利用微波散射估计海面气体传输速度

把作者提出的水气界面处气体传输率复合计算公式及适用于不同频率的微波散射反演公式〔1〕结合起来, 探索根据微波散射直接反演水气界面处气体传输 率的可行性。介绍了根据此反演方法所作的预测与Wanninkhof 和Bliven〔2〕在 Delft 大学100 m 长风水槽进行的微波散射和气体传输同步测量结果所进行的比 较, 比较结果是令人满意的。这表明: 从微波散射系数反演水气界面风速, 进而推求 水气界面处气体传输速度是全球尺度遥测估计水气界面气体传输的一条很有希望 的途径。在此采用的反演计算方法较之直接关联遥感数据与传输速度的预测方法 更有其普遍性和灵活性, 即它不依赖散射计工作频率, 同时还可依据不同的气体传输测量数据来源不断改进反演公式。

Nonlinear Constitutive Behavior Of Ferroelectric Materials

The ferroelectric specimen is considered as an aggregation of many randomly oriented domains. According to this mechanism, a multi-domain mechanical model is developed in this paper. Each domain is represented by one element. The applied stress and electric field are taken to be the stress and electric field in the formula of the driving force of domain switching for each element in the specimen. It means that the macroscopic switching criterion is used for calculating the volume fraction of domain switching for each element. By using the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching calibrated, the volume fraction of domain switching for each element is calculated. Substituting the stress and electric field and the volume fraction of domain switching into the constitutive equation of ferroelectric material, one can easily get the strain and electric displacement for each element. The macroscopic behavior of the ferroelectric specimen is then directly calculated by volume averaging. Meanwhile, the nonlinear finite element analysis for the ferroelectric specimen is carried out. In the finite element simulation, the volume fraction of domain switching for each element is calculated by using the same method mentioned above. The interaction between different elements is taken into account in the finite element simulation and the local stress and electric field for each element is obtained. The macroscopic behavior of the specimen is then calculated by volume averaging. The computation results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus the axial electric field and the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus the electric field for ferroelectric specimens under the uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretical prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

车载直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达光学鉴频器

基于建立的车载直接探测激光雷达系统，对接收光学鉴频器进行了研究。针对边界层、对流层和平流层不同的气溶胶和大气分子浓度以及风速动态范围，同时采用直接探测的两种主要技术。利用多光束菲索（Fizeau）干涉仪（MFI）和阵列光电倍增管（PMT），接收气溶胶散射信号，获得边界层风速。采用双法布里-珀罗（Fabry-Perot）干涉仪（DFP）和光电倍增管探测器，分析分子散射信号，得到对流层风场。使用实际的激光雷达系统参数和大气模型参数，对两个鉴频器进行了优化设计，分析了它们的风速测量灵敏度和精度。多光束菲索干涉仪

冷蒿和糙隐子草的竞争策略对冷蒿退化草原恢复过程的影响

有很多因子调控植物群落中哪些物种存在或是哪些缺失，评价这些因子中某些因子的重要性因为因子间潜在的交互作用而变得十分复杂。已经有很多人对内蒙古典型草原生态系统的结构和功能进行了研究，这个系统的植物群落易受多种相互交互的因子影响，其中包括干旱、动物粪尿斑、放牧家畜的采食以及物理干扰等。一些研究认为在大气条件一致的区域内，牧压对群落施加的影响可以超越不同地段其它环境因子的影响，成为控制群落特征的主导因子。因而内蒙古典型草原群落的演替主要是由在一定放牧压力维持下不同植物种群的消长来实现的。但是对于在多个因子相互作用下的内蒙古草原的演替机制并没有得到很好的认识。采食伴随着土壤养分的变化交互到一起影响植物群落的结构动态和组成。本论文采用野外和室内可控试验相结合的方法，选取不同演替阶段的优势物种冷蒿（小半灌木、直根系、C3植物，在重度放牧区占统治地位）和糙隐子草（小丛生禾草、须根系、C4植物，中度放牧区的下层优势钟）为研究对象，对内蒙古草原放牧演替的机制进行了探讨。希望这些信息有助于我们理解内蒙古草原退化的机理，并对内蒙古草原潜在的恢复措施提供一些有意义的建议。 本文提出三个假设：第一，退化草原土壤养分亏缺，因此养分利用率高的物种将占优势，并成为优势物种;第二，在轻度刈割或是不刈割条件下，糙隐子草的竞争能力将加强，施肥也将有利于增加糙隐子草的竞争能力;第三，冷蒿高的竞争能力而不是放牧忍耐力决定冷蒿在过度放牧样地占统治地位。 我们得到的结论如下： 通过三年的恢复，在原过牧区并没有发现很低的氮素养分，恰恰相反，土壤的微生物态氮和土壤无机氮含量较高。冷蒿的养分利用效率较低（以每形成100g碳所需的养分量计算），但在退化草原却是优势物种。因此否定了第一个假设。恢复四年后，糙隐子草在群落中所占的比例仍然很低，恢复过程中糙隐子草并没有成为优势种。同样的，温室内模拟放牧试验的结果与野外数据结果相符。即：同冷蒿相比,糙隐子草在各氮水平和各刈割强度下始终是一个弱的竞争者。在分析竞争能力时，施氮和刈割之间有交互作用。刈割对两物种竞争能力的影响不显著，但随着氮肥水平的提高，在所有刈割强度下，冷蒿对糙隐子草的相对竞争力下降。因此部分支持第二个假设。冷蒿高的种间竞争能力（高的生物量、高的氮产量、高的氮素吸收速率以及高的氮素回收率）决定其在退化草原成为优势种。此外，冷蒿能够成为重牧地段的优势物种可能也归因于其很强的空间拓殖能力、避食机制、干旱的忍耐能力、根系的生态位分异、高的种子生产能力以及可能存在的它感作用。而糙隐子草能够较经济的利用养分和具有较好的放牧抗性是它能与冷蒿在一定的放牧压力下共存的原因。因此，我们的研究结果支持第三个假设。

