洞穴碳酸盐^230Th-^234U-^238U测年初始钍校正的等时线研究

IEECAS SKLLQG

Radiation-use efficiency and the harvest index of winter wheat at different nitrogen levels and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance

Radiation-use efficiency (RUE, g/MJ) and the harvest index (HI, unitless) are two helpful characteristics in interpreting crop response to environmental and climatic changes. They are also increasingly important for accurate crop yield simulation, but they are affected by various environmental factors. In this study, the RUE and HI of winter wheat and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance were investigated based on the massive field measurements of five nitrogen (N) treatments. Crop production can be separated into light interception and RUE. The results indicated that during a long period of slow growth from emergence to regreening, the effect of N on crop production mainly showed up in an increased light interception by the canopy. During the period of rapid growth from regreening to maturity, it was present in both light interception and RUE. The temporal variations of RUEAPAR (aboveground biomass produced per unit of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) during the period from regreening to maturity had different patterns corresponding to the N deficiency, N adequacy and N-excess conditions. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the RUEAPAR and the accumulative normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the integrated season (R-2 = 0.68), between the HI and the accumulative NDVI after anthesis (R-2 = 0.89), and between the RUEgrain (ratio of grain yield to the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) and the accumulative NDVI of the whole season (R-2 = 0.89) and that after anthesis (R-2 = 0.94). It suggested that canopy spectral reflectance has the potential to reveal the spatial information of the RUEAPAR, HI and RUEgrain. It is hoped that this information will be useful in improving the accuracy of crop yield simulation in large areas.

Metasomatism of the peridotites from southern Mariana fore-arc: Trace element characteristics of clinopyroxene and amphibole

Modal composition and mineral composition of harzburgites from the southern Mariana fore-arc show that they are highly refractory. There are a few modals of clinopyroxene (0.7 vol %) in harzburgites. Two types of amphibole are found in these harzburgites: magnesiohornblende accompanied by clinopyroxene with higher Al2O3 content (> 7%) and lower Mg-#; tremolite around orthopyroxene with lower Al2O3 content (< 2%) and higher Mg-#. Trace element of clinopyroxene and two types of amphibole are analyzed. Primitive mantle-normalised REE patterns for clinopyroxene and magnesio hornblende are very similar and both show HREE enrichment relative to LREE, while magnesiohornblende has higher content of trace element than clinopyroxene. The contents of trace element of tremolite are much lower than those of magnesiohornblende. Clinopyroxene shows enrichment of most of the trace element except HREE and Ti relative to clinopyroxene in abyssal peridotites. Petrology and trace element characteristic of clinopyroxene and two types of amphibole indicate that southern Mariana fore-arc harzburgites underwent two stages of metasomatism. The percolation of a hydrous melt led to mobility of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, and large amounts of trace element. LILE and LREE can be more active in hydrous melt than HREE and Ti, and the activities of most of the trace element except some of LILE are influenced by temperature and pressure.

Periodical mixing of MORB magmas near East Pacific Rise 13N: evidence from modeling and zoned plagioclase phenocrysts

Thirty-six basalt samples from near East Pacific Rise 13N are analyzed for major and trace elements. Different types of zoned plagioclase phenocrysts in basalts are also backscatter imaged, and major element profiles scanned and analyzed for microprobe. Basalts dredged from a restricted area have evolved to different extents (MgO=9.38wt%-6.76wt%). High MgO basalts are modeled for crystallization to MgO of about 7wt%, and resulted in the Ni contents (28 ppm) that are generally lower than that in observed basalts (> 60 ppm). It suggests that low MgO basalts may have experienced more intensive magma mixing. High MgO (9.38wt%) basalt is modeled for self-"mixing-crystallization", and the high Ni contents in low MgO basalts can be generated in small scale and periodical self-mixing of new magma (high MgO). "Mixing-crystallization" processes that low MgO magmas experienced accord with recent 226Ra/230Th disequilibria studies for magma residence time, in which low MgO magmas have experienced more circles of "mixing-crystallization" in relatively longer residence time. Magma mixing is not homogeneous in magma chamber, however, low MgO magmas are closer to stable composition produced by periodical "mixing-crystallization", which is also an important reason for magma diversity in East Pacific Rise. Zoned plagioclase phenocrysts can be divided into two types: with and without high An# cores, both of which have multiple reversed An# zones, suggesting periodical mixing of their host magmas. Cores of zoned plagioclase in low MgO (7.45wt%) basalt differ significantly with their mantle in An#, but are similar in An# with microlite cores (products of equilibrium crystallization) in high MgO (9.38wt%) basalt, which further shows that plagioclase phenocryst cores in low MgO basalts may have formed in their parental magmas before entering into the magma chamber.

