张弛理论推测MIS5e期,由于La Niňa事件的频繁爆发黑潮主流应该是增强的。 热带西太平洋暖池核心区WP7岩芯中250 kyr BP以来的初级生产力在间冰期明显低于冰期,间冰期生产力相对稳定,冰期(MIS6,4和2)生产力升降幅度较大;冰期向间冰期过渡的冰消期内生产力的降低是相对缓慢的,而间冰期向冰期过渡时生产力的增加是迅速的。初级生产力指标的交叉频谱分析显示出偏心率、斜率、岁差(半岁差)、30kyr和50kyr周期。说明暖池区晚第四纪以来古生产力变动除了受全球冰量变动控制以外,低纬区的岁差驱动也是主要控制因子。约250 kyr BP以来古生产力的变化与Vostok冰心的CO2记录在30kyr周期上高度相关,低CO2值与高生产力相对应,印证了大洋初级生产力在全球碳循环中扮演了重要的“吸收者”的角色,30kyr周期是赤道太平洋地区生物生产力ENSO式变化特征的体现,这也证明了低纬地区生物泵在控制大气CO2浓度方面的重要作用。另外,在岁差周期段,底栖有孔虫U+B含量和N. dutertrei δ13C代表的生产力变动领先于有孔虫δ18O代表的冰体积变化约2.6~7kyr(0.5kyr,2.6 kyr,4.2 kyr, 7kyr),表明在千年时间尺度上日射是该区生产力变化的直接驱动力,两极冰体积变化(δ18O)没有明显的影响低纬气候波动。 对热带西太平洋边缘海区WP7、Ph05-5、WP3和Z14-6四个岩芯中晚第四纪以来超微化石下透光带属种F. profunda相对百分含量变化进行横向对比研究表明,F. profunda百分含量分布并非简单受水深控制,而是由海水上层复杂的生态因素所决定;F. profunda相对百分含量变化曲线与浮游有孔虫N. dutertrei氧同位素曲线呈不同程度的相关性,N. dutertrei 氧同位素越轻,对应的F. profunda相对百分含量越高;冲绳海槽中部的Z14-6岩芯中F. profunda相对含量变化的主控因子是黑潮流的强弱变化;WP7和Ph05-5两个岩芯中F. profunda相对含量变化与低纬地区暖池变化特征密切相关。 6800 yr BP以来台湾东北部MD2908岩芯中F. profunda相对百分含量变化与太阳黑子数量呈明显的反相关关系,而且3700 yrBP以来更为明显。由于F. profunda相对百分含量变化与该地区东亚夏季风引起的降雨量密切相关,所以推测6800 yr BP以来东亚夏季风受太阳活动影响,其中的纽带是IZCT的纬向位置变动。
Resumo:
构造地貌分析,结合地震剖面和磁异常对比已成为研究年轻海底扩张机制和构造演化的重要手段。利用南海东部海盆首次获取的多波束高分辨率全覆盖数据,进行构造地貌特征分析,通过张裂特征断面研究、条带磁异常识别和构造应力场分析,提出了东部海盆的扩张方式和成因模式,重建了南海海盆新生代多期次、多方向扩张的构造演化历史。东部海盆存在三组走向不同的北东向线性构造带,自中脊海山链向南、北两侧对称分布于约350km宽的中央区内,是张性深大断裂、基底断块和线性火山基底隆起在海底的反映。这三组构造带分别对应海盆三个扩张期:条带磁异常6a-6c (24-21Ma)、5e-6a (21-19Ma)和5d-5e (5c) (19-16Ma)。东部海盆扩张方式具有不稳定性、脉动式、分段性及不对称的特点。各扩张期内,线性构造走向呈连续变化,而各扩张期之间线性构造走向则均有3°-5°跃变,反映扩张方向存在渐变和突变的演化特点;与扩张同期的北西向平移断裂表现为转换断层,空间分布上呈由东向西逐步加密的特征,各段间北东向线性构造走向变化较大,反映扩张轴纵向延伸的分段性和不稳定性;在21Ma(磁异常序列6a)前后,存在一次重要的海底扩张增速事件,增速幅度达40%,从早期的30.54 km/Ma增加到晚期的42.88 km/Ma,对应基底断裂、沉积作用和火山活动等张裂特征的跃变:扩张速率普遍东部大于西部、南侧明显大于北侧,导致海盆扩张具有东宽西窄的特点,具有较强的不对称性。东部海盆识别出的大量线性火山岩带平行于扩张轴,主要分布在火山基底隆起和基底断块边界断裂上,强度北侧大于南侧,是扩张过程中海底持续经受张裂作用的产物,说明海盆的北西-南东向扩张是受构造张裂型扩张机制的控制,具有大西洋慢扩张型的构造特征。据此并结合海盆扩张方式和构造、沉积特征所提出的东部海盆不对称构造扩张成因机制模式,很好地说明了中脊两侧张裂构造密度、岩浆活动强度和海底扩张方式的差异。这种代表慢速扩张的不对称构造成因机制在中脊附近较大范围内出现断块活动和基底拆离构造,并诱导岩浆沿断裂再次侵位和喷溢,从而在西南海盆因岩浆再侵位而使条带磁异常复杂化,在东部海盆因断裂、岩浆活动形成了一系列线性火山岩带和不规则沉积中心。南海海盆断面特征研究表明,南海海盆东部和西部具有不同的张裂机制,东部以海底扩张为主,西部以地壳减薄和裂离为主。东部在海底扩张的过程中,早期活动主要集中在南海海盆北部,晚期活动主要表现在黄岩海山链南北约350km范围内的中央区,而西部的裂离作用导致了中沙—西沙地块、南沙地块与北京大陆边缘的分裂和西南海盆海底扩张的形成。南沙地块进一步向南迁移最终在中中新世晚期与南巴拉望和沙巴—沙捞越地块碰撞、团结,从而结束了南海海盆的大规模扩张的历史。自32Ma以来,南海东部海盆主要经历三个构造演化阶段:32-27Ma期间的近南北向扩张,24-16Ma期间的北西—南东向扩张,并进一步可分为三个亚扩张期,以及中中新世(15Ma)后海盆沿北西西向马尼拉海沟的倾斜俯冲。
