Study on a carbosilane liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimer of the first generation - Containing twelve 4-butoxyazobenzene mesogenic groups in periphery

The divergent synthesis of a new carbosilane liquid-crystalline (LC) dendrimer of the first generation (D1) is described. Twelve 4-butoxyazobenzene groups are used as mesogenic fragments and attached in the periphery of the molecule. Structure and properties of D1 were characterized by element analysis, H-1 NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, IR, UV-Vis, polarizing optical micrograph, DSC and WAXD. It is argued that mesophase of nematic type is realized. It is shown that the mesophase type of the dendrimer essentially depends on the chemical nature of the mesogenic groups. Phase behavior of D1 is K82N1331132N67K. The melting point of D1 is 30similar to43 degreesC lower than that of M5, its clearing temperature is 9 similar to 11 degreesC higher than that of M5 and its mesophase region is enlarged by 39 similar to 54 degreesC compared to that of M5. Eight extinguished brushes emanating from a stationary point are observed, corresponding to the high-strength disclination of S = + 2 of dendrimer. The clearing enthalpy of D1 is smaller than the value that is commonly found for phase transition n-i in LC and LC polymers. This may be due to the presence of branched dendrimer cores which cannot be easily deformed to fit into the anisotropic LC phase structure.

Synthesis and thermal transitional properties of side-chain liquid crystalline polyacrylates containing para-nitroazobenzene as mesogenic groups

The synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) polyacrylates containing para-nitroazobenzene (Pn) as mesogenic groups were described. Homopolymers with 3 and 4 carbon atoms in the spacers were non-LC polymers; for homopolymers with 6 carbon atoms in the spacer, nematic LC behavior was observed. Copolymers with acrylic acid as one component exhibited an S-Ad phase according to the WAXD results which showed the d/l of 1.4-1.54 for the copolymers with 3, 4, and 6 carbon atoms in the spacers. Considering the molecular structure as well as the WAXD results of the copolymers, the possible molecular arrangement in the smectic Sad phase was proposed, in which the smectic layers were composed of the antiparallel mesogens and the antiparallel arrangement was considered to be enhanced due to the H bond between - COOH and - NO2. The stress-induced orientational phenomena of Pn in the LC states was also discussed. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

SiO2 对Bi2O3-B2O3 玻璃体系光学、热学及结构的 影响

Glasses with compositions 50Bi2O3-xB2O3- (50-x)SiO2(x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) in mol% have been prepared by using a normal melt-quench technique. The effect of SiO2 addition on thermal stability, optical properties and structural characteristic on Bi2O3-B2O3 glass were systematically investigated by using XRD, DTA, ultraviolet-visible transmittance spectra, midinfrared transmittance spectra and Raman spectra. The experimental results demonstrate that, with the addition of SiO2, thermal stability of glass samples has been obviously improved. Once the amount of SiO2 is too much, the glass samples tend to be phase seperation which results in the decrease of thermal stability. With increasing SiO2 content, the UV cutoff edge firstly shifts to short-wave band and then shifts to long-wave band, and the transmittance of mid-infrared has been greatly improved. With substitution of SiO2 for B2O3, the [BO3] triangles and [BO4] tetrahedral groups are gradually replaced by [SiO4]. [BiO6] octahedral and [SiO4] tetrahedral units are connected forming a vibrational mode of Bi-O-Si. The physical chemistry and optical performance of Bi2O3-B2O3 glass were greatly improved by addition of SiO2.

Special effects of YbF3 on the structural changes for fluorophosphate glass

From Raman and IR spectra, obvious differences of the glass structure were observed in non-Yb3+-doped and Yb3+ -doped fluorophosphate glasses. Results showed that Yb3+ ions can induce, in a better glass, polymerization and network uniformity. Compared with the monophosphate-mastered Yb3+-free glass, Yb3+-doped glass has a pyrophosphate environment. The main building blocks in Yb3+ -doped samples are metaphosphate groups, pyrophosphate groups (P-2(O,F)(7),PO3F), Al[F-6]+Al[O,F](6) and F3Al-O-AlF3 while those of the Yb3+ -free glasses are monophosphate groups P(O,F)(4), little pyrophosphate groups, Al[F-4]+Al[F-6]+Al[O,F](4)+Al[O,F](6) and F3Al-O-AlF3. The DSC analysis also showed a slight increase in crystallization stability. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of hydroxyl groups on nonradiative decay of Er3+: I-4(13/2)-> I-4(15/2) transition in zinc tellurite glasses

