电镜分析非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物在人红细胞膜上的孔道形成效应

非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物(non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor complex,βγ-CAT)是一个从大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)皮肤分泌物中分离的大然分子量为72kDa的全新的蛋白复合物.本研究测定了βγ-CAT处理红细胞后引起细胞内钾离子外流与溶血效应的时效曲线,结合扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析βγ-CAT处理红细胞引起的早期形态学变化.结果表明:βγ-CAT(3 nmol/L)37℃处理红细胞5 min,(93.31±5.89)%的细胞内钾离子迅速外流(P＜0.01),相心溶解率为(13.12±1.92)%(P＜0.05).电子显微镜观察发现红细胞形态发生明显变化,细胞体枳增加,肿胀.少数红细胞表面向外形成棘状异常突起,部分肿胀细胞内的血红蛋白通过棘状突起缺口向细胞外喷射血红蛋白.表明βγ-CAT通过在红细胞膜上形成孔道使细胞内钾离子迅速外流导致红细胞内渗透压改变而溶血.其结果为理解βγ-CAT的溶血机制提供了直接的形态学证据.

Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication

Advances in genome technology have facilitated a new understanding of the historical and genetic processes crucial to rapid phenotypic evolution under domestication(1,2). To understand the process of dog diversification better, we conducted an extensive genome-wide survey of more than 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in dogs and their wild progenitor, the grey wolf. Here we show that dog breeds share a higher proportion of multi-locus haplotypes unique to grey wolves from the Middle East, indicating that they are a dominant source of genetic diversity for dogs rather than wolves from east Asia, as suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data(3). Furthermore, we find a surprising correspondence between genetic and phenotypic/functional breed groupings but there are exceptions that suggest phenotypic diversification depended in part on the repeated crossing of individuals with novel phenotypes. Our results show that Middle Eastern wolves were a critical source of genome diversity, although interbreeding with local wolf populations clearly occurred elsewhere in the early history of specific lineages. More recently, the evolution of modern dog breeds seems to have been an iterative process that drew on a limited genetic toolkit to create remarkable phenotypic diversity.

~(133)Sm和~(149)Yb的β缓发质子衰变

利用40Ca+96Ru融合蒸发反应产生了近质子滴线核133Sm,配合氦喷嘴带传输系统采用“质子-γ”符合方法观测了它们的β缓发质子衰变,其中包括半衰期、质子能谱、第二代子核低位态之间的γ跃迁,并估计出衰变到第二代子核不同低位态的分支比．通过统计理论拟合上述实验数据,指认了133Sm的自旋宇称的可能范围．并用Woods-Saxon Strutinsky方法计算了限制组态的133Sm的核势能面,通过对比发现133Sm的自旋宇称可能有两种成分:5／2+和1／2-．这一结果与2001年发表的133Sm(EC+β+)衰变的简单衰变纲图是相容的．此外用同一方法分析了2001年Eur．Phys．J．A12: 1-4中发表的有关149Yb的β缓发质子衰变实验数据,由此指认了149Yb的基态自旋宇称为1／2-．

beta-delayed proton decays of Sm-133 and Yb-149

Sm-133 was produced via fusion evaporation in the reaction Ca-40+Ru-96. Its P-delayed proton decay was studied by means of "p-gamma" coincidence in combination with a He-jet tape transport system, including half-lives, proton energy spectra, gamma-transitions following the proton emissions, and the branching ratios to the low-lying states in the grand-daughter nuclei. The possible spins and parities of 133Sm were extracted by fitting the experimental data with a statistical model calculation. The configuration-constrained nuclear potential energy surfaces of Sm-133 were calculated by using the Woods-Saxon Strutinsky method. Comparing the experimental and calculated results, the spins and parities Of Sm-133 were assigned to be 5/2(+) and 1/2(-), which is reconciled with our published simple (EC+beta(+)) decay scheme Of Sm-113 in 2001. In addition, our experimental data on the beta-delayed proton decay of Yb-149 reported in Eur. Phys. J., 2001, A12: 1-4 was also analyzed by using the same method. The spin and parity of Yb-149 was assigned to be 1/2-.

