Collective evolution characteristics and computer simulation of short fatigue cracks

Fatigue testing was conducted using a kind of triangular isostress specimen to obtain the short-fatigue-crack behaviour of a weld low-carbon steel. The experimental results show that short cracks continuously initiate at slip bands within ferrite grain domains and the crack number per unit area gradually increases with increasing number of fatigue cycles. The dispersed short cracks possess an orientation preference, which is associated with the crystalline orientation of the relevant slip system. Based on the observed collective characteristics, computer modelling was carried out to simulate the evolution process of initiation, propagation and coalescence of short cracks. The simulation provides progressive displays which imitate the appearance of experimental observations. The results of simulation indicate that the crack path possesses a stable value of fractal dimension whereas the critical value of percolation covers a wide datum band, suggesting that the collective evolution process of short cracks is sensitive to the pattern of crack site distribution.

结构参量对脉冲高斯光束布拉格衍射特性的影响

利用二维耦合波理论，研究了体光栅对时间和空间都为高斯型分布的脉冲激光光束的衍射性质，得到了衍射和透射光振幅的解析表达式。讨论了体光栅的结构参量对衍射光束的空间和频谱强度分布以及衍射效率的影响。结果表明，体光栅的波长选择带宽和衍射光束带宽随着结构参量的增大而增大，衍射效率随着入射脉冲时间宽度的增大而增大，并趋于定值，结构参量值越小，达到饱和的速度越慢，饱和值越大。

羊草叶片光合参数对不同水分变化的响应机理与模拟林祥磊

由温室气体的大量排放引起的全球环境变化不仅导致了温度的升高和降水格局的变化，亦引起了干旱等极端气候事件的频繁发生。研究羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应，可以增进全球变化对植物光合作用和陆地生态系统影响的理解，揭示羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应机理，为发展植物光合参数对水热变化的响应模型提供参数与依据。基于温室模拟试验和野外观测实验，采用Li-6400R便携式光合作用系统（Li-cor, Lincoln, NE, USA）测定了羊草（Leymus chinensis）叶片A/Ci曲线(净光合速率A和胞间CO2浓度Ci的关系曲线)，获取了羊草叶片的光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率），分析研究了羊草叶片光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率）对干旱与复水的响应机理。结果表明，无论是模拟实验还是野外观测均显示羊草叶片的光合参数随着土壤水分的增加呈抛物线曲线变化，但各光合参数最大值对土壤水分的响应不同。温室模拟下的羊草光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别在15.56%，15.89%和16.23%时达到最大，而野外观测羊草的光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别为16.89%，17%和16.79%时达到最大。复水后羊草植株叶片光合参数的变化取决于前期干旱的影响，土壤含水量18%～19%和15%～16%处理的羊草复水后光合参数能够恢复正常，前者甚至超过正常水平，说明适宜的水分胁迫在复水后能够提高羊草叶片的光合能力，促进光合作用;土壤含水量10%～12%和7%～9%处理下的羊草复水后光合参数则不能恢复到正常水平。土壤含水量15%～16%可能是羊草光合能力在水分胁迫后能否恢复的阈值。

黑山羊的补饲实验研究

黑山羊的补饲实验研究中科院昆明动物研究所张力跃，田保平镇沅县畜牧兽医站徐永清，徐世山，杨学昌云南的黑山羊近年来市场行情看好，大量用以出口创汇，已导致众多外地人入滇收购。目前，农户已自觉大批量饲养，以期能带来较好的经济效益，达脱贫致富之目的。但是，云南...

沉积物与悬浮物中磷分级分离形态差异的初步研究

以滇池2个典型的严重富营养化湖湾———马村湾和海东湾为研究区域,研究分析了2个湖湾沉积物及水体悬浮物中4种磷的赋存形态:松散吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)、金属结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)以及有机质含量及总磷(TP)含量.结果表明:沉积物随着风浪搅动悬浮进入水体后,4种形态的磷含量及其所占总磷的比例均发生了较大变化,NH4Cl-P的含量升高,是由于快速的吸附作用所致;NaOH-P在4种磷形态中的比例下降,含量上升,表明沉积物再悬浮进入水体后磷的活化特性加大,

转入生长激素基因红鲤F_2代阳性鱼的摄食及代谢研究

<正>生长激素(GH)是由中腺垂体分泌的多功能激素,对动物生长的促进效应已无可置疑.将冠以小鼠重金属螯合蛋白(MT-1)基因启动顺序的人生长激素(hGH)基因重组质粒pMThGH显微注射到红鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)的受精卵内,获得了第一批转基因鱼,并进一步证实了转移基因的整合、表达、传代及转GH基因鱼的快速生长效应.由于鱼类自然群体中也存在个别的快速生长个体,对转GH基因鱼快速生

Investigation of high cycle and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue behaviors for a structural steel with smooth and notched specimens

The high cycle and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) properties of a structural steel with smooth and notched specimens were studied by employing a rotary bending machine with frequency of 52.5 Hz. For smooth specimens, VHCF failure did occur at fatigue cycles of 7.1 x 10(8) with the related S-N curve of stepwise tendency. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for the observations of the fracture surfaces It shows that for smooth specimens the crack origination is surface mode in the failure regime of less than 10(7) cycles While at VHCF regime, the material failed from the nonmetallic inclusion lies in the interior of material, leading to the formation of fisheye pattern. The dimensions of crack initiation region were measured and discussed with respect to the number of cycles to failure. The mechanism analysis by means of low temperature fracture technique shows that the nonmetallic inclusion in the interior of specimen tends to debond from surrounding matrix and form a crack. The crack propagates and results to the final failure. The stress intensity factor and fatigue strength were calculated to investigate the crack initiation properties. VHCF study on the notched specimens shows that the obtained S-N curve decreases continuously. SEM analysis reveals that multiple crack origins are dominant on specimen surface and that fatigue crack tends to initiate from the surface of the specimen. Based on the fatigue tests and observations, a model of crack initiation was used to describe the transition of fatigue initiation site from subsurface to surface for smooth and notched specimens. The model reveals the influences of load, grain size, inclusion size and surface notch on the crack initiation transition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

同位旋非对称核物质状态方程

为了确定同位旋非对称核物质状态方程,利用同位旋有关的量子分子动力学理论计算和寻找实验上对于中能重离子碰撞中核子-核子碰撞截面或者对称势非常灵敏的物理观测量——探针.结果发现了几种分别对于核子-核子碰撞截面或者对称势非常灵敏的物理观测量.并对这些探针的机理进行了仔细研究,对以上研究结果进行小结和讨论,并为今后继续深入研究工作提出展望.