A series of zinc tellurite glasses of 75TeO(2)-20ZnO-(5-x)La2O3-xEr(2)O(3) (x=0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mol%) with the different hydroxl groups were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. Infrared spectra were measured in order to estimate the exact content of OH- groups in samples. The observed increase of the fluorescence lifetime with the oxygen bubbling time has been related to the reduction in the OH- content concentration as evidenced by IR transmission spectra. Various nonradiative decay rates from I-4(13/2) of Er3+ with. the change of OH content were determined from the fluorescence lifetime and radiative decay rates were calculated on the basis of Judd-Ofelt theory. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Liquid crystal properties of a mesogenic polyacetylene, poly(11-[(4 '-heptoxy-4-biphenylyl)carbonyloxy]-1-undecyne)

The liquid crystalline properties of a mesogenic poly(1-alkyne) and the corresponding monomer were studied using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The monomer exhibits a monotropic smectic A phase and a metastable crystalline phase. The rigid polymer backbones do not prevent the mesogenic moieties from packing into smectic A and B phases in the temperature ranges 127.6 - 74.1degreesC and 74.1degreesC - room temperature, respectively, on cooling from the isotropic melt.

Study on a series of main-chain liquid-crystalline ionomers containing sulfonate groups

A series of main-chain Liquid-crystalline ionomers containing sulfonate groups pendant on the polymer backbone were synthesized by an interfacial condensation reaction of 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha,alpha'-dimethyl benzalazine, a mesogenic monomer, with brilliant yellow (BY), a sulfonate-containing monomer, and a 1/9 mixture of terephthaloyl and sebacoyl dichloride. The structures of the polymers were characterized by LR and UV spectroscopies. DSC and thermogravimetric analysis were used to measure the thermal properties of those polymers, and the mesogenic properties were characterized by a polarized optical microscope, DSC, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The ionomers were thermally stable to about 310 degreesC. They were thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) with high mesomorphic-phase transition temperatures and exhibited broad nematic mesogenic regions of 160-170 degreesC, and they were lyotropic LCPs with willowy leaf-shaped textures in sulfuric acid. However, the thermotropic liquid-crystalline properties were somewhat weakened because the concentration of BY was more than 8%. The inherent viscosity in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone suggested that intramolecular associations of sulfonate groups occurred at low concentration, and intermolecular associations predominated at higher concentration. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Synthesis and characterization of chiral smectic side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes and ionomers containing sulfonic acid groups

The synthesis of new chiral smectic A (S-A) side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes (LCPs) and ionomers (LCIs) containing 4-allyloxy-benzoyl-4-(S-2-ethylhexanoyl) p-benzenediol his ate (ABB) as mesogenic units and 4-[[4-(2-propenyloxy)phenyl] azo]benzensulfonic acid (AABS) as nonmesogenic units is presented. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers are confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy or H-1-NMR. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical polarizing microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that all the polymers P-I-P-IV and ionomers P-V-P-VI exhibit S-A texture. The results seem to demonstrate that the tendency toward the S-A-phase region increases with increasing sulfonic acid concentration, and the thermal stability of the S-A phase is determined by the flexibility of the polymer backbones and the interactions of sulfonic acid groups. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Synthesis of a series of chiral copolymers with azo groups and investigations of reversible liquid crystalline alignment induced by the LB films of these materials

A series of liquid crystalline copolymers, poly{2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate}-co-{6-[4-(S-2-methyl-1-butyloxycarbonylphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate} with an azobenzene moiety as photoreactive mesogenic unit, was prepared and investigated by using DSC, polarized optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that these polymers exhibit smectic phases. Z-type Langmuir-Blodgett films of these copolymers were successfully deposited onto calcium fluoride and quartz. Reversible homeotropic and planar liquid crystal alignments were induced by using the photochromism of the LB films of one of the copolymers containing 20.6 mol % of the azo unit.

