观赏向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）花色及其花青素的研究

观赏向日葵作为一种新型花卉，具有巨大的市场开发潜力。而花色作为向日葵的重要观赏性状之一，对其的研究却比较少。本文从向日葵花色多样性、花色遗传规律、花色与虫媒传粉的关系及其对向日葵花色遗传的影响做了分析和讨论，利用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡和分光色差仪对向日葵的花色做了归类总结，并且利用高效液相色谱法对向日葵的花青苷成分做了分析研究。 本研究结果表明，彩色向日葵色系可以分为两大类，即黄色系和红色系，其中红色系向日葵的花色变异较小;而黄色系向日葵的花色变异较大，可以再细分为橙黄色和柠檬黄色两个亚类。利用高效液相色谱法测定了39份向日葵舌状花瓣中的花青苷大概有9种(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I)，这9种花青苷并不是在所有39份样品中都出现，且红色系向日葵中花青苷的种类较多。花青苷G在红色系和黄色系向日葵中均被检出。对红色向日葵花瓣的花青苷提取液进行多级质谱分析发现，花青苷元类型主要是矢车菊苷元，其糖苷类型主要是和葡萄糖、鼠李糖和/或阿拉伯糖结合;而在纯黄色的向日葵中通过多级质谱分析未检测到这些花青苷，说明矢车菊类花青苷是红色向日葵舌状花红色形成的化学基础。

The status and causes of alien species invasion in China

Data of classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of invasive alien micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees, and marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of China, were analyzed, based on literature retrieval, field survey and consultation. Some 283 invasive alien species were recorded in China, including 19 invasive alien micro-organisms, 18 aquatic plants, 170 terrestrial plants, 25 aquatic invertebrates, 33 terrestrial invertebrates, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 10 fish, and 5 mammals. Of the invasive alien species, 55.1% originated from North and South America, 21.7% from Europe, 9.9% from Asia, 8.1% from Africa and 0.6% from Oceania. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by invasive alien species, with some ignorance of the dangerous invasion in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feedingstuff, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants, 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, ornament, or biological control, In addition, more efforts are being made in the introduction of alien species, and little attention is paid on the management of introduced alien species, which may cause their escape into natural environment and potential threats to the environment. There were also gaps in quarantine system in China. All microorganisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedling, flowerpot, or soil; 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facility because of the failure of quarantine. Therefore, quarantine measures should be strictly implemented; and meanwhile the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.

Composition of volatile oil of Primula obconica in Central China

Primula obconica was introduced to Europe from Hubei, China in 1880, and has been cultivated worldwide as one of popular ornamental plants. The volatile oil of wild P. obconica collected from its original place, Yichang, Hubei was first investigated. A total of 43 compounds constituting 93.49% of the oil were identified by using GC and GC-MS. The major compounds were methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl benzoate (30.41%), methyl 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methyl benzoate (29.27%), and hypnone (8.92%) etc. In comparison with the published data of some European cultivars, the native P. obconica seems to be allergen-free due to absence of primin and miconidin.

花卉植物在污染土壤修复中的资源潜力分析

通过对14种草本花卉在Cd、Cd-Pb、Cd-Pb-柴油、Cd-甲胺磷等单一与复合污染条件下的耐性及重金属积累特性研究，就这些花卉对污染土壤修复的资源潜力有了大致的认识，为污染环境的生态修复及其集成技术的创新与应用提供了科学依据，同时也提供了具有我国自主知识产权的污染土壤修复材料的基本信息。通过盆栽实验，发现黄蜀葵、醉蝶、金盏菊、凤仙、蜀葵和紫茉莉六种植物对Cd单一污染表现出较强的耐性，约占参试花卉种的43％，说明花卉植物较有耐重余属的潜力。金盏菊在实验浓度下，地上部富集系数大于1且地上部的Cd含量大于根部含量，表现出重金属超积累植物的基本特征，但在本试验条件下还没有达到100mgkg-1Cd的超积累植物临界含量特征，因此，有待进一步实验证实。熔液培养条件下，黄蜀葵、紫茉莉、凤仙、万寿菊、串红五种花卉种子发芽对Cd表现为较强的耐性，因为其种子发芽率在Cd污染暴露条件下无明显影响（p＞0.05）。但是，Cd对这五种花卉幼苗期根伸长的影响较为显著（p＜0.05），并且Cd与花卉植物的幼苗期根长抑制之间存在线性相关关系。在复合污染条件下（Cd-Pb，Cd-Pb-柴油），14种参试花卉种，除金鸡菊和观赏向曰葵两种花卉表现出生物量明显（P＜0.05）下降，即对重金属复合污染耐性较弱外，其余12种表现出对复合污染有较强的耐性。黄蜀葵在Cd一甲胺磷联合作用下的耐性研究表明，Cd与甲胺磷对黄蜀葵且对幼苗期根伸长的影响较发芽的影响大。对Cd与甲胺磷的联合效应分析表明Cd和甲胺磷存在拮抗作用，同时这种联合作用则是更多地依赖于Cd而非甲胺磷。

Flower color chimera and abnormal leaf mutants induced by C-12(6+) heavy ions in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl.

The effect of C-12(6+) heavy ions bombardment on mutagenesis in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. was studied. Dose-response studies indicated that there was a peak of malformation frequency of S. splendens at 200 Gy. Abnormal leaf mutants of the bileaf, trileaf and tetraleaf conglutination were selected. Meanwhile, a bicolor flower chimera with dark red and fresh red flower was isolated in M1 generation of S. splendens. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis demonstrated that DNA variations existed among the wild-type, fresh and dark red flower shoots of the chimera. The dark red flower shoots of the chimera were conserved and cultivated at a large-scale through micropropagation. MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.3 mg/L NAA was the optimal medium in which the maximum proliferation ratio (5.2-fold) and rooting rate (88%) were achieved after 6 weeks. Our findings provide an important method to improve the ornamental quality of S. splendens.