南海上层海洋变异分析及海表温度统计学可预报性试验

气候变化和异常是当今地球科学研究的重大课题之一，与人类的生存、发展密切相关。南海作为我国最大的边缘海, 位于夏季风气流上游, 同时，作为热带太平洋的边缘海，具有显著的年际变异特征。近年来，随着卫星资料的积累和产品化使得我们有机会对南海的上层海洋要素进行全面的直接的观察，并进行南海气候异常变异及其可预报性的研究。 本文的研究内容就是利用近年来卫星资料产品，对南海主要海面要素，包括海面风场（SW）、表层温度场（SST）、海面高度场（SSH）的气候变化趋势以及南海表层温度变异的可预测性进行细致的探讨，并且利用较新的分析方法对南海上层海洋要素在近年来的非线性变异特点进行了分析。主要工作包括： 1. 采用南海卫星高度计及具有高精度模式输出结果通过联合经验正交函数分解（EOF）得到空间分辨率为1/3°×1/3°的南海绝对动力地形及地转流的季节变化（1－12个月）。从地转流场可以看到南海内部的表层流场主要有3种流系：西边界流、离岸流及南海多涡涡旋结构。 2. 通过南海海表大气和海洋要素（SW、风应力、SST、SSH）的气候变化趋势分析计算得到南海SST平均增暖0.5K/decade，海面高度升高6.7cm/decade，表层风场东分量和北分量的变化趋势分别为0.5m/s/decade、-0.04m/s/decade。其中南海SST增暖趋势和海面抬升速率远大于全球增暖和海面抬升速率。 3. 对南海SW、SSH和SST的异常场的EOF分析揭示南海SW、SSH及SST的年际尺度变化均表现出与ENSO变异现象一定的相关性：其中南海SW的第一模态特征表现为海盆尺度的反气旋，是西太平洋反气旋的最西南的一部分。对应的时间系数函数（TCF）滞后Nino3.4指数3个月，相关系数较高为0.90。南海SW的第二模态特征表现为均一化的西南风，TCF与印度洋偶极子（IOD）指数有一定相关性：TCF超前IOD指数4个月，相关系数达到0.58,表明南海SW第二模态似乎可以用来作印度洋偶极子现象的一个前兆。南海SSH的EOF第一模态特征为沿着南海东边界低水位，对应的TCF滞后Nino3.4指数2个月时间，二者相关系数为0.94；南海SST的EOF第一模态特征表现为整个海盆的增暖，对应的TCF与滞后Nino3.4指数8个月，相关系数等于0.62。 4. 基于典型相关分析（CCA），利用南海SSTA滞后热带太平洋Nino指数及印度洋IOD指数的关系建立南海SSTA的统计预报模式。通过对南海SSTA后报试验（1993/1994-2004年10月）与持续性预报值的预报效果进行比较分析，表明基于CCA统计方法对南海SSTA后期预报在预报时效超过3个月以上时具有更好的稳定性，提前1～12个月的后期预报水平平均值为0.60左右，误差均方根大约0.2个标准差。综合热带太平洋Nino指数为预报因子作南海SSTA统计预报的平均水平为0.55左右，亦具有较好的稳定性。 5. 基于前馈型神经网络，对南海近年的表层要素场（SW、SSH、SST）作非线性EOF分析。其中非线性EOF第一模态方差贡献与线性EOF相比均相应提高：海面风场、海面高度场的非线性作用较强，非线性EOF第一模态对变量场的方差贡献与线性EOF方法相比分别从54.75%提高到67.26%和50.43%提高至60.24%，非线性曲率强的空间范围占据绝大部分南海海域；相比较而言，南海SSTA场的非线性EOF第一模态的方差贡献提高不明显,非线性特征明显的区域仅在南海北部和南部靠近大陆的海区。对南海SSTA场1982-2003年时间长度的数据进行非线性与线性EOF分析比较，发现南海SSTA在近20年的非线性EOF分析中得到的非线性特征更不明显，表明与前10年相比，南海近10年的南海SSTA场的非线性成分有所增强。

Influence of Surface Stress on Frequency of Microcantilever-Based Biosensors (vol 10, pg 307, 2004)

Microcantilever-based biosensors have been found increasing applications in physical, chemical, and biological fields in recent years. When biosensors are used in those fields, surface stress and mass variations due to bio-molecular binding can cause the microcantilever deform or the shift of frequency. These simple biosensors allow biologists to study surface biochemistry on a micro or nano scale and offer new opportunities in developing microscopic biomedical analysis with unique characteristics. To compare and illustrate the influence of the surface stress on the frequency and avoid unnecessary and complicated numerical solution of the resonance frequency, some dimensionless numbers are derived in this paper by making governing equations dimensionless. Meanwhile, in order to analyze the influence of the general surface stress on the frequency, a new model is put forward, and the frequency of the microcantilever is calculated by using the subspace iteration method and the Rayleigh method. The sensitivity of microcantilever is also discussed. (19 refs.)