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本研究论文属于国家科学基金重点研究项目“东海关键海洋通量过程的研究”计划的一个组成部分,通过1998年夏季东海航次,测定了颗粒有机碳的(Particulate Organic Carbon)含量,并研究了东海夏季POC含量的分布特点以及影响因素。同时,通过模式计算了部分站位的POC的垂直表观通量。然后,根据海水悬浮物质、底质物和浮游生物中的DOC的含量,定量的研究了东海的再悬浮现象,计算得到32°N断面和PN断面部分站位的再悬浮比,并计算得到了这些站位的POC净垂直通量,使我们对东海的POC净沉积通量有了一个定量的认识和把握。通过研究,我们发现东海夏季的POC的分布特点是:(1)近岸区域有明显的高值区的存在,并随离岸距离的增加而降低,这主要是受长江径流的影响;(2)在以(32°N, 125°E-125.5°E)为中心的冷涡表层海域存在着另一个POC含量的高值区,随深度增加而降低,在25米层以下随深度的增加而增加,在近底层形成一个新的高值区,研究表明表层高值区主要受生物生长的控制,而底层的高值区的存在与该区域的涡动层或上升流的存在有一定的关系;(3)同时,在东海所研究的两个断面,TSM(Total Suspended Materials)和POC的含量之间表现出了较好的相关性。通过模式研究,计算了六个站位八个层次的POC的垂直通量,其垂直通量为12.43 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)-148.23 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),最大值为148.23 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),出现在107站(32°N, 125°E)10米层,最小值为12.43 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),出现在111站(32°0.08N, 125°59.57'E)的底层。通过对东海再悬浮比率的定量研究,计算了五个站和个层次的再悬浮比率。结果表明:(1)表层海水中悬浮物质的再悬浮比率在47.4%-79.18%之间;底层的再悬浮比率在72.75%-96.96%之间;(2)再悬浮比率的最大值出现在106站(32°N, 124°30'E)的底层,而再悬浮比率的最小值出现在102站(32°N, 122°30'E)的表层。在POC重直通量和再悬浮模式计算的基础上,我们计算得到了六个站位八个层次的POC净垂直通量,颗粒有机碳的净垂直通量最大值出现在107站(32°N, 125°E)的10米层,为117.4 mg·m~(-2)·day~(-1);最小值出现在111站(32°0.08'N, 125°59.57'E)的底层为0.79 mg·m~(-2)·day~(-1)。通过几个站位的模式计算估算了东海颗粒有机碳平均的净沉积通量,其大约为6.55 mgC·m~(-2)·day~(-1),即2.39gC·m~(-2)·y~(-1)。从而使我们对东海的颗粒有机碳的净垂直通量有了一个定量的认识。
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A new halogenated biindole and a new apo-carotenone have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the green alga Chaetomorpha basiretorsa Sethcell. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR technique, their structures have been elucidated as 4,4'-dichloro-5,5'-dibromo-7,7'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bi-1H-indole and 1'S*,4R*-8-(4'-hydroxy-2',6',6'-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)-6-methyloct-3E,5E,7E-trien-2-one, respectively.
