岷江上游人工针叶、阔叶林土壤可溶性有机物质特征及其对凋落物分解的响应

土壤可溶性有机物质（Dissolved organic matter，DOM）作为土壤有机质的活性组分，在陆地生态系统物质循环中扮演非常重要的角色。土壤DOM的主要成分可溶性有机碳（Dissolved organic carbon，DOC）和氮（Dissolved organic nitrogen，DON）参与C、N循环过程。为深入揭示全球C、N循环过程机制，在未开展DOC和DON的地区进行相关研究是有必要的。森林土壤（包括枯枝落叶层）DOC、DON动态及调控机理的研究是目前国际上森林生态系统C、N循环研究热点之一。本研究立足于暖温带岷江上游茂县地区人工林植被，对土壤DOC和DON的库容量，季节动态及其与其它养分之间的关系进行了系统研究，旨在了解DOC和DON在该区生态系统中的重要作用，并探讨作为DOM主要来源的叶凋落物对DOC和DON的动态影响，研究有助于更加详细地了解该区生态系统C和N循环过程。本论文主要研究结论如下： 1研究了岷江上游地区两大主要土壤类型（棕壤和褐土）不同植物群落下土壤的DOC和DON含量及特征，结果表明：DOC和DON在两种土壤类型中均有库容量存在，DOC在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别111.96~159.95 mg kg-1和69.02~100.84 mg kg-1。DON在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别11.88~23.08 mg kg-1和4.70~10.77 mg kg-1。游离氨基酸在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别0.84~1.66 mg kg-1和0.39~0.73 mg kg-1。DOC、DON与土壤中的一些养分因子表现出了显著的相关关系，共同反映了土壤的状况和质量，在该区开展DOC和DON的系统研究是有必要的。 2 对油松与连香树林地土壤DOC、DON以及其它化学指标的季节动态进行了研究，结果表明：油松与连香树林地土壤DOC和DON的季节动态变化表现了类似的规律，DOC和DON的含量均以秋季最高。DOC和DON的季节动态变化主要受凋落物生物因素的影响，但其微生物活力的生物因素以及降雨、温度等非生物因素也是控制土壤DOC和DON含量的重要因素。土壤DON在土壤中的行为不同于矿质氮，其季节动态不同于NO3--N和NH4+-N的季节动态，在研究N循环过程中，应考虑DON的变化情况。 3 对油松与连香树林地分解层和表层土壤（0-10cm）氨基酸周转动态进行了研究，结果表明：油松林地和连香树林地均以分解层的氨基酸含量高于矿质表层土壤的含量。每个取样时期，油松林地内各层次的氨基酸含量高于连香树林地内相应层次的含量。两林地各层次无机氮含量均超过了氨基酸的含量，并且室内培养30天后无机N的含量仍然高于氨基酸的含量，所以可以认为该区立地条件下无论是在有机分解层还是矿质土层植物吸收利用的氮素仍是以无机N为主。 4 松林下松针凋落物易于累积，这与松针凋落物分解缓慢有关，从而导致松林内养分周转缓慢。通过用不同性质凋落物和灌丛地土壤构建微生态系统，比较油松、辐射松、连香树、灌丛虎榛子凋落物分解对C、N循环过程的影响，结果显示油松和辐射松针叶凋落物比连香树、虎榛子凋落物分解更慢，减缓了养分循环过程。然而将针叶凋落物与阔叶凋落物混合后，油松和辐射松针叶凋落物的分解加快，C、N元素的循环过程也加速。此结果表明在松林内维持具有高质量凋落物的灌丛植被或在松林内栽植一些阔叶树种如连香树对维持和增进松树人工林的土壤肥力有重大的作用。室内培养的结果还显示添加凋落物后土壤DOC和DON的含量显著增加，表明凋落物是土壤DOM的直接来源。然而不同物种凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量有所不同，并随时间发生改变。混合凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量均高于松针凋落物单独处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量。DON是一个主要的水溶性N库，随时间的变化趋势与无机N的变化趋势不同，在土壤N循环过程中起到了中间N库的作用。 As a labile fraction of soil organic matter, dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a very important role in material cycling of terrestrial ecosystem. The turnover of DOM is now being considered as main components in nutrient cycling. DOM mainly includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), -nitrogen (DON), -phosphorous (DOP) and –sulfur (DOS). Among these constituents, DOC and DON directly participate in C and N cycling. It is essential to study DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors in the areas where no related study has ever been carried out. Study about them can provide data supports on understanding the mechanism of the global C and N cycling. DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors have been focused on in the research of C and N cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on forest plantations of Maoxian, Minjiang River in warm temperate zone, soil DOC and DON pool size, their seasonal dynamics, and the correlation between DOC, DON and other nutrients were studied in order to understand the importance of DOC and DON in the study area. Soil DOC and DON dynamics induced by leaf litter decomposition were also studied. The study contributed to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and providing baseline data for including DOC and DON into the indices system of evaluating nutrient conditions. The results were as follows: 1 Several different plant communities under brown soil and Cinnamon soil were chosen as sampling plots. The contents and features of soil DOC and DON were evaluated. The results showed that DOC and DON were present under the two soil types. DOC contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 111.96 mg kg-1to 159.95 mg