中国科学院力学研究所2004年科研工作总结与思考

2004年，力学所以国家科技中长期规划和中国科学院中长期科技发展规划的制定为牵引，以筹划进入中科院院“三期”创新、争取承担“十一丑，国家和中科院重大科研项目为动力，持续、多层面地进行了研究所发展规划的论证．在此基础上提出了发展蓝图，即6个主要的学科方向（微重力科学和空间技术、高温气体动力学与跨大气层飞行、微尺度力学与微系统、工艺力学与材料设计、海洋与环境工程、生物力学与生物工程），4个科研平台（微重力科学平台、高超声速飞行技术平台、微／跨尺度力学平台、海洋工程研究平台）包含的基本科学问题是复杂介质和极端条件下的力学行为． 2004年，力学所成功主办了以“第24届世界激波大会”、“第六届世界计算力学大会”（联合）为代表的3次大型国际会议；郑哲敏院士当选工UTAM执委．这是力学所不断提升和国内外学术交流的深入和广泛程度的具体体现．

近场地震动格林函数的解析法与数值法对比研究

分析了在均匀弹性介质中,分别用解析方法和三维波动有限元数值方法计算无限全空间近场地震动的格林函数的理论与方法。将震源处理分为:(1)计算单一位错点源单位脉冲引起的格林函数;(2)用有限断层模型将断面划分为若干子源并有时间延迟,叠加所有子源的格林函数。本文以1994年美国北岭地震为例,用解析法和数值方法分别计算了LV3、PCD、MCN三个场地的格林函数,并进行了对比分析。

Oscillatory Instability of Rayleigh-Marangoni-Benard Convection in Two-Layer System

The convective instabilities in two or more superposed layers heated from below were studied extensively by many scientists due to several interfacial phenomena in nature and crystal growth application. Most works of them were performed mainly on the instability behaviors induced only by buoyancy force, especially on the oscillatory behavior at onset of convection (see Gershuni et. Al.(1982), Renardy et. Al. (1985,2000), Rasenat et. Al. (1989), and Colinet et. Al.(1994)) . But the unstable situations of multi-layer liquid convection will become more complicated and interesting while considering at the same time the buoyancy effect combined with thermocapillary effect. This is the case in the gravity reduced field or thin liquid layer where the thermocapillary effect is as important as buoyancy effect. The objective of this study was to investigate theoretically the interaction between Rayleigh-Bénard instability and pure Marangoni instability in a two-layer system, and more attention focus on the oscillatory instability both at the onset of convection and with increasing supercriticality. Oscillatory behavious of Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convective instability (R-M-B instability) and flow patterns are presented in the two-layer system of Silicon Oil (10cSt) over Fluorinert (FC70) for a larger various range of two-layer depth ratios (Hr=Hupper/Hdown) from 0.2 to 5.0. Both linear instability analysis and 2D numerical simulation (A=L/H=10) show that the instability of the system depends strongly on the depth ratio of two-layer liquids. The oscillatory instability regime at the onset of R-M-B convection are found theoretically in different regions of layer thickness ratio for different two-layer depth H=12,6,4,3mm. The neutral stability curve of the system displaces to right while we consider the Marangoni effect at the interface in comparison with the Rayleigh-Bénard instability of the system without the Marangoni effect (Ma=0). The numerical results show different regimes of the developing of convection in the two-layer system for different thickness ratios and some differences at the onset of pure Marangoni convection and the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convections in two-layer liquids. Both traveling wave and standing wave were detected in the oscillatory instability regime due to the competition between Rayleigh-Bénard instability and Marangoni effect. The mechanism of the standing wave formation in the system is presented numerically in this paper. The oscillating standing wave results in the competition of the intermediate Marangoni cell and the Rayleigh convective rolls. In the two-layer system of 47v2 silicone oil over water, a transition form the steady instability to the oscillatory instability of the Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard Convection was found numerically above the onset of convection for ε=0.9 and Hr=0.5. We propose that this oscillatory mechanism is possible to explain the experimental observation of Degen et. Al.(1998). Experimental work in comparison with our theoretical findings on the two-layer Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convection with thinner depth for H<6mm will be carried out in the near future, and more attention will be paid to new oscillatory instability regimes possible in the influence of thermocapillary effects on the competition of two-layer liquids

