Elemental carbon record of paleofire history on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 420 ka and its response to environmental and climate changes

IEECAS SKLLQG

关中平原420―350kaBP的古土壤与环境

IEECAS SKLLQG

Elemental carbon record of paleofire history on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 420 ka and its response to environmental and climate changes

An elemental carbon (EC) record, covering the last 420 ka, was reconstructed using chemical oxidation method on a loess and paleosol sequence from the Lingtai section on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The EC record reveals the paleofire history and its relationship with climate and vegetation changes on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Our results show that the EC abundance is generally higher in the paleosols than in the loess layers, showing a glacial/interglacial pattern, which is coincident with biomass changes. This variation pattern indicates that paleofires were intensified when biomass accumulated and climate changed abruptly especially from wet to dry conditions. The EC abundance increases sharply at similar to 130 kaB.P., indicating a dramatic change in the vegetation and climate variation patterns. The occurrence of a peak value with the highest average EC abundance in the Holocene may reflect the occurrence of a major climate event at similar to 6 kaB.P., and may also be partly due to more frequent anthropogenic fire usages. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamic function of damage and its implications

Dynamic function of damage is the key to the problem of damage evolution of solids. In order to understand it, one must understand its mesoscopic mechanisms and macroscopic formulation. In terms of evolution equation of microdamage and damage moment, a dynamic function of damage is strictly defined. The mesoscopic mechanism underlying self-closed damage evolution law is investigated by means of double damage moments. Numerical results of damage evolution demonstrate some common features for various microdamage dynamics. Then, the dynamic function of damage is applied to inhomogeneous damage field. In this case, damage evolution rate is no longer equal to the dynamic function of damage. It is found that the criterion for damage localization is closely related to compound damage. Finally, an inversion of damage evolution to the dynamic function of damage is proposed.

Barium-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Yarns As Low-Work-Function Thermionic Cathodes

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA/cm(2) in a field of 850 V/5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of similar to 250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

A micromechanical model of influence of particle fracture and particle cluster on mechanical properties of metal matrix composites

A general analytical model for a composite with an isotropic matrix and two populations of spherical inclusions is proposed. The method is based on the second order moment of stress for evaluating the homogenised effective stress in the matrix and on the secant moduli concept for the plastic deformation. With Webull's statistical law for the strength of SiCp particles, the model can quantitatively predict the influence of particle fracture on the mechanical properties of PMMCs. Application of the proposed model to the particle cluster shows that the particle cluster has neglected influence on the strain and stress curves of the composite. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

钢板混凝土复合圆柱壳的计算

本文将钢板混凝土复合圆柱壳用于大型浮顶式油罐,探讨竖立的双层圆柱壳在液压、内外温差和混凝土收缩引起的应力分析问题.给出了计算公式和20万米~3油罐的一个算例,以显示这种复合结构的优点,供设计工作者参考.

级联激波触发的太阳耀斑理论

<正> 随着观测特征不断积累和丰富,太阳耀斑的理论模型也越来越多。空间观测的结果似乎只要求活动区磁场是双极拱形,与大量的电流片模型不一致。耀斑过程可能并不总是一种机制。本文从理论上进一步讨论太阳耀斑的级联爆发模型。对流区的波动能量转换为活动区的横向磁场能量,由于扭转不稳定性使磁能释放,并转换为激波动能,活动区激发的级联

Experimental studies on self-ignition of hydrogen/air supersonic combustion

Self-ignition tests of a model scramjet combustor were conducted by using parallel sonic injection of gaseous hydrogen from the base of a blade-like strut into a supersonic airstream, The vitiated air was produced by burning H-2, O-2, and air to a stagnation temperature of 1000-2100 K and a stagnation pressure of 0.8-1.6 MPa, The effects of different parameters on the self-ignition limits were analyzed, In addition, the effects of the combustor's different wall configurations on self-ignition limits were specifically studied. It was found that the wall configurations of the combustor had a significant effect on self-ignition limits, which might have variations of 420-840 K deg in stagnation temperature; however, the local static temperature in the recirculation zones for different wall configurations remained the same at approximately 1100 K, It was found that self-ignition could initiate at the exit of the combustor and this can be considered as a weak self-ignition characteristic.