beta-delayed proton decays and spin assignments for Sm-133 and Yb-149

The proton-rich isotope Sm-133 was produced via the fusion evaporation reaction Ca-40 + Ru-96. Its beta-delayed proton decay was studied by p-gamma coincidence in combination with a He-jet tape transport system, and half-lives, proton energy spectra, gamma-transitions following the proton emission, as well as beta-delayed proton branching ratios to the low-lying states in the grand-daughter nucleus were determined. Comparing the observed beta-delayed proton branching ratios with statistical model calculations, the best agreement is found assuming that only one level with the spin of 3/2 in Sm-133 decays or two levels with the spins of 1/2 and 5/2 decay with similar half-lives. The configuration-constrained nuclear potential energy surfaces of Sm-133 were calculated using the Woods-Saxon-Strutinsky method, which suggests a 1/2-ground state and a 5/2(+) isomer with an excitation energy of 120 keV. Therefore, the simple(EC+beta(+)) decay scheme of Sm-133 in Eur. Phys. J.A 11,277(2001) has been revised. In addition, our previous experimental data on the beta-delayed proton decay of Yb-149 reported in Eur. Phys. J. A 12,1 ( 2 0 0 1) was also analyzed using the same method. The spin-parity of Yb-149 is suggested to be 1/2(-).

栉孔扇贝CfLITAF基因的克隆与表达分析

关于无脊椎动物中是否存在细胞因子一直都存在着异议。从细胞因子本身入手，运用细胞生物学和免疫学手段，已经在软体动物、节肢动物和棘皮动物等无脊椎动物中证实了高等动物细胞因子样活性物质的存在，然而利用分子生物学手段至今没有得到任何核苷酸或蛋白序列信息，而从与细胞因子相关的分子如调控其表达的转录因子入手来研究无脊椎动物中的细胞因子样物质的存在，或许会得到意想不到的惊喜。 最近从人的单核细胞系THP-1中分离纯化出一种新型的转录因子，它可以被LPS诱导表达，产生的蛋白在TNF-α的表达过程中起着非常重要的作用，因而命名为LPS-induced TNF-α factor（LITAF）。随后该基因在小鼠和鸡中也被克隆分离出来，其编码的蛋白已经证实在TNF-α的表达过程中起着不可或缺的作用。迄今为止，在无脊椎动物中还没有相关同源基因的报道。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法，结合锚定PCR技术从栉孔扇贝体内克隆到了高等动物LITAF基因的同源基因CfLITAF的全长cDNA序列。该cDNA全长为1240bp，其中5' 非编码区（UTR）为112 bp；开放阅读框（Open Reading Frame, ORF）包括450 bp，编码149个氨基酸残基，该多肽的理论分子量为16.08 kDa，等电点为6.77；3' UTR为678bp，包含一个poly A尾巴。SMART结构域预测发现CfLITAF蛋白含有一个保守的LITAF结构域。实时定量PCR检测CfLITAF基因在栉孔扇贝主要免疫器官中的表达分布情况，发现在所检测的六种组织血细胞、外套膜、肌肉、心、腮、性腺中均能检测到CfLITAF基因转录本的不同丰度的表达。血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量相差不大，而在心、外套膜、腮和性腺中的表达量要高于血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量，分别是血中表达量的2.45、2.82、9.23和24.93倍。 为了验证其表达量是否会受到LPS的诱导，利用QRT-PCR（quantitative real time PCR）检测了CfLITAF基因在受到LPS和PGN刺激后在血细胞中的表达规律。结果如下：在LPS刺激后3h，CfLITAF的表达量显著上调，达到了原初水平的1.5倍，随着时间的延长，其表达量逐渐恢复到刺激前水平；在用PGN刺激血细胞后的9个小时内均没有检测到CfLITAF基因mRNA表达量的显著变化。实验中所用血细胞为同一批原代培养的栉孔扇贝血淋巴细胞，细胞活力通过台盼蓝拒染实验测定。 CfLITAF基因的克隆与表达分析，不仅为进一步认识栉孔扇贝的免疫防御机制提供了实验参考，更重要的是为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究提供了一个分子水平上的线索，为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究奠定了理论基础。

Investigation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness under Compressive-Shear Combinede Stress Wave Loading

提出亚微秒单脉冲应力波载荷作用下II型裂纹的平板冲击实验技术。加载率为dK/dt-10~8MPa·m~{”/d}·s~{-1}。实验中由锰铜应力片和弹性波理论分别测定和计算了压应力；通过微观分析确定了动态裂纹的平均扩展长度；引进等效应力强度因子,用动态断裂理论确定了60号钢的动态断裂韧性K_{Id}和K_{IId}；建立了亚微秒冲击载荷作用下确定材料动态断裂韧性的方法。

