A general theory on media with randomly distributed inclusions .1. The average field behaviors

In this paper, a theory is developed to calculate the average strain field in the materials with randomly distributed inclusions. Many previous researches investigating the average field behaviors were based upon Mori and Tanaka's idea. Since they were restricted to studying those materials with uniform distributions of inclusions they did not need detailed statistical information of random microstructures, and could use the volume average to replace the ensemble average. To study more general materials with randomly distributed inclusions, the number density function is introduced in formulating the average field equation in this research. Both uniform and nonuniform distributions of inclusions are taken into account in detail.

Comparison of stationary acoustic monitoring and visual observation of finless porpoises

The detection performance regarding stationary acoustic monitoring of Yangtze finless porpoises Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis was compared to visual observations. Three stereo acoustic data loggers (A-tag) were placed at different locations near the confluence of Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River, China. The presence and number of porpoises were determined acoustically and visually during each 1-min time bin. On average, porpoises were acoustically detected 81.7 +/- 9.7% of the entire effective observation time, while the presence of animals was confirmed visually 12.7 +/- 11.0% of the entire time. Acoustic monitoring indicated areas of high and low porpoise densities that were consistent with visual observations. The direction of porpoise movement was monitored using stereo beams, which agreed with visual observations at all monitoring locations. Acoustic and visual methods could determine group sizes up to five and ten individuals, respectively. While the acoustic monitoring method had the advantage of high detection probability, it tended to underestimate group size due to the limited resolution of sound source bearing angles. The stationary acoustic monitoring method proved to be a practical and useful alternative to visual observations, especially in areas of low porpoise density for long-term monitoring.

Isolation of fucoxanthin from the rhizoid of Laminaria japonica Aresch

Fucoxanthin was extracted from the intact rhizoid of Laminaria japonica Aresch with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and then recovered from the DMSO extract by partitioning into ethyl acetate and subsequent evaporation. Some isolation conditions such as solvent volume and extraction time were screened. The quantity and quality of the extracted fucoxanthin were determined by spectral analysis (absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra). The results indicated that: (1) the average total content of fucoxanthin was 122.1 mu g in 1 g of fresh L japonica rhizoid; (2) in comparison with the widely used organic solvent, acetone, DMSO was much more effective for the extraction of fucoxanthin; (3) both DMSO volume and extraction time influenced extraction efficiency such as the recovery rate and purity of fucoxanthin (1 g of fresh L. japonica rhizoid treated with 4 mL DMSO for 60 min, yielded > 88% of the total fucoxanthin with purity 0.63); (4) when (NH4)(2)SO4 concentration was in the range of 0.5- 1.0 mol/L, the pigments rapidly and entirely moved from DMSO into the ethyl acetate phase; (5) the ethyl acetate and DMSO were recycled using a rotary evaporator.

粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)消化率的影响(英文)

本研究探讨了通过收集器不同粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉( MBM)含量对异育银鲫干物质、蛋白、能量、磷的表观消化率(ADC)影响。不同梯度(0 ,20 ,40 ,60 ,80 ,100 %)的肉骨粉替代鱼粉(FM)蛋白配制成六种等氮(粗蛋白:410 g/kg)等能(总能:18 kJ/g)的饲料,通过11周的饲养实验,实验开始后2周开始收集粪便,收集时间分别是:排粪后1 min,投喂后4h和16h。结果表明,干物质、蛋白、能量、磷的消化率明显随粪便收集时间增加而升高(p<0 .05) ,但在高肉骨粉替代饲料中

膜生物反应器稳定运行的操作条件优化研究

膜污染是限制膜生物反应器(MBR)应用和发展的瓶颈。为此,选择污泥浓度、膜通量(JV)、曝气量(Q气)、抽吸/停抽时间(tR/tS)、反应器升流区与降流区面积之比(Ar/Ad)进行正交试验,开展了MBR操作条件的优化研究。结果表明,溶解性胞外多聚物是导致膜污染形成和发展的主要物质,其中蛋白质/多糖值与膜压差上升速率存在线性关系;较佳的操作参数为:MLSS=7g/L,JV=10 L/(m2.h),Q气=6 m3/h,tR/tS=4 min/1 min,Ar/Ad=1.7。

Optimization of operational conditions in a submerged membrane bioreactor

In this study, optimization of operational conditions of a submerged membrane bioreactor treating municipal waste-water was studied. Mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS), membrane flux (J(v)), aeration (Q), ratio of pumping, time to break time (t(p)/t(b)), and ratio of up flow area to down flow area (A Ad) were chosen as the easily manipulable parameters to study their effects on removal efficiency and membrane fouling. Totally, 16 different runs were designed to compare and select the best combination of the 5 parameters. The results showed that the optimal operational conditions were MLSS = 7g(.)L(-1), J(v) = 10L(.)m(-2.)h(-1), Q = 6 m(3.)h(-1), t(p)/t(b)= 4 min/1 min, and A(r)/A(d) = 1.7 m(2)/m(2). Under such conditions, the SMBR could achieve a double win of high removal efficiency and low membrane fouling.

