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碳、氮不仅是生物体必需的营养元素,也是重要的生态元素。大气中温室气体C02、N2O等浓度的增加使得碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其温室气体的减缓排放措施研究成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。 土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,是连接大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈的纽带;它是陆生生物赖以生存的物质基础,是陆地生态系统中物质与能量交换的重要场所,其在全球碳、氮循环中起着十分重要的作用。一方面,土壤有机碳和氮的含量与分布直接关系到生态系统的生产力和生态系统的规模,同时土壤有机碳和氮的转化与迁移又直接影响到温室气体的组成与含量。而土壤本身又是生态系统中生物与环境相互作用的产物。因此,研究土壤有机碳和氮的分布、转化及其对全球变化的响应对于正确理解碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其对全球变化的响应制定应对策略具有重要意义。 全球变化的陆地样带是从机理上理解陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应,预测全球变化对陆地生态系统的可能影响,实现预警、调节和减少全球变化不良影响,科学地规划和管理陆地生态系统的有效平台。目前,国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)基于不同地区全球变化驱动因素的不同以及全球变化的潜在反馈作用强度的不同,在全球4个关键地区共启动了15条IG8P陆地样带。以水分为主要驱动力的中国东北样带(NECT:Northeast China Transect)即为IGBP的陆地样带之一。 本文以中国东北样带为平台,基于2001年对中国东北样带科学考察所采土壤样品的实测结果和气候资料分析了土壤有机碳和氮的梯度分布及其与土壤、气候等因子之间的关系;借助C02浓度升高和不同土壤湿度的模拟试验探讨了土壤有机碳和氮对气候变化的响应;根据作物残体还田的长期定位试验和盆栽试验研究了作物残体还田对土壤有机碳和氮转化的影响,讨论了农田生态系统通过作物残体还田对减缓温室气体排放的效应。主要结果和结论如下: (1).样带表层土壤有机碳平均为22.3土4.93 g.kg-1,下层土壤有机碳平均为8.9±1.20 g.kg-1。样带表层土壤活性有机碳平均为3.52±0.881 g.kg-1,占表层土壤有机碳的13.1±0.78%;下层土壤活性有机碳平均为1.14±0.250g.kg-l,占下层土壤有机碳的10.9±0.79%。样带土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.993,P<0.001)。 (2).不同生态类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量不同。中国东北样带东部(经度126°~131°)为温带针阔混交林山地,植被种类极其丰富,地带性土壤为暗棕壤,并且多为自然土壤,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量较高。但由于采样区局部地理环境、植被结构及人类干扰程度的不同,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量变异较大,平均为61.9±13.84 g.kg-1和10. 88±2.236g. kg-1。样带中部(经度119°~126°)为松辽平原栎林草原、农田区和大兴安岭山地草甸草原区,属半湿润向半干旱过渡的气候。该区域主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土、盐化或碱化草甸土及风沙土,土壤沙化、碱化严重,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量明显降低,平均为10.5±1.97 g.kg-l和1. 35±0.327 g.kg-1。样带中西部(经度113°~119°)为内蒙古高原草甸草原和典型草原区域,具有典型的半干旱气候特征。该区地带性土壤为栗钙土,局部丘陵区分布黑钙土,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量为14.6±1.65 g.kg-1和2.07±0.342g.kg-1。样带西部(经度111°~113°)为内蒙古高原荒漠草原区域,地带性土壤为棕钙土,土壤较为贫瘠,其有机碳和活性有机碳含量最低,平均为7.99±1.51 g.kg-1和0.51±0.216 g.kg-1。从总的趋势看,样带表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的梯度分布趋势一致,都呈现出随经度降低而下降的趋势,局部因土壤退化而出现波动。 (3).样带土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与土壤全量氮、磷、硫、锌及有效氮、磷、钾、锰、锌等均呈显著或极显著相关关系,与土壤PH、容重、持水量及孔隙度也呈显著或极显著相关关系。土壤表层有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间具有正的相关关系,其相关系数为r=0.677(P<0.001)和r=0.712(P<0.001)。但下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间没有显著的相关关系。 (4).样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与经度之间仍具有显著的相关关系(r=0.454,P=0.026; r=0.473,P=0.020)。样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的变异小于表层。不同的生态系统,下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的比率不同。总的来看,土壤活性有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降的幅度大于土壤有机碳。 (5).短期培养条件下,CO2浓度升高及干旱胁迫下,土壤有机碳的变化不大,其变异系数为1.28%;相比较之下,土壤活性有机碳对气候变化比较敏感,其变异系数为29.67%。不同土壤湿度,土壤活性有机碳含量发生变异的幅度因CO2浓度升高而降低。 (6).样带土壤全氮和有效氮与经度呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别是r=0.695 (P<0.001)和0.636(P<0.001)。土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致:沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势,局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷。样带除东部山区外,其它各部分土壤有效氮都很低,成为其植被生长的限制因子之一。样带下层土壤全氮和有效氮的含量低于表层,但样带不同部位下层土壤全氮和有效氮下降的幅度不同。总的来看,土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似,而土壤有效氮则有所不同。 (7).土壤全氮和有效氮是土壤生化环境中两个重要的因子。样带土壤全氮和有效氮和土壤有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系。 (8).样带表层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别是0.682(P<0.001)和0.688(P<0.001)。而下层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间的没有显著的相关关系(r=0.241,P=0.256; r=0.366,P=0.079)。土壤有效氮占全氮的比例与年均温呈显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.390,p=0.044)。 (9).短期培养试验中,CO2浓度加倍和不同土壤湿度对土壤全氮和有效氮的影响没有达到显著水平。整个试验中土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小(变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%),但仍能反映一定的变化趋势。 (10).玉米残体还田能够增加土壤氮素含量,减轻因其作为燃烧材料而造成的氮素损失和对大气的污染;玉米残体施入土壤,增加了土壤微生物氮含量,提高土壤氮活性,有利于土壤氮素养分的协调供应;玉米残体还田能够促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒中转移,提高氮素养分的利用效率。同时,玉米残体还田可以降低土壤NO3--N的累 积,减少肥料氮的损失4.7~5.6%。 (ll).根据国内外文献和我们连续10年作物残体还田的肥料长期定位试验及盆栽试验结果,从减缓CO2排放、增加土壤碳固存、提高土壤生产力入手,分析了农业生态系统作物残体还田的必要性与可行性,讨论了农田作物残体还田,增加土壤碳固存对于减缓CO2排放、提高土壤生产力的作用与意义。提倡作物残体因地制宜地归还土壤,但作物残体还田后土壤固存与减缓温室气体排放的潜力还需要进一步进行研究。