Anisotropic Deformation Of Polystyrene Particles By Mev Au Ion Irradiation

MeV An irradiation leads to a shape change of polystyrene (PS) and SiO2 particles from spherical to ellipsoidal, with an aspect ratio that can be precisely controlled by the ion fluence. Sub-micrometer PS and SiO2 particles were deposited on copper substrates and irradiated with Au ions at 230 K, using an ion energy and fluence ranging from 2 to 10 MeV and 1 x 10(14) ions/cm(2) to 1 x 10(15) ions/cm(2). The mechanisms of anisotropic deformation of PS and SiO2 particles are different because of their distinct physical and chemical properties. At the start of irradiation, the volume of PS particles decrease, then the aspect ratio increases with fluence, whereas for SiO2 particles the volume remains constant. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computation of stress intensity factors by the sub-region mixed finite element method of lines

Based on the sub-region generalized variational principle, a sub-region mixed version of the newly-developed semi-analytical 'finite element method of lines' (FEMOL) is proposed in this paper for accurate and efficient computation of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of two-dimensional notches/cracks. The circular regions surrounding notch/crack tips are taken as the complementary energy region in which a number of leading terms of singular solutions for stresses are used, with the sought SIFs being among the unknown coefficients. The rest of the arbitrary domain is taken as the potential energy region in which FEMOL is applied to obtain approximate displacements. A mixed system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and algebraic equations is derived via the sub-region generalized variational principle. A singularity removal technique that eliminates the stress parameters from the mixed equation system eventually yields a standard FEMOL ODE system, the solution of which is no longer singular and is simply and efficiently obtained using a standard general-purpose ODE solver. A number of numerical examples, including bi-material notches/cracks in anti-plane and plane elasticity, are given to show the generally excellent performance of the proposed method.

煤与瓦斯突出的层裂－粉碎模型

提出了描述煤与瓦斯突出的１维模型。该模型把煤体破坏分为２个阶段──层裂和层裂片的粉碎，并用粉碎率的概念来描述煤体的这种非均匀破坏。利用上述模型和从模拟实验得来的参数，对突出过程进行数值计算，得到了破裂阵面推进速度与瓦斯初始压力和煤初始粉碎率之间的拟合关系．计算结果与实验结果符合得很好。在煤激波管的实验中，揭示了一系列重要现象。值得提到的是，在严格控制实验煤样参数不变，仅改变充气气体压力的情况下，发现有３种典型现象：当充气气压ｐｇ小于某一临界值ｐｃｌ时，煤样不发生破坏；当ｐｇ＞ｐｃｌ但小于另一临界值ｐｃ２时，可观察到部分煤样破裂；而当ｐｇ＞ｐｃ２时，观察到煤样全部破裂并被抛出，破裂阵面近似恒稳地推进。在建立本文的物理模型时，将利用这些实验事实。１物理模型比照郑哲敏等的１维实验，研究图１所示装置破膜后的过程。煤与瓦斯突出研究的关键问题是对煤体破裂的研究，即对煤的破裂准则和破裂阵面运动规律的研究。对此本文提出以下模型：（１）把最大有效拉应力准则作为破裂准则，认为破裂是不连续的，破裂阵面跳跃式发展；（２）引入混相流和粉碎率的概念来描述层裂片的运动；（３）层裂片的形态在运动中不稳定，满足一定条件后将发生进一步的粉碎。

实时TV光电子全息散斑干涉仪及其在折射率场中的应用

介绍了一种不需PC微机支持图象卡的实时TV光电子全息散斑干涉仪,成功地应用于折射率流场的显示定量测量,并给出了实验结果。

Study of the shock motion in a hypersonic shock system turbulent boundary-layer interaction

Wall pressure fluctuations and surface heat transfer signals have been measured in the hypersonic turbulent boundary layer over a number of compression-corner models. The distributions of the separation shock oscillation frequencies and periods have been calculated using a conditional sampling algorithm. In all cases the oscillation frequency distributions are of broad band, but the most probable frequencies are low. The VITA method is used for deducing large scale disturbances at the wall in the incoming boundary layer and the separated flow region. The results at present showed the existence of coherent structures in the two regions. The zero-cross frequencies of the large scale structures in the two regions are of the same order as that of the separation shock oscillation. The average amplitude of the large scale structures in the separated region is much higher than that in the incoming boundary layer. The length scale of the separation shock motion region is found to increase with the disturbance strength. The results show that the shock oscillation is of inherent nature in the shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with separation. The shock oscillation is considered to be the consequence of the coherent structures in the separated region.