Population dynamics and maturation cycle of Camallanus cotti (Nematoda : Camallanidae) in the Chinese hooksnout carp Opsariichthys bidens (Osteichthyes : Cyprinidae) from a reservoir in China

The seasonal population dynamics and maturation cycle of the nematode Camallanus cotti in the posterior intestine of Chinese hooksnout carp Opsariichthys bidens have been studied in the Danjiangkou Reservoir of the Hubei Province in central China from September 2004 to November, 2005. The overall prevalence, mean abundance and intensity of C cotti among fish sampled (n = 700 fish) were 47%, 2.29 +/- 12.38 ( +/- S.D.) and 1-307 (average 4.89 +/- 17.74), respectively. The overall sexual ratio of female to male nematodes (excluding L3 and L4 juveniles) was 1.17:1. Statistical results showed weakly positive correlations betweerl fish length and the number of nematodes per host. The dynamics of infection of the nematode exhibited significant seasonal pattern in changes in mean abundance. A similar pattern was found for changes in nematode prevalence, although this was not statistically significant. Higher levels of infection were observed among fish sampled in summer months and the lower in the winter. Neither the prevalence nor the abundance of the parasite was significantly different between male and female hosts. The pattern of frequency distribution of the parasite in the host was found to be over-dispersed throughout the sampling period. In addition, studies on the development and maturation of the parasite in O. bidens revealed that development (maturation), recruitment of the next generation, and reproduction may be continuous year-round, although reproduction may peak during the winter. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photodegradation of 2-naphthol in aqueous solutions in the presence of humic acid and ferric ions

In this work, the photodegradation of the carcinogenic pollutant 2-naphthol in aqueous solution containing Aldrich humic acid (HA) and ferric ions (Fe(III)) under 125 W and 250 W high pressure mercury lamp (HPML, lambda >= 365 nm) irradiation was investigated. The photooxidation efficiencies were dependent on the pH values, light intensities and Fe(III)/HA concentration in the water, with higher efficiency at pHs 3-4, and 50 mu mol l(-1) Fe(III) with 20 mg l(-1) HA under 250 W HPML. The initial rate of photooxidation increases with increasing, the initial concentration of 2-naphthol from 10 mu mol l(-1) to 100 mu mol l(-1), while do not change at 50 and 100 mu mol l(-1). However, higher removal efficiency of 2-naphthol is achieved at its lower initial concentration of 10 mu mol l(-1), and initial rate of photooxidation is 0.193 mu mol l(-1) min(-1). Dissolved oxygen (DO) plays an important role in the system containing Fe(III)-HA complexes in which Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions were enhanced in the environment. Hydroxyl radicals produced in HA solution with or without ferric ions were determined by using benzene as free radical scavenger and phenol as scavenging products proportional to hydroxyl radicals. By using UV-Vis and excited fluorescence spectrum techniques, the main photooxidation products, which have higher absorption in the region of 240-340 nm, were found, and the mechanisms for the oxidative degradation is proposed.

Kinetics of the oxidation of MCRR by potassium permanganate

The occurrence of the microcystins in the water bodies, especially in drinking water resources, has received considerable attentions. In situ chemical oxidation is a promising cost-effective treatment method to remove MC from water body. This research investigated the reaction kinetics of the oxidation of MCRR by permanganate. Experimental results indicate that the reaction is second order overall and first order with respect to both permanganate and MCRR, and has an activation energy of 18.9 kJ/mol. The second-order rate constant ranges from 0.154 to 0.225 l/mg/min at temperature from 15 to 30 degrees C. The MCRR degradation rates can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration. The reaction under acid conditions was slightly faster than under alkaline conditions. The half-life of the reaction was less than 1 min, and more than 99.5% of MCRR was degraded within 10 min. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Generation of 207-femtosecond pulses from a ytterbium figure-of-eight fibre laser

We report the generation of 207-fs pulses with 1.2mW average power at 1036 nm directly from a passively mode-locked Yb-doped fibre laser with a nonlinear optical loop mirror for mode-locking and pairs of diffraction gratings for intracavity dispersion compensation. These results imply a 4-fold reduction in pulse duration over previously reported figure-of-eight cavity passively mode-locked Yb-doped fibre lasers. Stable pulse trains are produced at the fundamental repetition rate of the resonator, 24.0MHz. On the other hand, this laser offers a cleaner spectrum and greater stability and is completely self-starting.