kg-1, and 69.02 mg kg-1 to 100.84 mg kg-1. DON contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 11.88 mg kg-1to 23.08 mg kg-1, and 4.70 mg kg-1 to 10.77 mg kg-1. Free amino acid contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 0.84 mg kg-1to 1.66 mg kg-1, and 0.39 mg kg-1 to 0.73 mg kg-1. Significant correlations were found between DOC, DON and some nutrient indices, which together reflected soil condition and quality. It was hence essential to study DOC and DON in the study area. 2 Seasonal dynamics of DOC, DON, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N were studied under Pinus tabulaeformis and Cercidiphyllum japonicum plantation. The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON under the two plantations performed similar change pattern, with the highest values in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON were mainly influenced by the litterfall. However, biotic factors such as soil microbial activities and abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature also controlled the dynamics of soil DOC and DON. The seasonal dynamic of DON was different from that of NO3--N and NH4+-N, which showed that the behavioral differences between DON and inorganic nitrogen. And hence, it was proposed to include DON into soil N cycling in the study area. 3 Amino acid dynamics in Oa and topsoil (0-10 cm) under P. tabulaeformis and C. japonicum plantation were studied. The results showed that amino acid content in Oa was significantly higher than that in mineral soil. At each sampling time, significantly higher amino acid contents were found in P. tabulaeformis plantation than in C. japonicum plantation. The content of inorganic nitrogen was much higher than the content of amino acid in each sampling layer at each sampling time. After a 30-days laboratory incubation the content of amino acid was still lower than the content of inorganic nitrogen. The results implicated that the form of N absorbed by plants in these study sites were mainly inorganic nitrogen. 4 Usually needle litter is more resistant to decomposition, which leads to needle litter accumulation in pure coniferous stands and slows down the rate of nutrient circulation. By constructing microcosms with local shrubland soil and containing the four single-species (P. tabulaeformis, P. radiata, C. japonicum, Ostryopsis davidiana) litters, the decomposition rates and related C and N dynamics of needle litters and broadleaved litters during the early stage were compared. The results showed that the decomposition rates of pine needles were lower than those of broadleaved litters, which descended C and N cycling processes. However, the presence of C. japonicum or O. davidiana litter into pine needles increased the decomposition rates of pine needles and also dramatically promoted C and N cycling processes. It should be appropriate for plantation managers to consider C. japonicum as an ameliorative species or remain O. davidiana in pine plantations to improve soil conditions and help maintain soil fertility. The laboratory incubation still showed that DOC and DON contents in all litter-amended treatments were significantly higher than no litter-amended treatment, which proved that litter could be a direct source of DOM in soils. Different species litters induced different soil DOC and DON contents, which correspondingly changed over time. DOC and DON contents in mixed litter treatments were higher than those in pine needle litter treatments. As a major soluble N pool, DON developed a different changing pattern over time compared with inorganic N and played a role of interim N pool in soil N cycling.