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The loess-paleosol sequences in China are among the best continental records of paleoclimate changes. Although numerous sedimentological and geochemical studies have contributed greatly to the understanding of past climate changes during this period, it is still necessary to decipher more details through investigating these sequences using various approaches including biological analyses. In this study, we analyze the mollusk fossil assemblages preserved in the upper part of the Xifeng section, from the fifth loess layer (L5) to the Holocene soil (S0), with the sampling interval of 10 cm. The main results and conclusions obtained are as follows: 1. A continuous terrestrial mollusk fossil record, covering the past 500 ka, has been obtained from the Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence, which provides important biological data for the study of paleoenvironmental changes in the Loess Plateau and its comparison with marine record during this period. A total of 475 mollusk assemblages were studied, and twenty-one species have been identified among the 210,000 mollusk individuals counted. Among these species, most have modern representatives and are found in previous terrestrial mollusk studies of Chinese loess-paleosol sequences. Thus, they can be grouped into cold-aridiphilous, thermo-humidiphilous, oriental, and cool-humidiphilous ecological groups, as defined by previous studies. 2. Comparison of mollusk assemblages between the last five glacials and four interglacials and Holocene shows very different climate conditions. The warmest period occurred at MIS 11, MIS 5e, and Holocene, respectively. The coldest period is the Last Glacial Maximam, rather than the MIS 12. 3. Our mollusk record provides insight into the climate conditions in the Loess Plateau during the MIS 11, interpreted as the closest analog to the present interglacial. S4 paleosol, equivalent of MIS 11, developed under two major different climate regimes: ranging from the very warm–humid early phase to the mild-cool late interval. Furthermore, a cooling spell has been documented at the interglacial optimum, reflecting unstable climate conditions. The early warm–humid conditions lasted over 30 ka, supporting that MIS 11 is a unique long interglacial in the Quaternary climate history. 4. Comparison of MIS 11 and Holocene climates based on the mollusk species compositions indicates major differences. The climate at the early part of MIS 11 was warmer and more humid than during the Holocene optimum period, but the conditions during the late part of MIS 11 were similar to or cooler than late Holocene. Our study indicates that the extent of warming during the Holocene might be significantly less than the conditions that prevailed during the early part of MIS 11 interglacial period. 5. Two strong summer monsoon events were observed during the MIS 12 and MIS 10. They correspond to the maximam values of insolation gradient between low and high latitudes, suggesting a causal linkage. 6. Our study, combined with the previously investigated Luochuan land snail record, reveals that the climate in the Loess Plateau during MIS 3 experienced three stages: relatively warm, humid climate prevailed during MIS 3c, relatively cold, dry climate during MIS 3b, and relatively warm-humid period during MIS 3a. Climate at this time fluctuated frequently in Luochuan, and changed from warm-cool to cold-dry in Xifeng. Our results reveal that the relatively warm-humid climate during MIS 3c may be resulted from an increasing insolation gradient controlled by obliquity. Our result also reveals that obvious regional difference existed in the Loess Plateau during MIS 3. A greater climate gradient occurred during this time compared with today’s climate pattern in the Loess Plateau.