子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外调查取样和室内观测试验相结合的方法,研究了子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征。结果表明:(1)土壤种子库储量密度平均为5711粒/m2,最大密度是9537粒/m2,最小密度是3563粒/m2。(2)土壤种子库的种子的垂直分布主要集中在0—2.5cm,2.5—5cm和5—7.5cm这3个层次,占75.38%～79.32%,枯枝落叶层和7.5—10cm层分布较少,占20.68%～24.62%。(3)土壤种子库物种组成主要为灌木和草本两个种类,无乔木植物,多年生草本在物种数和种子数上占据明显优势。

金环蛇抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF的纯化、基因克隆、结构与功能分析及抗菌机理研究

Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，Cathelicidins是动物体内一个具有多功能的抗菌肽家族，目前仅在哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和鱼类中有发现。Cathelicidins具有广谱的抗微生物活性，不但对普通革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌以及病毒具有非常强的活性，而且对许多临床耐药微生物同样具有作用。除此之外，cathelicidins具有许多其他生物学活性，如对多种免疫细胞具有趋化作用、诱导肥大细胞脱粒和组织胺释放、调节巨噬细胞转录、促进伤口愈合、诱导血管发生、诱导变异细胞系细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞活化等。 金环蛇（Bungarus fasciatus）属于眼镜蛇科（Elapinae）环蛇属（Bungarus），是一种具有前沟牙的毒蛇，广泛分布于我国广东、广西、福建、江西、海南及云南南部。 在本论文中，我们对金环蛇体内cathelicidins家族抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF进行了一系列研究。 通过凝胶过滤、阳离子交换和反相高压液相三步从金环蛇蛇毒冻干粉中分离纯化得到金环蛇cathelicidins家族抗菌肽，命名为cathelicidin-BF。Edman降解法测定其氨基酸序列为KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF，由30个氨基酸残基组成，ESI-MS测得其分子量为3637.5 Da。 构建了金环蛇毒腺cDNA文库，从中克隆得到了编码cathelicidin-BF前体的cDNA序列。该cDNA序列长度为750 bp，由此推断出的cathelicidin-BF前体由191个氨基酸残基组成，包括信号肽区、保守的cathelin区和成熟肽区三部分。用RT-PCR的方法对cathelicidin-BF的组织表达情况进行了研究，结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇胃、气管、皮肤、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、肺、脑、小肠、脾脏、肝脏、卵巢、毒腺中均有表达，但各组织表达量存在差异。进化分析表明，金环蛇cathelicidin-BF与鸭嘴兽CATH-3在系统进化树中独立成簇，表明金环蛇与鸭嘴兽有着一定的亲缘关系，这为鸭嘴兽在动物进化中分类地位的确定提供了参考资料。 对cathelicidin-BF可能具有的各种生物学活性进行了研究。Cathelicidin-BF具有广谱的抗微生物活性，对革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌均有活性，其中包括大量临床分离耐药菌株。Cathelicidin-BF对革兰氏阴性细菌的活性要强于革兰氏阳性细菌，此外对白色念珠菌、毕赤酵母和一些腐生性真菌也具有活性。Cathelicidin-BF的抗氧化活性、溶血活性、凝集素活性、丝氨酸蛋白酶和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂活性、细胞毒性、抗肿瘤活性均不明显。Cathelicidin-BF具有很强的肥大细胞脱颗粒活性。以上结果表明cathelicidin-BF在金环蛇抵御外界病原微生物侵袭的先天免疫反应中可能发挥了重要作用。 利用多种实验方法对cathelicidin-BF的结构和抗菌机理进行了研究。CD和NMR的实验结果表明，在亲水环境中，cathelicidin-BF为无规卷曲的构象；在疏水或模拟细菌细胞质膜的环境中，cathelicidin-BF的N-末端区域具有典型的两亲性α-螺旋构象。杀菌动力学实验结果表明，cathelicidin-BF杀菌作用极其迅速，在浓度大于1×MIC时，在1 min内即可杀死所有细菌，且其杀菌作用是致死性的。扫描电镜结果表明，经过cathelicidin-BF处理的细菌细胞形状发生明显改变，细胞膨胀变形，表面出现大量囊泡状结构。大量细菌细胞破裂溶解，内容物外泄。综合以上结果我们推测：cathelicidin-BF在亲水的环境中为无规卷曲的结构，当通过静电相互作用吸附到细菌细胞质膜上后，由于环境疏水性的增加其N-端转变为两亲性的α-螺旋构象。Cathelicidin-BF的疏水侧插入到细菌细胞质膜内部，亲水侧暴露于细菌细胞质膜表面。随着结合到细菌细胞质膜上的cathelicidin-BF分子不断增加，细菌细胞质膜内陷，最终在细菌细胞质膜上形成孔洞。细菌细胞内容物大量外流，最终导致细菌细胞的死亡。 通过体外和体内多个实验对cathelicidin-BF进行了初步的药理学和药效学研究。Cathelicidin-BF在血清中稳定性较差，容易被血清中各种蛋白酶降解。一定浓度的盐离子能够增强cathelicidin-BF的抗菌活性。动物模型实验表明，cathelicidin-BF对多种细菌引起的小鼠皮肤感染具有很好的治疗效果。Cathelicidin-BF本身所具有的特点及动物模型实验中表现出的极佳的治疗效果使其成为外用抗菌药物开发的优良模板。