用于空间诱变育种机理研究的标定实验

为鉴别击中搭载水稻种子的空间重离子,一种固体核径迹探测器(SSNTD)CR-39被用作“三明治”式探测系统的一部分,通过测量离子在CR-39中的射程R和蚀刻率V,就可得到斜率(dR/dV-1)。根据自建的一个数学模型R*=0.015AZ3.13V-1,可利用已知离子标定实验数据来拟合得到该模型的系数。为此,CR-39对C、Ne、Si、Ar和Fe离子的标定实验分别在中国科学院近代物理研究所的重离子研究装置(HIRFL-IMP)上和日本国立放射医学综合研究所的重离子医用加速器(HIMAC-NIRS)上进行。拟合得到了一个离子鉴别公式Z3.13=3.75×104+1.50(dR/dV-1)和一条标定直线。

Study on conical columns with different conical angles for semi-preparative liquid chromatography

The dynamic flow profiles and separation performances in conically shaped preparative liquid chromatographic columns (inlet i.d. larger than outlet i.d.) with three different angles (7, 10 and 15degrees) were studied and compared with cylindrical column of the same length and internal volume. The shapes of dynamic flow profiles were studied by on-column visualization method. The transparent chromatographic columns made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), packed with C-18 bonded silica, were immerged into a cubic pool filled with glycerol to eliminate the cylindrical and conical lens effect. The flow profiles of colored iodine solution in the columns were observed clearly using cyclohexane as mobile phase since the refractive indices of C-18, column wall and the mobile phase are very close. In the conical column of 15degrees (20-7 mm i.d.) the mobile phase in the central region migrated slower than in wall region as it moved toward the column outlet, while in the conical column of 7degrees (17-11 mm i.d.) the mobile phase in the central region migrated faster than in wall region just like in cylindrical column. We found that a plug-like flow profile was generated in the conical column of 10degrees (18-9 mm i.d.) during the whole migration process. A carmine and brilliant blue mixture was used as a probe to test the separation ability of the columns. The resolutions of the two compounds on the conical column of 7, 10, 15degrees and on the cylindrical column were 0.6, 1.57, 1.29 and 0.8, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

不同缓/控释氮肥在玉米苗期的养分释放与转化研究

采用盆栽试验,模拟田间生态环境,研究施用不同缓/控释氮素肥料在玉米苗期的土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮及矿质态氮数量。研究表明,施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂NBPT涂层大颗粒尿素肥料的尿素态氮含量最高,为21.29 mg kg-1土;硝化抑制剂DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素、醋酸酯淀粉包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素的铵态氮含量最高,分别达到60.22 mg kg-1土和59.93 mg kg-1土,硝态氮含量最低,分别为29.82 mg kg-1土、27.97 mg kg-1土,相互间差异不显著;醋酸酯淀粉包膜大颗粒尿素的硝态氮和矿质态氮含量都最高,分别为102.08 mg kg-1土和135.25mg kg-1土,铵态氮、尿素态氮含量最低,分别为33.16 mg kg-1和3.42 mg kg-1土,相互间无显著差异;DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素、丙烯酸树脂包膜NBPT涂层大颗粒尿素、醋酸酯淀粉包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素和丙烯酸树脂包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素在玉米苗期的土壤矿质态氮含量最少,相互间无显著差异,分别为89.75 mg kg-1土、93.70 mg kg-1土、88.19 mg kg-1土和86.22 mg kg-1土,说明它们在玉米苗期氮素养分释放量最少,包膜和抑制剂的作用效应较好。

黄河源区退化高寒草地土壤种子库:种子萌发的数量和动态

对青藏高原黄河源区不同退化程度高寒草地的土壤种子库土样用土壤分析筛进行浓缩,并以萌发法分析土壤种子库萌发种子数量和动态.结果表明,孔径0.25~2 mm的土壤分析筛分离土样中萌发种子可达萌发种子总量的85%~97%,而小于0.25 mm的土样中未发现种子.因此,用0.25 mm孔径大小的土壤筛对高寒草地土壤种子库土样进行大规模浓缩是一种方便、可靠的方法.4种不同退化程度高寒草地(A:未退化草甸;B:轻度退化草甸;C:中度退化草甸;D:重度退化草甸)的土壤种子库在实验室条件下萌发的种子数量分别为:A 1 194~3 744粒/m2,平均2 421.3粒/m2;B 5 376~1 0912粒/m2,平均7 786.7粒/m2;C 2 304~1 3216粒/m2,平均8 695.5粒/m2;D 4 768~12 352粒/m2,平均8 125.9粒/m2.除样地A外,其它3个样地的可萌发种子数量差异不大.单子叶植物种子在培养到d 10左右开始萌发,双子叶植物在5~7 d内开始萌发,前者3 wk后基本不再萌发,后者5 wk左右停止萌发.4个样地土壤种子库种子萌发主要集中在第2~3周,并表现出近似单峰型格局.图1表3参39