石笋微层序列的断代和信号研究

Based on chronological and climatologic analysis of many young stalagmites in Shihua Cave at Beijing and Water Cave in Benxi, Liaoning Province, this dissertation aims to discuss some key points on quantitative reconstruction of high resolution climate change from micro bands time series in young stalagmites. On chronological aspect of micro bands time series in young stalagmite, the uppermost micro bands were testified formed in the sampling year or the year before sampling from long term and in situ experiment in Shihua Cave at Beijing. Have been observed detailed under microscope, the micro bands were counted and compared with high resolution TIMS-230Th or ICP-MS U series dating, the results show that the micro bands are annual bands. The microscopic characteristics of annual bands in North China is as follows after studying lots of young stalagmites: the interface appears to be carved, and there is a light line adjacent to it, which moves back and forth slightly when adjusting the microscope slide. The cross dating of annual bands from different stalagmites is experimented in this thesis. On climatologically aspect of micro bands times series in young stalagmites, one significant problem is that the deposition trend resulting from the variation of the stalagmite shape. Various deposition trends have been discussed and corrected before climatologically analysis of micro bands series. And the whole year in situ observation and analysis of dripping water in Shihua Cave provide us new evidence for climate information reserved in stalagmites micro bands. The stalagmites in the same cave may contain different climate information due to the micro hydrological condition. The annual bands of young stalagmites collected from North China can be used to reconstruct past climate changes quantitatively. The warm season temperature (May, June, July, August) is reconstructed using two annual bands time series from Shihua Cave, Beijing, which corresponds to the warm/cool periods very well in Chinese history documents. The precipitation record of past 500 years is reconstructed using two stalagmite annual bands series from Shihua Cave, which is consistent to the dryness/wetness records derived from historical documents too.

东海和冲绳沉积物中自生铀蓄积过程及控制机理

采用同位素稀释ICP—MS测定法，对中国东海陆架及日本冲绳海槽的6个沉积物芯中U和Th的同位素地球化学行为进行了研究，以了解氧化还原敏感元素U在近海次氧化性沉积物中的蓄积行为，并评价其在全球海洋铀平衡中的意义。东海沉积物芯中，^238U浓度及^238U／^232Th比值随深度变化不明显。但是在冲绳海槽沉积物芯中，^238U浓度及^238U／^232Th比值在沉积芯表层氧化带显示较低值，然后在次氧化层随深度增加而增加。^230Th和^232Th浓度在所有沉积物芯中基本不随深度变化。这些结果说明，冲绳沉积物中有“自生铀”的蓄积过程发生，蓄积速率约为（47±5）-（90±8）ng／（cm^2·a），与文献报道的世界其他海域次氧化性沉积区大致相当。进一步证明了U在近海次氧化性沉积区的蓄积对于全球海洋铀平衡有重要意义。“自生铀”的主要蓄积机制是海水U（Ⅵ）向沉积物迁移，在还原条件下被还原为惰性的U（Ⅳ）并被吸附在沉积物固体相上。

