Experimental study on pore pressure in rock-soil slope during reservoir water level fluctuation

A test system was developed for measuring the pore pressure in porous media, and a new model was devised for the pore pressure testing in both saturated and unsaturated rock-soil. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the pore pressure during water level fluctuation. The variations of transient pore pressure vs. time at different locations of the simulated rock-soil system were acquired and processed, and meanwhile the deformation and failure of the model are observed. The experiment results show that whether the porous media are saturated or not, the transient pore pressure is mainly dependent on the water level fluctuation, and coupled with the variation of the stress field.

1989年3月和8月太阳大事件的日地系统整体行为研究

<正> 1989年3月日面出现了近四十年来最大的黑子群,发生了剧烈的太阳活动,产生了重大的地球物理效应。对这些事件的联测取得了大量日地物理的资料。为了推动进一步的分析和研究,中国科学院第22周太阳活动峰年日地系统整体行为研究专家组于1990年4月23日至26日在北京召开了“1989年3月和8月重大日地事件观测与分析研

亚热带山地景观尺度植被-环境关系的空间格局分析-以三峡大老岭地区为例

本文主要通过大量的植物群落学调查和植被、环境状况的数量分析，分别从植物区系、森林群落及其主要木本物种、干扰和物种多样性五个方面分析了三峡大老岭地区山地植被景观的空间格局及其与环境因子的关系，结果表明： 1） 植物区系：科的分布区类型以热带性质为主;属一级温带性质明显，北温带、东亚和泛热带诸分布类型突出;区系上属于华中植物区系地区的东部。 2） 在垂直梯度上：种子植物属热带分布诸类的比例自海拔400至800米（～1100米）之间呈上升趋势，然后下降;温带分布的第8、9、10、11类随海拔而上升;地中海－中亚中心分布的第12、13类只见于比较干热的河谷地带;东亚分布和中国特有属在海拔900～1100m和1600～1800m段取得小的峰值;世界分布属的比例随海拔而上升，蕨类植物属则相反。 分别用种子植物属的分布型比列构成，和全部521个属的种类数量，对15个海拔段作聚类分析：前者首先反应了海拔1100～1200m处的划分，与植被干扰状况的垂直分布差异一致;后者强调了海拔900/1000m和1800/1900m 处的分异，可能反映了地带性常绿阔叶林基带／常绿落叶阔叶混交林带，和常绿落叶阔叶林带／落叶阔叶林带的分异。 3） 对本地区森林植被的数量分类结果表明：基本上可以分为中低海拔次生落叶 针阔混交林和中高海拔山地常绿落叶阔混交林两大群。第一群主要包括栓皮栎林－杉木林－马尾松林组（低海拔段）和短柄抱栎林－锥栗林组（中低海拔段）。第二群包括中低海拔沟谷常绿阔叶林组、中海拔段常绿落叶阔叶混交林组和高海拔段米心水青冈林－茅栗林组。 DCCA排序区分了11个群落类型或群落组。采用的7个地貌因子变量中效果显著的可归纳为三组：①海拔，主要反映热量和降水梯度;②坡度和坡位，可能主要反映土壤厚度及其水分和养分状况;③坡向及坡位，反映光照条件。其中植被格局的海拔梯度效应最显著。沿海拔梯度分段分析上述诸因子对植被格局差异影响的垂直分布，表明海拔因子的局部效应在海拔600－800m和1500－1700m段最显著;坡向的效应在海拔1600m以上最突出;坡面、坡位、坡形、坡度等因子的作用在海拔中部最大。对植被格局影响因子的贡献进行定量分离，表明地形对对大老岭森林格局具有强烈的控制作用。 4） 对大老岭森林植被275个主要的木本种类进行TWINSPAN分类，得到16个种组;DCCA排序结果将上述16组合并为8群，两方面都主要反映了沿海拔和坡位＋坡向的分化;海拔中部的局部地形差异导致物种组的分化比两端更细致和强烈。 