Mixed-mode fracture mechanisms near the fatigue threshold of aisi-316 stainless-steel

Near threshold, mixed mode (I and II), fatigue crack growth occurs mainly by two mechanisms, coplanar (or shear) mode and branch (or tensile) mode. For a constant ratio of ΔK_I/ΔK_II the shear mode growth shows a self-arrest character and it would only start again when ΔK_I and ΔK_II are increased. Both shear crack growth and the early stages of tensile crack growth, are of a crystallographic nature; the fatigue crack proceeds along slip planes or grain boundaries. The appearance of the fracture surfaces suggest that the mechanism of crack extension is by developing slip band microcracks which join up to form a macrocrack. This process is thought to be assisted by the nature of the plastic deformation within the reversed plastic zone where high back stresses are set up by dislocation pile-ups against grain boundaries. The interaction of the crack tip stress field with that of the dislocation pile-ups leads to the formation of slip band microcracks and subsequent crack extension. The change from shear mode to tensile mode growth probably occurs when the maximum tensile stress and the microcrack density in the maximum tensile plane direction attain critical values.

含源扩散方程的一种高精度差分方法(Ⅱ)

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反应烧结Si_3 N_4陶瓷断裂韧性的实验研究

本文对反应烧结氦化硅 Si_3N_4陶瓷的断裂韧性进行实验研究,用三种不同试件进行了测试,这三种试件是:山形切口双悬臂粱试件,山形切口三点弯曲梁试件和直穿透切口三点弯曲梁试件.用有限元方法分析了直穿透切口三点弯曲梁切口宽度对应力强度因子的影响,结合断裂载荷测定值估算了材料的断裂韧性值,指出直切口无预制裂纹试件的测定值必须用有限元法进行修正才能得到正确结果.

线性迭代算法基本定理

<正> 我们考虑非定线性方程组:Ax=b。 定理1 线性迭代法x~(k+1)=Sx~k+d,k=1,2,…对任意初值x~0都收敛的充要条件是: (1) x=Sx+d有解。

波射入等离子体的方式对波加热的影响

本文讨论了电子回旋波加热托卡马克等离子体问题,指出在考虑波加热时,除了要计算寻常波和非常波在等离子体内部的吸收效率外,还应计算入射电磁波从真空投射到磁化等离子休表面时,在边界处分裂成寻常波和非常波的能量分配。 数值计算结果表明,在入射角θ_i较小的情况下,当入射波的电场E~i平行入射平面时,入射波的能量主要转移为寻常波的能量,此时,寻常波的加热是有效的.当E~i垂直入射平面时,入射波的能量主要转移为非常波的能量,此时非常波的加热才是有效的。

E8410冲击波肾碎石治疗机临床前实验研究

本文扼要介绍了E8410冲击波肾碎石机工作原理和主要特性。动物实验采用人肾石标本植入法制备18只狗肾石模型,冲击治疗均获成功,动物健康存活。系统医学安全试验证明冲击治疗安全可靠。临床前实验报告了心电防护、提高冲击命中率的措施和正常人受试情况。

纤维增强层合板在单双面压缩下屈曲的优化设计

<正> 1979年,日本宇航研究所的Hirano发表了一篇纤维增强层合板铺层角度优化的研究论文。他把与x轴成α_k和—α_k(k表示某一层)方向所铺设的纤维同种、数目相等、基体同一的一个层片定义为一个单层。各个单层之间可以不完全满足单层所定义的条件,这样就考虑到了由N个单层迭合起来的层合板沿厚度方向异质的情况。同时,他还限定各个单层厚度是相等的。每个单层可以取任意的角度。给出层合板的层数,寻求一组铺层角度——各个单层的角度,使临界载荷值最大。由于与迭代起始值有关,他一般是给出8种起始值,然后再从8组结果中挑选临界载荷最大者为最优铺层角度。

Fatigue crack-growth from a circular notch under high-levels of biaxial stress

A series of experiments have been conducted on cruciform specimens to investigate fatigue crack growth from circular notches under high levels of biaxial stress. Two stress levels (Δσ₁= 380 and 560 MPa) and five stress biaxialities (λ=+1.0, +0.5, 0, −0.5 and −1.0; where λ=σ₂/σ₁ were adopted in the fatigue tests in type 316 stainless steel having a monotonic yield strength of 243 MPa. The results reveal that fatigue crack growth rates are markedly influenced by both the stress amplitude and the stress biaxiality. A modified model has been developed to describe fatigue crack growth under high levels of biaxial stress.