水蚀条件下硝酸铵施用对黄绵土氮素流失的影响

研究结果表明不同坡度谷子地 ,高 N处理小区径流中铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮浓度平均为 1.0 6、0 .76和1.82 mg/kg,低 N分别为 0 .6 4、1.2 9和 1.93mg/kg;高氮处理土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮平均流失量分别达到17.90、12 .93和 30 .84kg/(km2 · a) ,低 N流失量为 11.90、2 3.86和 35 .77kg/(km2 · a)。高氮处理小区泥沙中有机质和全氮浓度平均为 5 .2 1和 0 .5 36 g/kg,而低氮处理分别为 4.94和 0 .481g/kg;高氮和低氮处理土壤有机质流失量分别为 5 70 2和 5 743kg/(km2 · a) ,土壤全氮流失量为 498和 5 5 9kg/(km2 · a)

纳米TiO_2催化下表层土壤中BaP的紫外光降解

采用光解试验,研究了紫外照射与纳米TiO2联合作用下,土壤表层中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的降解动力学;同时考察了催化剂的浓度、土壤pH、腐植酸和光质对BaP的光催化降解的影响。结果表明,土壤中BaP的光催化降解表现为准一级动力学。催化剂TiO2可以明显地促进土壤中BaP的光降解,较少量的催化剂(0.5%)使光解的半衰期从363.22h减少到103.26h。H+和OH-离子对BaP的催化光解起促进作用,在酸性和碱性土壤中BaP光催化降解高于中性土壤,酸性土壤中的降解速率最快。腐殖质吸收紫外光照射时,产生的活性氧中间产物能够攻击BaP,添加腐植酸能增加土壤表层中BaP的光催化降解。BaP的光解半衰期从无外加腐植酸的89.34h,减少到添加浓度分别为5、10、20和40mg·kg-1的29.37、32.69、35.73和38.51h。BaP的催化降解随波长的增加而降低,在波长254、310和365nm下,BaP降解的一级动力学常数分别为0.0078h-1、0.0061h-1和0.005h-1。

土壤抗蚀性的研究动态

在综述土壤抗蚀性研究成果及抗蚀性研究方法的基础上 ,介绍了土壤抗蚀性研究的进展 ,并指出目前土壤抗蚀性研究方法存在的问题 ,提出土壤抗蚀性研究应建立在侵蚀动力和土壤抗侵蚀力作用过程的基础上 ,从土壤侵蚀过程中各种因素的作用机理出发 ,使土壤抗蚀性的研究标准化、定量化 ,为土壤流失预报及水土流失调控措施的设计提供科学依据

陕北黄土高原可持续发展评价研究

通过对陕北黄土高原可持续发展评价指标体系和方法的初步研究 ,设计出了包括 1个高级综合指标——可持续发展综合指数、人口状况等 5个基本指标和人口自然增长率等 30个元素指标的层次性指标体系结构框架 ,熵技术支持下确定可持续发展指标权重的层次分析法 ,以及由递阶多层次综合评价、主成份分析和回归分析等数学方法所集成的可持续发展全面综合评价模型 ,并依次对该地区可持续发展现状及趋势进行了全面分析评价

天然吸附澄清剂在板栗壳棕色素精致中的应用

色泽是构成食品感官质量的一个重要因素,保持或赋予食品良好色泽是食品工业中亟待解决的重要问题。板栗壳棕色素是一种稳定性好,无毒副作用,甚至对人体具一定保健作用的天然色素,故可作优良的食品添加剂。然所含杂质则大大地降低其色价和品质,本文将板栗壳棕色素分别用101果汁澄清剂、ZTC1+1Ⅱ型澄清剂和壳聚糖进行絮凝处理,确定了各自的作用条件,并对其絮凝效果进行比较。101果汁澄清剂法:101果汁澄清剂1/125(v/v),温度室温(约15℃),色价7.27;ZTC1+1Ⅱ型澄清剂法:先B后A,B1/500(v/v),A1/1000(v/v),温度约40℃,色价9.39;壳聚糖法:1/125(v/v),温度约50℃,色价6.67。实验结果表明,三种方法对棕色素色价提高均有较好的效果,但总体上看,ZTC1+1Ⅱ型澄清剂法效果最好,色价高达9.39,故ZTC1+1Ⅱ型澄清剂法明显优于其它两种方法。