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对贵阳市区到农村地区4个方向的175个石生苔藓样品氮含量和氮同位素(δ^15N)进行了分析。苔藓δ^15N表明贵阳地区大气氮沉降以铵沉降为主,主要来源为城市废水氨释放以及农村地区的农业氨挥发。苔藓氮含量从市区往外随距离呈指数降低,而δ^15N随距离对数升高,揭示了城市来源的铵沉降随距离指数降低,该变化模式与其他点源氨的沉降分布以及点源氨附近苔藓氮含量的变化规律相同。因此,贵阳市区可以看成整个研究区的一个点状氨源。不同方向苔藓氮含量和δ^15N随距离的变化梯度存在差异,表明城市铵向周边不同方向的扩散迁移具有非均一性,其原因可能与地形条件、植被状况、风向、城市化程度等有关。苔藓δ^15N平均值在15km以外没有明显差异,反映了农业面源氨的影响。此外,运用极限法计算,苔藓氮含量随距离的变化关系(y=1.5e^-0.13x+1.26)表明城市铵的影响范围总体小于41km,而苔藓δ^15N的变化(y=2.541nz-12.23)反映了在17.2km以内的地区,大气氮沉降以城市铵为主,17.2km以外的地区主要受农业铵沉降的控制。本研究为城市氮沉降的变化提供了新的证据,促进了苔藓氮含量和δ^15N方法研究大气氮沉降从定性向定量的发展。
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苔藓植物由于具有特殊的形态结构和生物学性质而被广泛应用于环境变化和大气沉降的指示和监测,而稳定同位素(如13C、15N、34S)是辨识环境体系中物源走向以及研究植物和环境关系的可靠技术。本论文正是结合苔藓生物指示方法和稳定同位素示踪技术,开展了苔藓碳氮同位素指示环境条件和大气氮沉降的初步研究。通过不同环境条件下苔藓同位素的对比研究,揭示了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境因子和氮沉降变化的响应机制。进而应用石生苔藓碳氮元素含量和同位素,并结合光合色素含量等参数,对贵阳地区的大气氮沉降进行了详细研究,深化了苔藓同位素方法在环境监测和大气氮沉降研究中的应用,并为城市氮污染的防治提供了地球化学依据。获取了一些有意义的发现和创新点。 1. 不同生长条件下苔藓元素含量和同位素的变化及其意义 即使在同一地点,苔藓13C会由于水分条件和光照条件的差异而发生明显变化,而树冠对大气沉降物质的长期截留吸收会使下方苔藓氮硫含量偏低以及同位素偏负,其同位素效应还与树冠类型和树冠厚度有关。因此,应用苔藓元素含量和同位素指示区域环境和大气沉降时应尽量消除生境差异的影响,受生长条件影响或歪曲了的苔藓指示信息可能导致在解释环境变化和大气沉降时得出错误的结论,相对而言,开阔地的石生苔藓是较可靠的指示工具。利用同位素方法探讨苔藓记录信息的差异是本研究的创新点之一,目前国内外尚无相关的报道,这深化了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境条件和大气输入响应机制的认识,同时还为苔藓同位素研究大气沉降提供了采样指导。 2. 不同地区苔藓新老组织碳氮含量和同位素组成特征 贵阳市区苔藓碳含量高于贡嘎山地区,而13C明显偏负,表明城市苔藓受人为CO2排放的影响,而非污染区苔藓13C能够响应海拔和年均温度的差异。贵阳市区苔藓氮含量较高反映其氮沉降高于贡嘎山地区,明显偏负的15N值主要指示了城市废水氨释放的影响。不同地区苔藓新生组织的碳氮含量总体高于衰老组织,但同位素没有明显变化,反映了生理功能的衰退和部分元素向新生组织迁移会导致老组织碳氮含量降低,但不会明显改变其碳氮同位素记录,新组织氮含量较可靠地反映了氮沉降的水平(贵阳市约为30.18 kg/ha/yr,贡嘎山地区约为8.46 kg/ha/yr)。本研究扩展了苔藓同位素对不同地区环境因子和氮沉降差异的响应状况,并首次探讨了苔藓衰老对其碳氮含量和同位素记录的影响,为深入理解非维管植物衰老过程的碳氮同位素分馏奠定基础。 3. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的空间分布 根据大气氮沉降和苔藓氮含量之间的定量关系(y=0.052x+0.7325),可以利用石生苔藓氮含量(0.85% ~ 2.97%)计算贵阳地区的大气氮沉降。