第十四届国际材料强度大会简介

2006年6月5—9日，第十四届国际材料强度大会（14th International Conferenceon the Strength of Materials，IC-SMA14）在西安古都新世界大酒店举行，会议正式代表322人（其中境外代表200多人），这是该系列国际材料强度大会第一次在中国举办．大会由中国国家自然科学基金委员会、国家教育部、中国材料研究学会、西安交通大学、中国科学院沈阳金属研究所和西安市科技局等单位共同支持．大会主席为J．L．Martin教授，会议组织委员会主席由西安交通大学的孙军教授与中国科学院金属研究所的李守新研究员共同担任．

两层流体热毛细对流空间实验研究

1999年，在我国实践5号卫星上完成了两层流体空间实验，实验研究两层不相混合流体的纯Marangoni对流（温度梯度与界面垂直）与热毛细对流（温度梯度方向与流体界面平行）。前者存在发生Marangoni对流的最小临界温差值ΔTc，低于该值流体系统处于静止状态；后者中只要存在沿界面的温度梯度便会产生热毛细对流。空间实验采用石蜡和氟化 液两层流体新体系，实现了平整的液－液交界面，并从卫星上传回上万幅数字图像 。通过多幅图像叠加处理得到了定量的流速场。数值模拟计算分析了相应工况时对流流动的速度场，两者的流场结构和速度大小基本一致，实验验证了理论模型。

应用圆二色光谱研究交变应力对烟草细胞膜蛋白结构的影响

采用该实验室研制的强声波发生装置来产生交变应力场，研究了不同强度和频率的交变应力场作用后烟草细胞膜蛋白结构的变化。从细胞和分子水平研究交变应力对植物生长、发育的影响及其作用机制。

YAG激光毛化技术进展

二十世纪八十年代，当比利时冶金研究中心(CRM)开发出CO_2激光毛化冷轧辊技术后，尝试用YAG激光进行轧辊毛化一直吸引着众多的研究者，这是因为YAG(1.06μm)激光波长比CO_2(10.6μm)激光波长短一个量级，材料对YAG激光有更高的吸收率，并用YAG激光可以聚焦到更小的光斑尺寸，同时使用电信号驱动的声光开关技术便于对毛化分布进行可设定控制。但是用传统声光调制的YAG激光虽然可以碇以很高的脉冲频率(>30kHz)，但单脉冲有量仅为10mJ左右，难以达到辊面毛化粗糙度的要求，因此人们认为YAG激光用于毛化的主要困难是脉冲能量太小。

Development of a Cell Size Relaxed Scheme for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method

The conventional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has a strong restriction on the cell size because simulated particles are selected randomly within the cell for collisions. Cells with size larger than the molecular mean free path are generally not allowed in correct DSMC simulations. However, the cell-size induced numerical error can be controlled if the gradients of flow properties are properly involved during collisions. In this study, a large cell DSMC scheme is proposed to relax the cell size restriction. The scheme is applied to simulate several test problems and promising results are obtained even when the cell size is greater than 10 mean free paths of gas molecules. However, it is still necessary, of course, that the cell size be small with respect to the flow field structures that must be resolved.

Negative refractive index in a four-level atomic system

We propose a scheme for realizing negative refractive index in a four-level atomic system. It is shown that such a system can simultaneously exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability in an optical frequency range. Furthermore, by analysing the dispersion property of the left-handed material, we find that the probe beam can be controlled from superluminal to subluminal or vice versa via choosing appropriate parameters.