根据物种生活型及其在植物群落中的地位，分6个种组进行排序和环境解释，表明：①尽管低海拔地段受到强烈人为干扰，常绿种类仍显示了数量和性质沿海拔梯度的变化;②珍稀物种在海拔梯度上形成两个相对集中的区段，大致对应于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘;③先锋树种在中低海拔的中上坡位富集;④在中、高海拔的中低坡位，落叶的乔木伴生种显示了极大的多样性;⑤为数不多的针叶树种在海拔和局部地形梯度上也有明确分异;⑥它们和落叶的栎（Quercus）、栗（Castanea）、水青冈（Fagus）、鹅耳枥（Carpinus）属物种在大老岭地区不同地形部位的植被中起着主要的建群作用。 具体统计海拔梯度上，常绿和落叶的乔、灌木4类物种分布的种数变化表明：海拔1100m以下人为活动干扰与木本物种多样性呈一致的负相关;海拔1100m以上常绿种减少与与落叶种的增加形成对照;1100～1700m之间是落叶乔木种最丰富的地段，海拔1700m以上四类物种数量急剧下降，与山顶脊附近生境多样性降低、植物群落类型趋同有关。另外，典型亚热带的棕榈和蕉只见于海拔1000m以下;针叶树种以海拔1150m左右为界分成两组。前述4类物种的分布边界在海拔850～1050m和海拔1650～1750m之间形成比较明显的峰值，基本对应着山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘。 根据海拔分布范围，将样方中出现的558种木本植物按常绿乔／灌种和落叶乔／灌种分别分成5个热量生态类群。统计各自的面分比表明：a. 落叶灌木种的多样性分布重心在海拔梯度上的位置比落叶乔木种高，常绿种则相反，因此灌木和类的分布特征能更好的反映次生环境中的植被－气候关系;b. 在海拔850～1850m的木本物种形成巨大的多样性，仅出现于这一段的物种也很可观;亲缘物种的分化和替代突出，反映其对生物多样性发生和维持的意义重大;c. 亚热带中山地带对落叶种生物多样性的意义远大于常绿种。 5）统计全部群落样方内枯立木、倒伏木、断头木和伐桩四类受干扰木的大小、数量、物种以反映地形对干扰的影响：①枯立木以2～15cm径级个体为主，小径级的树种选择性不强，主要分布在山南坡口上坡位，海拔1800m以上尤多，在陡峭的坡地中部减少;其大径级个体的物种构成和分布格局反映了与生境干旱有关干扰的存在。②倒伏木主要分布在海拔1200～1800m之间坡面中部和顶脊两侧，发生频率与坡度成正比;坡地中部以中、小径级阳性树种为主，山坡顶脊两侧的倒伏木则多为大径级的群落优势种。③断头木主要分布在海拔1200～1700m，和海拔1900m以上。小径级的断头木分布格局接近于枯立木，较大径级的断头木则多与倒伏木的分布相关，断头木中少有典型的阳性树种，主要由林下荫耐种构成。④人为砍伐的伐桩主要为中大径级的植被建群种或优势种个体，在海拔1000m以下，1100-1200m和1600-1800m形成三个峰值，其分布主要与人口密度、生产方式、林木种类以及交通运输便捷程度有关，通常沟谷和山脊线上的伐桩密度较大。大老岭地区人为干扰主要反映在海拔1100m以下，自然干扰的格局在海拔1100m以上才得到反映。 6）在不同取样尺度上，对大老岭地区森林群落各层次α多样性和β多样性的空间格局分析表明：i. 乔木层α多样性在海拔1200-1800m之间取值较高，灌木、草本层α多样性的垂直梯度不显著，但在海拔1200-1800m之间的波动变化较为剧烈，南坡面有最丰富的灌木层多样性而西坡乔木层的物种最丰;从植被整体上，海拔1000m以下物种丰富度较低，1000-1700m之间变化剧烈，1700m以上丰富度水平较高。ii. 海拔1000-2000m之间94个样方中，乔、灌、草三层多种生物多样性指数变化影响因子的大小顺序是：坡位>海拔>坡向>坡面>坡度>坡形。乔、灌、草各层几种多样性指数在多维的地形因子梯度上形成各异的分布格局，反映了山地物种多样性格局控制因子的多样性和多尺度，及局部地形因子对景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局的强烈影响。iii.对海拔1050m和1670m处植被α多样性的变尺度分析表明：随取样尺度增大，低海拔乔木、灌木层α多样性增长速率比高海拔大;后者草本层的多样性增长比较快。海拔1050m处群落各层的α多样性在800m~2尺度上渐近稳定;海拔1670m处，400m~2尺度上各层α多样性指数已基本稳定。 南、北、西坡面β多样性沿海拔梯度大致减少，在海拔1600m以上更明显，在海拔梯度中部变化剧烈。反映不同坡面上群落间异质性水平是：西坡>北坡>南坡。 在对植被、环境上述各个方面的格局特征分析基础上，对三峡地区侵入岩山地类型建立了一个综合的植被景观格局模式。 文章最后就两个景观尺度植被－环境的综合性问题进行了讨论：1）气候、植物区系、植被和物种分布等对老岭以至于三峡地区和亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的位置、宽度的反映;和气候、地形、干扰等因子对这一生态过渡带格局和动态的影响;2）三峡地区生物多样性垂直分布的特征、维持和变化的现代机制，以及保护的重点和策略