涂层断裂韧性的声发射辅助拉伸测量方法

涂层的断裂韧性与界面结合强度是表征涂层/基体材料体系力学性能的重要指标.但如何准确地测量涂层的断裂韧性和强界面结合的涂层/基体材料体系的界面结合强度至今仍存在困难.以铬涂层/钢基体材料为对象,采用声发射和显微镜实时动态检测技术与拉伸实验相结合的方法,探索了铬涂层的断裂韧性以及铬涂层/钢基体的界面剪切强度.根据相关力学模型和实验测量结果,得到铬涂层在室温下的断裂韧性为27.41J/m~2. 同时,发现在铬涂层裂纹饱和后界面开裂都未发生,获得了该种材料体系界面剪切强度的一个下限值.

亚声速段横向射流对Coil性能影响的数值研究

在化学氧碘激光的混合喷管内发生的是一个气体动力学、化学反应动力学以及光学等相互耦合的复杂过程,每个过程都对COIL性能有着至关重要的影响.利用三维CFD技术,通过求解层流Navier-Stokes方程与组分输运方程,对简化后的化学氧碘激光RADICL模型进行数值模拟与分析,对COIL的气动和增益特性进行探讨.在不同的射流穿透条件下,计算COIL混合喷管中的混合与化学反应过程,发现穿透深度决定了增益的分布特性以及过度穿透条件下的非定常结构,

障碍物扰动对预混火焰发展的影响

研究了半开口管道中障碍物对预混火焰传播的影响．结果表明，由于障碍物引起的扰动，使火焰在传播过程中不断加速，同时管内压力上升．根据火焰速度的量级，在受限管道中的火焰传播可以分为3种状态：熄火态、雍塞态和爆轰态．在贫燃极限附近，火焰加速一段距离后自动熄灭；在雍塞态，最大火焰速度略低于燃烧产物声速，基本上不受阻塞比变化的影响；随着当量比的上升，对敏感气体而言，火焰传播由爆燃转变为爆轰，最大火焰速度随阻塞比的增加而降低；而对于非敏感气体，则不存在爆燃转爆轰现象．管内压力随障碍物阻塞比的变化并不呈现单调规律．同时用非稳态可压缩流体模型模拟了管内的火焰加速和压力发展过程，计算结果和实验结果吻合得较好．

计算气动弹性若干研究进展

郭永怀和钱学森先生早在1946年提出了上临界马赫数的概念,即对于亚声速的二维无旋流动,当来流速度达到下临界马赫数时开始出现声速.稍增加来流速度,光滑无旋的亚、超声速混合流动可以继续存在,理论上只有当来流速度达到上临界马赫数出现激波后,光滑无旋流动才被破坏.随后,航空工程界先驱们为提高阻力发散马赫数,降低马赫数1附近的飞机阻力,为突破声障,提出了超临界翼型设计技术,引进了后掠翼设计概念,提出了跨声速面积律理论,导致了20世纪军民用航空飞行器的大规模发展,随着计算机技术和计算方法的进步,不同程度地简化流体控制方程的求解方法得到大发展.基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的计算流体力学已广泛应用于飞机性能评估、复杂流动机理分析.目前,气动外形优化设计、气动/结构耦合干扰、气动噪声等多学科问题成为空气动力学的研究热点.该文介绍作者的团队近年来在计算气动弹性研究方面的若干进展,作为对郭永怀先生诞辰100周年的怀念.

水合物沉积物力学性质的实验装置和研究进展

天然气水合物是一种高效、洁净和储量巨大的新型能源,一般蕴含于砂岩、粘土以及其它土质的沉积物中.对水合物沉积物力学性质的实验研究,是水合物地层中基础稳定性分析和水合物开发评价重要的热点课题之一.本文首先介绍了水合物沉积物合成与分解实验、物性参数测量技术以及力学性质实验装置的主要组成部分和特点,然后介绍了目前国内外在水合物沉积物合成和分解及力学性质实验一体化装置和实验研究两个方面所取得的成果,最后指出在实验装置、测试技术和实验研究方面存在的问题以及今后研究的重点和方向.