Phylogeny and evolution of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup based on mitochondrial ND4 and ND4L gene sequences

The sequences of the mitochondrial ND4 gene (1339 bp) and the ND4L gene (290 bp) were determined for all the 14 extant taxa of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup The average A + T content of ND4 genes is 76.5% and that of ND4L genes is 83.5%. A total of 114 variable sites were scored. The ND4 gene sequence divergence ranged from 0 to 5.4% within the subgroup. The substitution rate of the ND4 gene is about 1.25% per million years. The base substitution of the genesis strongly transition biased. Neighbor-joining and parsimony were used to construct a phylogeny based on the resultant sequence data set. According to these trees, five, distinct mtDNA clades can be identified. D. niveifrons represents the most diverged lineage. D, sulfurigaster bilimbata and D. kepulauana form two independent lineages. The other two clades are the kohkoa complex and the albomicans complex. The Kohkoa complex consists of D. sulfurigaster sulfurigaster, D. pulaua, D. kohkoa, and Taxon-F. The albomicans complex can be divided into two groups: D. nasuta, D. sulfurigaster neonasuta, D. sulfurigaster albostrigata, and D.. albomicans from Chiangmai form one group; and D. pallidifrons, Taxon-I, Taxon-J, and D. albomicans from China form the other group. High genetic differentiation was found among D. albomicans populations. Based on our phylogenetic results, we hypothesize that D. niveifrons diverged first from the D, nasuta subgroup in Papua New Guinea about 3.5 Mya. The ancestral population spread to the north and when it reached Borneo, it diversified sequentially into the kohkoa complex, D. s. bilimbata, and D. kepulauana. About 1 Mya, another radiation occurred when the ancestral populations reached the Indo-China Peninsula, forming the albomicans complex. Discrepancy between morphological groupings and phylogenetic results suggests that the male morphological traits may not be orthologous. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

HIVp 24 抗原检测技术的研究进展

　p 24 是H IV 的主要结构蛋白, 在病毒的包装和成熟过程中起重要作用。p 24 蛋白的氨基酸序列在 H IV 各毒株之间高度保守。H IV p 24 抗原的检测在早期诊断、预测病程、胎儿感染确诊和基础研究等方面具有重要 意义。本文主要介绍了H IV p 24 抗原的生物学特性、检测意义, 评述了各种检测方法的主要优缺点和发展趋势。

Quantum-confined stark effect of vertically stacked self-assembled quantum discs

We study the electronic energy levels and probability distribution of vertically stacked self-assembled InAs quantum discs system in the presence of a vertically applied electric field. This field is found to increase the splitting between the symmetric and antisymmetric levels for the same angular momentum. The field along the direction from one disc to another affects the electronic energy levels similarly as that in the opposite direction because the two discs are identical. It is obvious from our calculation that the probability of finding an electron in one disc becomes larger when the field points from this disc to the other one.

When is `partial' adequate? A logic-based proof technique using partial specifications

A technique is presented for ascertaining when a (finite-state) partial process specification is adequate, in the sense of being specified enough, for contexts in which it is to be used. The method relies on the automatic generation of a modal formula from the partial specification; if the remainder of the network satisfies this formula, then any process that meets the specification is guaranteed to ensure correct behavior of the overall system. Using the results, the authors develop compositional proof rules for establishing the correctness of networks of parallel processes and illustrate their use with several examples

蒸汽再压缩热泵的黑液降膜蒸发传热研究

论述蒸汽再压缩热泵的黑液降膜蒸发传热研究的意义及实验过程。测定了部分黑液物性。以图形表示不同浓度黑液降股蒸发传热系数与质量流量的关系以及压降与质量流量的关系。实验表明传热系数随浓度增大（粘度增大）而急剧降低。黑液从浓度44%（常温粘度0.05Pa·s）浓缩至56%（常温粘度1Pa·S）时，平均传热系数2000kJ／m2hk。比夹套式浓缩罐高约10倍。