碳酸盐岩风化过程中的U－Th不平衡研究－以黔中、黔北为例

为了进一步获得贵州碳酸盐岩风化成土过程的信息，为测定风化成土速率的研究工作奠定基础，本次研究工作通过U－Th的地球化学特征与主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学特征的对比研究以及U－Th不平衡来研究贵州两个碳酸盐岩风化剖面的风化成土过程，并得出以下总体认识： 贵州碳酸盐岩风化剖面中的238U－234U－230Th不平衡说明风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。风化剖面不仅被简单的持续积累或者滤失过程所控制，而且被每一个土层中的复杂的重组过程所影响。U－Th不平衡也说明风化系统的扰动可能与中更新世晚期的气候变化有关。风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡是由母岩碳酸盐岩的风化、风化流体的溶解作用、表土层中的有机质、铁质结核带中的氧化铁矿物以及伊利石、高岭石等粘土矿物对U、Th的吸附作用、α反冲作用以及微生物的还原作用等共同作用的结果。 具体结论如下： （1）两个风化剖面中的U、Th都在半风化层中相对基岩强烈富集，安顺白云岩风化剖面中U、Th在全风化层中下部富集；而遵义石灰岩风化剖面中的U在全风化层中部富集，Th在全风化层上部富集，然后向表土层逐渐减少。 （2）U、Th在半风化层中相对基岩强烈富集，是因为在半风化层中，基岩中的原生矿物发生溶解、蚀变，生成新的次生粘土矿物伊利石，而伊利石对U、Th具有强烈的吸附能力。风化剖面中U、Th的富集主要与地表水的淋滤作用以及铁壳在进一步的风化过程中溶解释放出其中所富集的U、Th，而U、Th向下重新迁移的过程有关。 （3）风化剖面中U、Th的分布特征说明U、Th的含量与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中的矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。遵义石灰岩风化剖面中U、Th的淋失程度比安顺白云岩风化剖面中U、Th的淋失程度弱也说明了遵义石灰岩风化剖面的风化程度要低于安顺白云岩风化剖面的风化程度。 （4）安顺白云岩风化剖面中，234U/238U在<1和＞1之间交替变化。除在剖面中部，230Th/238U≈1外，230Th/238U基本上都＞1。 （5）安顺白云岩风化剖面中的238U －234U－230Th不平衡表明：安顺白云岩风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡是母岩碳酸盐岩的风化、风化流体的溶解作用、表土层中的有机质、铁质结核带中的氧化铁矿物以及伊利石、高岭石等粘土矿物对234U、230Th的吸附作用、α反冲作用以及微生物的还原作用等共同作用的结果。 （6）遵义石灰岩风化剖面中234U/238U除少数几个点外，大多数采样点的234U/238U都＜1。除了少数几个点外，大部分230Th/238U＞1。 （7）遵义石灰岩风化剖面中的238U －234U－230Th不平衡表明：234U－238U不平衡主要是由地表水和入渗水的溶解作用以及α反冲作用为主要的控制机制。而风化剖面中230Th－238U不平衡主要是由表土层中的有机质、高岭石、氧化铁矿物以及伊利石对230Th吸附作用和α反冲作用共同作用的结果。 （8）将U的迁移模型应用于本研究中的两个碳酸盐岩风化剖面，说明这两个风化剖面都被U的近期积累或者滤失过程所影响，风化系统处于过渡的不稳定状态，并通过U在风化剖面中的重新迁移将系统带回稳定状态。 （9）由等时线定年法计算出的安顺白云岩风化剖面的年龄范围为：87.0±7.8－479.2±47.9ka；遵义石灰岩风化剖面的年龄范围为：62.3±8.7－353.3±31.8ka。 （10）由等时线定年法可知：两个风化系统将在～1.1Ma达到稳定状态。 （11）碳酸盐岩风化剖面应用U的迁移模型得出的U的迁移过程与风化剖面中主量元素和微量元素的迁移特征相吻合，说明模型的选择是正确的。 （12）整个风化剖面的238U－234U－230Th不平衡说明风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。风化系统的扰动可能与中更新世晚期的气候变化有关。碳酸盐岩风化剖面被U的近期迁移过程所影响，风化剖面中的每一个单元甚至每一个土样都具有复杂的历史。这些单元或者土样是古老的风化历史和近期的重新迁移过程的叠加。