Investigation on nonradiative decay of the (Er3+I13/2)-I-4 -> I-4(15/2) transition in different tellurite glass matrix

Three kinds of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses with different hydroxyl groups are prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. Infrared spectra are measured to estimate the exact content of OH- groups in samples. The maximum phonon energy in glasses are obtained by measuring the Raman scattering spectra. The strength parameters Omega(t) (t = 2, 4, 6) for all the samples are calculated and compared. The nonradiative decay rate of the Er3+ I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition are calculated for the glass samples with different phonon energy and OH- group contents. Finally, the effect of OH- groups on fluorescence decay rate of Er3+ is analysed, the constant KOH-Er Of TWN, TZPL and TZL glasses are calculated to be 9.2 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), 5.9 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), and 3.5 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), respectively.

The effect of OH- groups on the spectroscopic properties of erbium-doped tellurite glasses

A series of five different concentration erbium-doped tellurite glasses with various hydroxl groups were prepared. Infrared spectra of glasses were measured. In order to estimate the exact content of OH- groups in samples, various absorption coefficients of the OH- vibration band were analyzed under the different oxygen bubbling times. The absorption spectra of the glasses were measured, and the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Omega(i) of samples with the different erbium ions concentration and OH- contents were calculated on the basis of the Judd-Ofelt theory. The peak stimulated emission cross-section of (I13/2 ->I15/2)-I-4-I-4 transition of the samples was finally calculated by using the McCumber theory. The fluorescence spectra of Er3+:I-4(13/2)->I-4(15/2) transition and the lifetime of Er3+:I-4(13/2) level of the samples were measured. The effects of OH- groups on the spectroscopic properties of Er3+ doped samples with the different concentrations were discussed. The results showed that the OH- groups had great influences on the Er3+ lifetime and the fluorescence peak intensity. The OH- group is a main influence factor of fluorescence quenching when the doping concentration of Er2O3 is smaller than 1.0 mol%, but higher after this concentration, the energy transfer of Er3+ ions turns into the main function of the fluorescence quenching. And basically, there is no influence on the other spectroscopic properties (FWHM, absorption spectra, peak stimulated emission cross section, etc.).

The influence of OH groups on laser performance in phosphate glasses

Because of the influence of OH groups in phosphate glasses on the radiation of rare-earth ions, the laser performance is degraded. The laser efficiency and the small signal gain experiment of several phosphate glass samples have been done, the concentration of OH groups in glasses was calculated from the measured absorption coefficient at 3.47 μm. It is shown that the concentration of OH groups in phosphate glasses can seriously influence the laser output characteristics, and the OH groups have worse influence on the laser amplifier than laser oscillator.

Frequency of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in Chinese ethnic groups

The 9-bp deletion in the COII/tRNA(Lys) intergenic region (region V) of human mitochondrial DNA was screened in 1521 Chinese from 16 ethnic groups and 9 Hen geographic groups. The highest frequency was found in populations of Miao (32.4%) and Bouyei (30.8

PATTERNS OF SPATIAL-DISPERSION, LOCOMOTION AND FORAGING BEHAVIOR IN 3 GROUPS OF THE YUNNAN SNUB-NOSED LANGUR (RHINOPITHECUS-BIETI)

Aspects of the behaviour of three groups of Yunnan snub-nosed langurs, Rhinopithecus bieti, were observed over the course of three field seasons from 1986 to 1988. The major findings of the study were: (1) The habitats of R. bieti were mainly at heights of 3,600-4,150 m above sea level. (2) Groups were very large, with group sizes ranging from more than 100 to 269 individuals. (3) Spatial dispersion densities ranged from about 27 to 106 m2/individual during sleeping and resting, to feeding dispersions as large as 5,000-15,000 m2. (4) The locomotor repertoire of R. bieti consisted largely of walking, jumping and climbing. On very rare occasions, semibrachiation was observed, but true brachiation was never observed. The locomotor repertoires of juveniles were more diverse than those of subadults or adults. (5) Communication consisted mainly of eye-to-eye contact accompanied by murmurs; while loud calls were heard only rarely. (6) Groups moved between sleeping and feeding sites in single file. It is concluded that R. bieti is a mainly terrestrial species.