若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放研究

若尔盖高原湿地位于青藏高原东北部地区，平均海拔3,400-3,600m，是长江和黄河的自然分水区，区内发育了大面积的草本沼泽以及高寒沼泽化草甸、高寒湖泊。由于它所处的位置海拔高、气候波动较大，并处于我国三大自然区的交错过渡带，因而被认为是我国最为典型的脆弱湿地生态系统之一。由于地处偏远、自然环境条件恶劣等多方面的原因，针对若尔盖湿地的科学研究资料一直以来还非常缺乏。本文对国内外近年来在湿地生态系统甲烷排放过程、研究方法，以及关于湿地生态系统甲烷排放的影响因素进行了综述，并采用静态箱－气相色谱法，从湿地环境格局、湿地甲烷排放等方面，对若尔盖高原典型高寒湖泊湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放特征进行了研究，并进一步探讨了影响若尔盖高原高寒湖泊湖滨带甲烷排放的因素。得到如下结果：1．若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地在植物生长季（6 至8 月），甲烷排放平均速率为0.315 mg·m-2·h-1；不同月份间甲烷排放速率存在差异，分别为：-0.054、0.471、0.493 mg·m-2·h-1。不同类型湿地甲烷排放速率亦表现出差异，两栖蓼（Polygonum amphibium）湿地、滩涂和藏嵩草（Kobresia tibetica）草甸甲烷排放速率分别为：0.464、0.477、0.005mg·m-2·h-1。2．若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率与土壤10cm 温度显著相关。土壤温度是影响若尔盖高原花湖湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放的重要因素之一。随着土壤温度的升高，土壤微生物活性增强，使土壤中的氧消耗加快，氧化还原电位下降，有利于产甲烷菌的生长，从而增加土壤的甲烷产生量。3．地表水位与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率相关性不显著。地表水覆盖，使得湿地土壤缺氧状况得到加强，增强了土壤中产甲烷菌的活性，促进甲烷形成，再通过植物、气泡或扩散的形式释放出土壤。但水层的加深，也使土壤中已产生的甲烷在通过气泡或扩散形式穿越水层时，被氧化的量增加，从而减少了甲烷向大气中的排放。4．植被高度以及植被地上生物量与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨带甲烷排放速率的相关性不显著。植物主要通过凋落物以及根系分泌物的输入为产甲烷菌提供基质，并作为土壤与大气之间的甲烷气体交换的传输途径；与其他环境因素共同影响湿地生态系统甲烷排放。The Zoige wetland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with averagealtitude between 3,400 and 3,600m, is the watershed of Yangtze River and YellowRiver. There are large area of peatland, subalpine meadow and lakes in this region.Due to its high elevation, transitional topology and high fluctuation of climate, theZoige wetlands represent one of the most fragile wetland ecosystems in China. And asa result of remote location and harsh environment conditions, the researches on theZoige wetland are relatively rare, especially the researches on the methane emissionfrom littoral zone of alpine lakes. Variations of methane emission rates as measuredby the method of static chamber – gas chromatography (GC) were detected fromlittoral zone of alpine lake on the Zoige Plateau. Relationships between methaneemission rates and environmental factors were analyzed. It is concluded that:1．The average methane emission rate in the littoral zone of Huahu Lake, ZoigePlateau is 0.315 mg·m-2·h-1, with evident spatial and temporal variations. The littoralzone has different methane effluxes with -0.054, 0.471, and 0.493 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1in June, July and August respectively. Different types of wetland have differentmethane emission rates, with value of 0.464, 0.477, and 0.005 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1 forPolygonum amphibium wetland ( PA ), Shoal ( S ) and Kobresi tibetica meadow ( KT ), respectively.2． The soil temperature at 10cm is significantly correlated with the methane effluxesin littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau, and which is one of the most important factors influencing the methane emission from this region. The activities of soilmicroorganisms rise under higher soil temperature and increases oxygen consumptionand decreases Eh, which is in favor of the methanogensis, and enhances theproduction of methane in soil.3． The correlation between the standing water and methane effluxes from littoralzone of Huahu Lake is not significant. Because of the standing water, the anaerobicconditions of wetland soil have been enhanced, and are favor to the decomposition oforganic matter. And the anaerobic conditions strengthen the methanogensis’ activities,thus the methane production, which release to the atmosphere by diffusion, ebullitionand aerenchymal plants. With the water level’s increase, more methane produced insoil which is transferred by ebullitions or diffusion are oxidated, thus reduce themethane release to the atmosphere.4． The height and aboveground biomass of vegetation are not significant related tothe methane effluxes from littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau. The vegetationprovides substrates for methanogensis by litter and root exudates; act as thetransportation way of methane between soil and atmosphere; influence the methaneemission of wetland ecosystems with other environment factors.