丝绸之路上的古代玻璃研究: 2004年乌鲁木齐中国北方古玻璃研讨会和2005年上海国际玻璃考古研讨会论文集

本书首次系统地介绍了中国古代玻璃技术的起源和发展以及对外传播,并汇集了丰富的中外专家对北方(沙漠)丝绸之路,特别是新疆地区(古称西域)古代玻璃的出土历史和背景、外观特征和化学成分的研究结果,系统介绍了丝绸之路对中国古代玻璃技术和艺术发展的影响。

鱼用核酸疫苗研究进展

国家自然科学基金(No .30 1 30 1 50 ); 国家杰出青年科学基金 (No .30 0 2 50 35); 中国科学院知识创新工程方向性项目 (KSCX2 SW 30 2 )资助

REDESCRIPTION AND SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF NEOCAPILLARIA PHOXINI YU ET WANG, 1994 (NEMATODA: CAPILLARIIDAE)

Re-examination of the syntypes of the capillariid nematode Neocapillaria phoxini Yu et Wang, 1994, the type species of Neocapillaria Yu et Wang, 1994, described from the intestine of the freshwater fish Phoxinus lagowskii variegatus Gunther (Cyprinidae) from China, confirmed its morphological similarity with species of Freitascapillaria Moravec, 1987, to which it is transferred as Freitascapillaria phoxini (Yu et Wang, 1994) comb. n. Consequently, Neocapillaria Yu et Wang, 1994 (a homonym to Neocapillaria Moravec, 1987) and Sinocapillaria Moravec et Spratt, 1998 become junior synonyms of Freitascapillaria. Skrjabinocapillaria gigantea is transferred to Freitascapillaria as F. gigantea (Wang, 1984) comb. n.

Solar UV radiation drives CO2 fixation in marine phytoplankton: A double-edged sword

Photosynthesis by phytoplankton cells in aquatic environments contributes to more than 40% of the global primary production (Behrenfeld et al., 2006). Within the euphotic zone (down to 1% of surface photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]), cells are exposed not only to PAR (400-700 nm) but also to UV radiation (UVR; 280-400 nm) that can penetrate to considerable depths (Hargreaves, 2003). In contrast to PAR, which is energizing to photosynthesis, UVR is usually regarded as a stressor (Hader, 2003) and suggested to affect CO2-concentrating mechanisms in phytoplankton (Beardall et al., 2002). Solar UVR is known to reduce photosynthetic rates (Steemann Nielsen, 1964; Helbling et al., 2003), and damage cellular components such as D1 proteins (Sass et al., 1997) and DNA molecules (Buma et al., 2003). It can also decrease the growth (Villafane et al., 2003) and alter the rate of nutrient uptake (Fauchot et al., 2000) and the fatty acid composition (Goes et al., 1994) of phytoplankton. Recently, it has been found that natural levels of UVR can alter the morphology of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Wu et al., 2005b). On the other hand, positive effects of UVR, especially of UV- A (315-400 nm), have also been reported. UV- A enhances carbon fixation of phytoplankton under reduced (Nilawati et al., 1997; Barbieri et al., 2002) or fast-fluctuating (Helbling et al., 2003) solar irradiance and allows photorepair of UV- B-induced DNA damage (Buma et al., 2003). Furthermore, the presence of UV-A resulted in higher biomass production of A. platensis as compared to that under PAR alone (Wu et al., 2005a). Energy of UVR absorbed by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was found to cause fluorescence (Orellana et al., 2004). In addition, fluorescent pigments in corals and their algal symbiont are known to absorb UVR and play positive roles for the symbiotic photosynthesis and photoprotection (Schlichter et al., 1986; Salih et al., 2000). However, despite the positive effects that solar UVR may have on aquatic photosynthetic organisms, there is no direct evidence to what extent and howUVR per se is utilized by phytoplankton. In addition, estimations of aquatic biological production have been carried out in incubations considering only PAR (i. e. using UV-opaque vials made of glass or polycarbonate; Donk et al., 2001) without UVR being considered (Hein and Sand-Jensen, 1997; Schippers and Lurling, 2004). Here, we have found that UVR can act as an additional source of energy for photosynthesis in tropical marine phytoplankton, though it occasionally causes photoinhibition at high PAR levels. While UVR is usually thought of as damaging, our results indicate that UVR can enhance primary production of phytoplankton. Therefore, oceanic carbon fixation estimates may be underestimated by a large percentage if UVR is not taken into account.

Upconversion emission of a Er3+-doped glass microsphere under 633 nm excitation (vol 35, pg 353, 2004)