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1996年11月至1997年6月, 于雅砻江下游干流及其支流鳡鱼河中采获一批白鱼属 Anabarilius 鱼类标本, 经鉴定为西昌白鱼1新亚种。 命名为西昌白鱼雅砻亚种 Anabariliusliuiyalongensissubsp. nov. 与其它3个亚种的主要鉴别特征是: 第1鳃弓外侧鳃耙为7~10, 其余3个亚种分别为: 西昌指名亚种 A. liuiliui 为12~14, 程海亚种 A. liuichenghaiensis 15~16, 宜良亚种 A. liuiyiliangensis 10~12. 种内亚种分化主要是受到同域生态隔离和地理隔离作用的影响。

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A flat, fully strain-relaxed Si0.72Ge0.28 thin film was grown on Si (1 0 0) substrate with a combination of thin low-temperature (LT) Ge and LT-Si0.72Ge0.28 buffer layers by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition. The strain relaxation ratio in the Si0.72Ge0.28 film was enhanced up to 99% with the assistance of three-dimensional Ge islands and point defects introduced in the layers, which furthermore facilitated an ultra-low threading dislocation density of 5 x 10(4) cm (2) for the top SiGe film. More interestingly, no cross-hatch pattern was observed on the SiGe surface and the surface root-mean-square roughness was less than 2 nm. The temperature for the growth of LT-Ge layer was optimized to be 300 degrees C. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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于G批量导入至Hzhangdi

