39 resultados para 34.209.861

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

在电弧炉中利用吸铸法制备了直径1-4 mm的原位生成TiC和β-Ti枝晶联合增强的块状Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8非晶合金复合材料.DSC热分析结果表明,原位生成TiC颗粒的引入,没有影响基体合金的非晶形成能力.用OM,XRD,SEM,EDS等方法研究了复合材料的相组成、微观组织以及成分分布,结果表明,TiC颗粒作为异质形核中心促进了β-Ti枝晶的形成,形成了TiC颗粒和β-Ti枝晶联合增强的块状Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8非晶合金复合材料,而且β-Ti枝晶的尺寸和数量与TiC颗粒的多少以及试样的尺寸有关.室温压缩试验表明,同单相非晶合金相比,块状Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8非晶合金复合材料提高了抗压强度及塑性.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本书阐明了板壳断裂理论的基础。论证了Reissner型板壳断裂理论的科学性、经典板壳断裂理论的缺陷及在一定范围内仍具有的实用价值;介绍了作者所创意的研究Reissner型板壳断裂纹尖端场的方法等。

目录

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

结合野外生态调查与分子标记检测,本文探讨了显性遗传标记应用于居群遗传学研究时实验与数据分析需要注意的问题,并在此基础上对中国分布的疣粒野生稻(Oryza granulata Nees et Am. ex Watt.)居群遗传多样性与居群遗传结构进行了研究。然后从metapopulation结构动态、无性系生长和物种形成等角度研究了遗传结构的空间格局与生态学、系统学因素之间的相互作用,并将研究的空间尺度从聚群内(colony)、居群内、地区内推广到地区间和整个物种水平,反映了在不同空间等级上疣粒野生稻相异的进化模式。最后,综合上述结果,提出了保护疣粒野生稻的原则和策略。结果如下: 1.根据对分布于中国云南和海南33个分布点疣粒野生稻居群所做的野外生态学调查,该物种目前在中国的30个县(市)有分布,比1978-1982年全国野生稻普查时增加了3个县市(海南通什、云南思茅和勐腊)。疣粒野生稻具有较强的耐荫和抗旱能力,在群落总盖度为90-210%范围内生长良好。它是一种典型的适应中度干扰的物种,生长于有一定干扰的斑块状生境中。疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布格局为聚集型,其居群密度较小(1.13-2.95株/m2),依靠重力下落和动物传播种子。由于对热区资源的掠夺性开发,总计有12.9%的居群已因人为干扰而灭绝,83.9%的居群处于严重的危胁之下,处于濒危状态。对疣粒野生稻的破坏在不同地区间程度不同,生境恶化和放牧是造成其居群灭绝的最主要原因,对其进行保护已经迫在眉睫。在调查的基础上,本研究建立了含该物种34个居群共1109份个体样品的总DNA库,作为易位保护的一种措施,主要用于居群遗传学和保护生物学研究。 2.利用上述总DNA库中的材料,首先采用随机扩增多态(RAPD)对几类显性标记的居群遗传结构参数进行了比较。在衡量遗传多样性水平时,多态位点比率(PPB)会低估变异的程度,其价值不如Shannon多样性指数和Nei多样性指数。在计算个体之间的遗传关系时,Mantel检测表明17种相似性系数之间存在极显著的相关性。同时,基于Φst。遗传距离的分子方差分析(AMOVA)和基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡假设的Nei氏遗传距离分析的结果间具有显著的相关性,它们都适用于对疣粒野生稻居群遗传结构进行研究,且在使用后者时应对数据进行Lynch-Milligan矫正,剔除隐性基因型(0)频率小于3/N(N为样本总数)的条带数据,以矫正显性遗传方式对变异估计偏低的影响。此外,各类遗传结构分析参数之间的高度相关性也与疣粒野生稻居群内遗传多样性低,杂合体比率较低有密切关系。 利用RAPD和inter-简单重复序列(ISSR)对来自中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品,以及海南(M5)和云南(M27)两个居群各20个植株的遗传多样性进行了检测。