贵阳地区的氮沉降(0.91 kg/ha/yr ~ 44.69 kg/ha/yr)总体已经超过最易受影响的陆地生态系统的氮沉降负荷值(5 kg/ha/yr ~ 10 kg/ha/yr),市区氮沉降平均值(29.21±6.17 kg/ha/yr)与前期监测值(30.18kg/ha/yr)基本一致,高于酸性针叶林和落叶林的氮沉降负荷值(15 kg/ha/yr ~ 20 kg/ha/yr)。而农村地区氮沉降平均值(14.31±5.11 kg/ha/yr)与贵州农村地区铵沉降的平均值(14.3 kg/ha/yr)吻合。本研究首次根据石生苔藓氮含量量化了氮沉降的水平和空间分布,对大气氮沉降生态环境影响的评价以及喀斯特地区脆弱生态系统的保护具有重要意义。 4. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的主要来源和主要形态 贵阳地区石生苔藓15N值(-12.50‰ ~ -1.39‰)呈明显的双峰分布模式(-12‰ ~ -6‰和-5‰ ~ -2‰),表明该地区的氮沉降存在两个主要来源。市区明显偏负的苔藓15N值(平均-8.87±1.65‰,<5km; -8.59±2.28‰,5 km ~ 10km)主要反映城市废水和人畜排泄物NH3的影响,而往外到农村较高的苔藓15N值(平均-3.83±0.82‰ ~ -2.48±0.95‰,>15km)主要指示了农业NH3的贡献。根据市区苔藓和雨水15N值计算,市区氮沉降中铵态氮的贡献约占76%,硝态氮约为23%,贵阳地区的氮沉降以铵沉降为主。本研究首次发现了以铵沉降为主的城市地区苔藓15N值市区偏负、农村偏正的变化规律,这与氮沉降以硝态氮为主的城市苔藓15N变化(市区偏正、农村偏负)相反。此外,根据苔藓15N随大气沉降中铵态氮和硝态氮比值的变化规律,贵阳地区苔藓氮含量和15N的变化主要由两种不同铵源(城市铵和农业铵)的变化所控制,贵阳苔藓氮含量和15N的空间变化可以进一步作为铵沉降变化的证据。 5. 贵阳地区主要大气氮源(铵)的沉降机制与模式 贵阳市区往外石生苔藓氮含量随离市中心的距离呈指数降低(y=1.5e-0.13x+1.26),而15N值随距离对数升高(y=2.54Ln(x)-12.23),揭示了城市来源的铵沉降从市区往外随距离指数降低,其分布模式为点源模式,贵阳市区可被视为贵阳地区的一个点状氨源。而农村地区苔藓氮含量不随距离而变化、15N值不存在明显差异,反映了农业氨的面源分布模式。通过极限法计算苔藓氮含量和15N随距离变化的函数,氮沉降在离市中心17.2km以内以城市铵为主,以外以农业铵为主,城市铵的影响范围总体小于41km,城市铵随离市中心距离的变化关系为y=56.272e-0.116x-0.481。此外,贵阳市区往外不同方向的苔藓氮含量和15N随距离的变化梯度存在差异,表明城市铵向周边不同方向的传输具有非均一性,这主要与不同方向的地形条件、地表植被状况、风向、城市化程度等差异有关。本研究首次通过苔藓监测证实以铵沉降为主的城市,城市铵沉降的分布呈点源模式,并通过苔藓氮含量和15N的变化得出了城市铵的定量分布、沉降机制和影响因素。 6. 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量和13C值的变化及其意义 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量(34.47% ~ 52.76%)从市区到农村随距离指数降低(y=9.206e-0.042x+38.024),并与氮含量存在正相关关系,表明大气氮输入具有增加苔藓碳含量的作用。苔藓13C值(-30.69‰ ~ -26.96‰)从市区到农村随距离逐渐升高(y=0.674Ln(x)-30.03),反映了城市人为CO2的影响逐渐减小。此外,苔藓13C随碳氮含量增加而降低,碳氮同位素存在正相关关系,反映了石生苔藓光合作用与氮素吸收相互制约,市区较高的氮沉降或铵沉降增强了苔藓光合作用和碳代谢,使苔藓在固碳过程中发生更大的13C分馏。本研究首次发现了城市地区较高的氮沉降能够促进石生苔藓光合固碳能力,苔藓13C值能够指示城市人为CO2的影响以及氮沉降的生物效应。 7.其它创新之处 为深入认识城市地区氮沉降的变化及其生物响应,本研究还对石生苔藓光合色素含量进行了分析,首次探讨了石生苔藓光合生理参数和碳氮含量、碳氮同位素之间的关系。市区苔藓光合色素含量高于农村地区,叶绿素含量与碳氮含量存在正相关关系,表明光合色素分析可以反映环境胁迫状况、苔藓固碳能力和氮素营养状况。叶绿素含量与13C值呈负相关关系指示了氮沉降增强石生苔藓光合作用的机制。