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于G批量导入至Hzhangdi

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于2010-11-23批量导入

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川西亚高山针叶林是四川森林的主体,是长江上游重要的生态屏障。云杉作为亚高山针叶林人工更新的主要树种,已经在该地区形成了大面积的人工纯林。目前,许多云杉人工林分已经进入更新成熟龄,而这些人工林的持续更新却成为日益凸现的问题。探讨这些云杉人工林的自我更新潜力及云杉种子种群更新特点,可为培育后续森林资源提供科学依据。 本文以川西米亚罗亚高山60a云杉人工林为研究对象,并以该区域内相对稳定的植被群落——天然林为对照,采用种子收集器、土壤种子库筛选、室内外种子萌发实验及野外幼苗调查等方法,从异质性微生境的角度研究了种子雨下落之后,不同微生境对种子库、种子萌发、幼苗建立及分布这一前期更新过程的影响,得出如下结果: 1、通过对川西亚高山60a云杉人工林和天然林6年内种子雨雨量、形态特征、散步动态等的持续观测和综合比较可以发现,云杉林结实特点由于林木自身的特征存在着巨大的变动,2002年和2006年两个种子结实大年内,60a人工林种子雨强度分别达到1088.2 ± 52.3粒/m2和704.3 ± 48.9粒/m2,远大于天然林579.9 ± 28.9粒/m2 和507.5± 30.7粒/m2;且云杉林结实质量优于天然林。60a人工林结实量大,种子质量也最好,相对天然林来说对种群的天然更新以及群落的演替都有最大的贡献潜力。应该说,在川西亚高山云杉人工林的天然更新过程中,种源不是影响天然更新的因素。在种子结实大年里,达到更新成熟的云杉人工林有着优于该地区相对稳定植被群落——天然林的种源优势。至少在种子结实大年,种子供应不是该区域人工林天然更新的限制因子。 2、相对于天然林种子库,人工林种子库在种子萌发前能够有较多的有活力种子。虽然这其中有种子雨输入量有差别的因素存在,但两种林分种子库对种子的保存率的不同才是造成这种差异的主要因素。在人工林中,不同地被类型形成的微生境显著地影响了种子库中种子的密度、垂直分布。有地被物存在的微生境能够将种子雨的大部分截留在地被层中,成为幼苗出现的主要场所;同时不同的地被物对种子的保存情况存在显著的差异,苔藓和凋落物层能都较好地保持其中的种子,到种子萌发前,这两种种子库类型能分别为天然更新提供366.1粒/m2和302粒/m2的有效种子。从这点来看,林下地被物上的种子库能够为天然更新萌发阶段提供数量可观的物质基础。 3、种子的萌发和幼苗的定居是天然更新过程中种子库向幼苗库转化的关键环节。总的说来,米亚罗人工林区60a云杉人工林种子向幼苗的转化率十分低下,凋落物、苔藓、草本、裸地四种主要地被物以及天然林内种子/幼苗的转化率分别仅为2.22%、2.14%、0.57%、0.67%、1.05%。这种低的转化率成为云杉林天然更新的限制性因子。但在现有更新条件下,微生境对这一环节仍然显示出十分显著的影响,表现为凋落物和苔藓对现有更新的新幼苗的保存率高于其它类型及天然林。苔藓和凋落物在种子萌发,幼苗保存,以及幼苗分布上都要优于其它地被物类型;另外,微地形对天然更新过程的影响也很显著,凹立地上更适宜于种子的汇集、萌发和定居。 Subalpine coniferous forests dominate most parts of the forested areas in western Sichuan, and they are important ecological barriers in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Picea asperata is one of the keystone spruce species for re-afforestation after felling of the natural forests and there have been a total of ca. 13 000 ha of plantations dominate by this species established. Nowadays, many P. asperata plantations have reached reproductive maturity. However, continued regeneration becomes to an important problem in these plantations. Understanding their self-regeneration potential and the regeneration characteristics of seed populations in spruce plantations of these plantations can have some insights on the management of these plantations and the establishment of following forest resources. A subalpine 60a P. asperata plantation distributed in Miyaluo artificial forest area was studied in this paper, at the same time. Synchronously, a 150a natural spruce forest was studied as comparison. Using seed collecting traps, sieving method for soil seed bank, seed germination experiments and seedling investigations in the field, the effects of heterogeneous microsites on early natural regeneration processes after seed rain were studied, which included seed banks, seed germination, seedling establishment and distribution. The main results are as follows. 1. Through a 6-year long term investigation of seed rain intensities, characteristic, dispersal dynamics of 60a P. asperata plantation, we could concluded that the seed setting properties of 60a P. asperata plantation have a great variation for the characteristics trees. In the mast seed year of 2002 and 2006, the seed rain intensities of plantation was 1088.2 ± 52.3 seeds/m2 and 704.3 ± 48.9 seeds/m2 respectively, which were much greater than that of natural spruce forest (579.9 ± 28.9 seeds/m2 in 2002, and 507.5± 30.7 seeds/m2 in 2006). Furthermore, the quality of seed rain in P. asperata plantation was better than that of natural spruce forest. Contrasting with natural spruce forest, 60a P. asperata plantation has a greater potential on natural regeneration of P. asperata population and succession of community for the reason of greater seed rain intensities and better seed quality. We can confirm that seed source was not a limiting factor which influences the natural regeneration progress of P. asperata population distributed in subalpine mountain zone, at least in the mast seed year. 2. Contrasting with natural spruce forest, P. asperata population had more viable seeds in seed bank before the germination. Although the difference of seed rain intensities of two forests has effect on this phenomenon, the difference of seed conservation ability in two forests was the main factor. In the P. asperata plantation, the seed densities and seed vertical distribution pattern were significant effected by the microsites, which posed by different ground cover types. In other word, Microsite with ground covers can obstruct most seeds and keep them in ground cover layer from seed rain, and these ground covers would be the main site for seed occurrence. There was a significant difference about seeds conservation ability among these ground covers. Litter and moss could better conserve P. asperata seeds which distributed in this two covers. Seed banks exist in litter and moss ground cover types could respectively provide 302seed/m2 and 366.1seed/m2 for natural regeneration before the seed germination. From this point of view, we could conclude that ground covers can ensure considerable numbers of seeds for the germination process. 3. Seed germination and seed establishment are key steps that the seeds invert to seedlings in natural generation process. In sum, the seed/seeding transform rate in 60a P. asperata plantation distributed in Miyaluo artificial forest area is very low. the seed/seeding transform rates in litter, moss, herb, soil surface and natural spruce forest were 2.22%、2.14%、0.57%、0.67%、1.05%, respectively. The low transform rate become to a limiting factor of P. asperata natural regeneration process. However, under the existing conditions of natural regeneration, microsit still had significant effect on this transform. The states of Seed germination, new seedling conservation, and older seedling distribution in litter and moss were better than in any other ground cover type or natural spruce forest. In addition, the micro-relief has significant effect on natural regeneration process. Concave site was more suitable for seed collection, seed germination and seedling distribution.