ISSR的实验稳定性优于RAPD,且总的来说它能检测到更多的遗传变异。前者与它在PCR反应时退火温度较高,引物.模板复合物较稳定有关;而后者则与其引物靶序列容易在细胞分裂中产生突变有关。Mantel检测结果表明,衡量样品间的遗传关系时,这两种标记的分析结果在物种水平存在极显著的相关性(r = 0.917, t = 12789),而在居群水平不相关(r < 0.200)。这不但与它们所扩增的相应基因组片断的变异方式及在居群内分辩率下降有关,同时也反映了疣粒野生稻居群内和居群间存在着不同的进化模式。 3.利用RAPD和ISSR标记,对中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品的遗传多样性进行了研究。RAPD和ISSR分别扩增出209和122条PCR条带,其中各有64.1l%(134条带)和72.95%(89条带)为多态条带。基于Jaccard系数的UPGMA分析表明,同一地区内居群的遗传变异比较小。20个居群按来源聚为云南与海南两类,其间产生了一定程度的遗传分化。这种遗传多样性分布的特点可能与其起源、分布格局、交配系统和种子散布方式有关。此外,尽管混合取样会低估一定的遗传变异能力,也不能得到关于居群内的遗传结构情况,但它仍然是一种获取遗传多样性信息的高效方法,适用于对研究材料进行日常管理和评价。 4.按照居群取样的方法,利用RAPD对来自中国云南和海南的20个疣粒野生稻居群共396个植株进行了遗传结构分析。联合ISSR,对其中5个居群初步的分析表明该物种在居群内的遗传多样性水平很低,RAPD的多态位点比率(PPB)在居群内从4.52%到13.06%;而ISSR的PPB值在居群内从7.08%-26.55%。AMOVA分析表明,对于RAPD来说,云南与海南两地区之间遗传变异的量占总变异量的73.85%,地区之内占19.45%,而居群内仅占6.70%。对于ISSR,疣粒野生稻地区间,地区内和居群内遗传变异的分布比率分别为49.26%、38.070A和12.66%。UPGMA聚类将同一居群内的个体聚为一支,并将居群按来源分为云南和海南两类。由于疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布为典型的metapopulation格局,伴随各聚群(colony)在群落次生演替过程中周转(灭绝与定植)时发生的遗传漂变、建立者效应和居群内强烈的近交是造成其居群内遗传多样性极低的主要原因。 5.利用10个ISSR标记对中国4个疣粒野生稻居群内的无性系生长与基因型遗传多样性进行了分析。在小尺度取样(个体间隔1.0-1.5m)的情况下,所有居群中均检测到明显的无性系生长现象。参与无性系生长的个体百分比在各居群中从25%-60%不等,Simpson多样性指数表明疣粒野生稻居群内的基因型多样性保持在较高水平(0.837-0.958)。尽管如此,AMOVA对居群内遗传变异进行方差剖分的结果表明参与无性生长的个体所含有的变异量平均只占总变异量的16.7%。因此,疣粒野生稻居群内遗传变异的来源主要依靠有性生殖来维持。同时,处于人为中度干扰之下的疣粒野生稻居群不但个体密度较高,其居群遗传多样性也未因此而降低。 6.在假设RAPD在同一种及其近缘种内PCR产物同源性较高的前提下,利用该技术对来自世界的23份O. granulata和O. meyeriana样品进行了遗传多样性分析和系统学研究。在物种水平,O. granulata具有非常高的遗传多样性(多态位点比率达83.54%),表明该物种进化历史中存在大规模居群瓶颈效应的可能性较小。O.gramulata与O. meyeriana各居群的遗传分化与岛屿形成导致的地理隔离之间有密切的关系。基于Nei & Li遗传相似性系数,利用Neighbor-Joining和UPGMA聚类法构建的两个系统树并不完全一致。主坐标分析(PCoA)支持NJ法的结果:来自O.meyeriana的两个样品倾向于聚为一类,并获得bootstrap分析的支持,但它们的遗传变异范围并未超出O. granulata。因此,我们的结果支持将这两个种进行归并。 7.由于疣粒野生稻在物种水平的遗传多样性非常高,变异主要存在于各地区之间,因此要最大程度地维持该物种遗传多样性,使之不发生遗传侵蚀意味着保护应该针对整个物种的分布区进行。对于分布于中国的居群来说,一方面由于变异主要存在于云南和海南两地区之间,另一方面由于地区内和居群内的遗传多样性相对较低,因此,云南和海南应做为中国保护该物种的两个中心。此外,由于一定程度的人为干扰有利于为该物种创造适宜生境,增加其居群密度,且不会致使遗传变异能力下降,因此在实施就地保护时应充分考虑将其与当地的经济开发项目相结合,达到自然保护与地方经济可持续发展的目的。