XDistribution and Length2weight Relationships of Glyptosternoid Fishes in the Drung River Basin , Yunnan

鱼类主要分布于青藏高原周边, 是一群适合于急流生活的　科鱼类。在独龙江流域7 个点共采 集271 号　　鱼类标本(隶属　属、　属和异齿　属) , 结合各采集点数据绘制大鳍异齿　、藏　和扁头　的分布 直方图, 结果显示, 藏　( E. labiatum) 在流速较快的独龙江下游各采集点的种群数量较上游高, 更适应急流生 境。同时研究了这3 种　　鱼类的体长与体重的关系, 参数b (W = aLb) 的范围在218201 和310131 之间, 均为异 速生长; 藏　的生长类型最接近等速生长。

Determinations of residual furazolidone and its metabolite, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), in fish feeds by HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS, respectively

The antibacterial drug furazolidone belonging to the group of nitrofuran antibacterial agents has been widely used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal feed additive for poultry, cattle, and farmed fish in China. During application a large proportion of the administered drug may reach the environment directly or via feces. Although the use of furazolidone is prohibited in numerous countries, there are indications of its illegal use. It is known that furazolidone can be rapidly metabolized to 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in the body of the target organism. In this study, a total of 21 fish feed samples, including 17 commercial fish feeds from local markets in China (representing 15 different formulations) and 4 fish feeds obtained from Germany and Turkey, respectively, are analyzed to determine whether the drug is still illegally used or commercially available feeds are contaminated by this drug. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) methods have been implemented to determine furazolidone and its metabolite AOZ in fish feeds containing animal protein, respectively. An efficient and convenient cleanup method for the determination of furazolidone in fish feeds is developed, and a simple cleanup method for the determination of AOZ is used. Method recoveries for samples used were determined as 87.7-98.3% for furazolidone at two spike levels of 2.0 and 5.0 ng g(-1) and as 95.6-102.8% for AOZ at spike levels of 0.4 and 0.8 ng g(-1). Limits of detections were 0.4 ng g(-1) for furazolidone and 0.05 ng g(-1) for AOZ. The established methods are therefore suitable for the determination of furazolidone and its metabolite AOZ in fish feeds at trace contamination levels. Using the established methods, all fish feed samples have been proved to be furazolidone negative; however, AOZ is tested in 16 of 17 fish feeds obtained from local markets in the Hubei province of China, with a positive rate as high as 94.1%.

Comparison of compensatory growth responses of juvenile three-spined stickleback and minnow following similar food deprivation protocols

The compensatory growth responses of individual juveniles of two co-existing species were compared after identical periods of starvation to determine inter-specific similarities and differences. The carnivorous stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus was compared with the omnivorous minnow Phoxinus phoxinus. Both species experienced 1 or 2 weeks of starvation before being re-fed ad libitum. The two species differed in their response to the starvation periods, with minnows showing a lower weight-specific loss. Both species showed compensatory responses in appetite, growth and to a lesser extent, growth efficiency. Minnows wholly compensated for 1 and 2 weeks of starvation. At the end of the experiment, sticklebacks starved For 2 weeks were still showing a compensatory response and had nut achieved full compensation. The compensatory responses of the sticklebacks showed a lag of a week before developing in the re-feeding phase, whereas the response of the minnows was immediate. Analysis of lipid and dry matter concentrations suggested that the compensatory response restored reserve lipids while also bringing the fish back to the growth trajectory of continuously fed fish. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Lowered laser threshold in photonic crystals investigated by semiclassical theory

Using the response formula of the photonic crystals and the Bloch equations, the lasing threshold in arbitrary 2D photonic crystals was obtained by an investigation of steady-state laser behavior. The lasing threshold is expressed by the population inversion. It shows that the population inversion threshold is proportional to the second order of the group velocity, and to the relaxation coefficient. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

应用油团聚技术高效脱除煤炭灰分

介绍了油团聚技术高效脱除煤中灰分的研究过程；探讨了煤炭粒径、用水量、起泡剂的种类等影响煤炭灰分脱除率的主要因素。实验结果表明，灰分含量为30.79%的烟煤，灰分脱除率可达86.8%