形变核179Pt在束γ谱学和重丰中子新核素的合成及其衰变性质研究

本论文分为两部分，分别沿自旋和同位旋自由度开展研究工作。第一部分介绍原子核高自旋态研究的相关背景知识、基础理论等，描述在束γ谱学研究的实验技术和方法，分析和讨论形变核179Pt转动带能级结构的特性，并采用相关理论对其进行分析。通过融合蒸发反应149sm（35cl，P4n）布居奇A核179Pt的高自旋激发态。指认179Pt的组态为1／2-［521］，5／2-［512〕和7／2＋〔633〕的三条转动带。在hco＝0．27 Mev附近，观测到1／2-〔521］带内顺排角动量突然增大，建议该现象是由一对113／2中子发生顺排造成的。另外观察到在7／2＋〔633］带中出现较大的旋称劈裂。建议由于三轴形变加强了波函数中来自几＝1／2轨道的组分，从而导致较大的旋称劈裂的出现。论文第二部分介绍重丰中子核衰变性质研究以及新核素合成、鉴别工作的相关背景知识、理论基础及实验技术。并对相关的研究工作分别进行阐述。通过快中子反应合成并鉴别了新核素19705和新的同核异能素186rnTa，利用γ（x）谱学方法首次建立了19705的部分衰变纲图。测得它们的半衰期分别为2.8士0.6 min和1.50.1 min，并与理论计算结果进行了比较；进行了原子核基态β延发裂变（pDF）的实验研究，经测量首次发现了230Ac的两个pDF事件，测得23OAc的pDF几率为(1.19±0.40)

Kinetic study on the photo-catalytic degradation of pyridine in TiO2 suspension systems

It has been generally agreed that pyridine can be effectively mineralized in aerated TiO2 slurries using near-UV irradiation. The knowledge on the kinetics of the system possesses both practical and theoretical values. The present study, on the base of Langmuir-Hinshewood mechanism, illustrates a pseudo first-order kinetic model of the degradation with the limiting rate constant of 3.004 mg l(-1) min(-1) and equilibrium adsorption constant 2.763 x 10(-2) l mg(-1), respectively. The degradation efficiency in alkali is a little higher than that in acid with a minimum at about pH = 5, which is explained by the formation of acid-pyridine in acidic surrounding together with the amphoteric nature of the TiO2 surface. The promotion of H2O2 on the photo-degradation ties in its supplying proper amount of (OH)-O-. radicals for the inducement stage before surface redox reactions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.