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Cetaceans produce sound signals frequently. Usually, acoustic localization of cetaceans was made by cable hydrophone arrays and multichannel recording systems. In this study, a simple and relatively inexpensive towed acoustic system consisting of two miniature stereo acoustic data-loggers is described for localization and tracking of finless porpoises in a mobile survey. Among 204 porpoises detected acoustically, 34 individuals (similar to 17%) were localized, and 4 of the 34 localized individuals were tracked. The accuracy of the localization is considered to be fairly high, as the upper bounds of relative distance errors were less than 41% within 173 m. With the location information, source levels of finless porpoise clicks were estimated to range from 180 to 209 dB re 1 mu Pa pp at 1 m with an average of 197 dB (N=34), which is over 20 dB higher than that estimated previously from animals in enclosed waters. For the four tracked porpoises, two-dimensional swimming trajectories relative to the moving survey boat, absolute swimming speed, and absolute heading direction are deduced by assuming the animal movements are straight and at constant speed in the segment between two consecutive locations.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of halogenated organic brominated flame retardants. Because of their presence in abiotic and biotic environments widely and their structural similarity to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), concern has been raised on their possible adverse health effects to humans. This study was designed to determine the anti-proliferative, apoptotic properties of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209), using a human hepatoma Hep G2 line as a model system. Hep G2 cells were cultured in the presence of PBDE-209 at various concentrations (1.0-100.0 mu mol/L) for 72 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that PBDE-209 inhibited the cells viability in time and concentration-dependent characteristics at concentrations (10.0-100.0 mu mol/L). We found that anti-proliferative effect of PBDE-209 was associated with apoptosis on Hep G2 cells by determinations of morphological changes, cell cycle and apoptosis. Mechanism study showed that PBDE-209 could increase the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration-dependently. Antioxidant N-acetylcyteine partially inhibited the increase of ROS. The mechanism for its hepatoma-inhibitory effects was the induction of cellular apoptosis through ROS generation. In addition, activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased when the cells incubated with PBDE-209 at various concentrations and times. These results suggested that PBDE-209 had the toxicity activity of anti-proliferation and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A short wavelength (lambda similar or equal to 3.5 mu m) strain-compensated InxGa(1-x)As/InyAl(1-y)As quantum cascade laser is reported. Quasi-continuous wave operation of this device at 34 degrees C with an output power of 11.4mW persisted for more than 30 minutes without obvious degradation. A very low threshold current density of 1.2KA/cm(2) at this temperature was observed.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

利用能量为 90— 1 0 5MeV的16 O束流 ,通过197Au( 16 O ,4n)反应研究了2 0 9 Fr的高自旋态能级结构 .进行了γ射线的激发函数、γ γ延迟符合及γ射线的角分布测量 .首次建立了由 2 1条γ射线构成的2 0 9Fr的能级纲图 ,其中包括一个半寿命为 ( 52± 2 0 )ns的同质异能态 .基于2 0 9Fr与2 0 8Rn低位能级结构的相似性 ,用一个h9/ 2 价质子与2 0 8Rn激发态的弱耦合解释了2 0 9Fr的低位能级结构 .

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Single-neutron-transfer measurements using (p,d) reactions have been performed at 33 MeV per nucleon with proton-rich Ar-34 and neutron-rich Ar-46 beams in inverse kinematics. The extracted spectroscopic factors are compared to the large-basis shell-model calculations. Relatively weak quenching of the spectroscopic factors is observed between Ar-34 and Ar-46. The experimental results suggest that neutron correlations have a weak dependence on the asymmetry of the nucleus over this isotopic region. The present results are consistent with the systematics established from extensive studies of spectroscopic factors and dispersive optical-model analyses of Ca40-49 isotopes. They are, however, inconsistent with the trends obtained in knockout-reaction measurements.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

用47MeV/u12C离子轰击天然铋靶,通过炮弹和靶核之间的核子转移反应产生Au同位素。使用放射化学方法从大量Bi和复杂反应产物中分离、纯化Au,并制备Au的γ射线测量源。使用HPGe探测器测量放射性Au同位素的γ活性。根据照射结束时Au同位素的活度和其他相关数据,确定每个Au同位素的产生截面。分析发现,缺中子Au同位素的产生截面与Qgg值之间不遵从指数依赖关系,这可用重离子碰撞中的次级过程加以解释。

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本论文的工作:利用两体裂变角关联技术,辅之以飞行时间测量,测定了47MeV/u的~(12)C轰击~(197)Au和~(209)Bi靶中心碰撞对应的线性动量转移(LMT),得到了关联裂片出射的共面歧离分布,同时还发现了关联角很小且共面歧离很大的裂变事件,并得到了其相对速度分布。从测到的LMT分布中,得到中心碰撞对应的最可几线性动量转移约占入射动量的65%,相应于单核子线性动量转移约为192MeV/c.A,进而还估算出了所形成热核的激发能上限。在对关联裂片出射的共面歧离效应研究中,发现了共面歧离宽度是热核激发能的较好量度之一。并给出了共面歧离宽度跟热核单核子激发能的经验关系;还用简化的裂片级联蒸发模型估算了蒸发中子、质子和α粒子的平均多重性