250 resultados para Heihe river watershed


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气候变化对黄土高原的水资源有重要影响,对其影响进行评估可以为区域发展提供重要的决策依据。基于分布式水文模型SWAT和4种全球环流模式的各3种排放情景,评估了2010~2039年黄土高塬沟壑区黑河流域水资源对气候变化的潜在响应。结果表明,黑河流域2010~2039年的年均降水变化-2.3%~7.8%,年均最高和最低温度分别升高0.7~2.2℃和1.2~2.8℃,年均径流量变化-19.8%~37.0%,1.2m剖面年均土壤水分含量变化-5.5%~17.2%,年均蒸散量普遍增长0.1%~5.9%;水文气象变量变化趋势复杂,但T检验表明年降水、径流、土壤水分和蒸散增长的概率较大。对于季节变化,降水可能在12~7月份和9月份增长,8月份和10~11月份减少;径流在4~7月份和9~10月份增加,11~3月份和8月份减少;土壤水分在各月都增长;蒸散11~6月份普遍增长,7~10月份减少的可能性较大。未来气候将发生显著变化并对水资源有重要影响,需采取必要的措施来减缓其不利影响。

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水土保持政策是指导和促进水土保持开展的主要社会驱动力之一。新中国成立以来,黄土高原水土保持经过探索治理、重点治理、全民治理、小流域综合治理和预防为主、依法防治等5个阶段。在不同阶段,水土保持目标和任务、治理主体、政策的针对性和治理主导措施侧重等均有变化。在分析政策演变的基础上,提出了针对新时期水土保持特点的政策建议。

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定量评价影响渭河流域产水、产沙的地理环境要素因子,为渭河流域产水、产沙格局划分及流域生态环境建设提供理论依据。【方法】分析渭河流域主要支流产水、产沙对年降雨量(P)、植被净初级生产力(NPP)、泥沙中数直径(D50)等地带性因子之间的响应机制。【结果】流域产水、产沙模数与以上3种因子之间均存在明显的非线性关系。采用回归分析得到了流域产水、产沙与地带性因子之间的多元回归模型。【结论】建立了渭河流域产水、产沙与地理环境要素之间的多项式回归模型。

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Natural surface coatings sampled (NSCSs) from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments (SSs) in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the similarities and difference in fractions of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) between NSCSs and SSs using the modified sequential extraction procedure (MSEP). The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fractions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase (76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs) and Fe-oxides phase (20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs). Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase (48.27%) and that in SSs present as residual phase (45.44%). Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions (>48%), and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution pattern implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter (OM), and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.

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本文以浑河上游流域为研究对象,运用35技术结合野外调查,对研究区1986,1992和2001年三个时段的森林变化及流域出口断面的水文响应进行了研究。研究内容包括研究区近期森林的数量、质量和空间分布状况:研究区森林在各个时段之间变化的数量和具体方式;研究时段内,流域出口断面主要水文要素的变化与定量表达。研究结论将加深人们对该森林流域在上世纪末森林植被变化历程的了解,促进区域生态建设和恢复研究,以实现流域的生态安全。主要结论:1)现阶段研究区森林面积1.57*10~5hm2,森林覆被率达67.04%。森林以阔叶林为主,面积占森林总面积的69.46%,其次是落叶松林,常绿林只占3.17%;对森林质量评价发现研究区森林整体属于良;3)森林的面积权重随海拔增加而增加,森林在研究区平均海拔以下的面积权重是55.52%,平均海拔以上的面积权重是79.64%,差异显著。2)十五年间森林净增加1.8X10'hm,,在1986-1992年间,森林增加0.7*104hm2,1992-2001年间,森林增加1.1*104hm2,两个时期森林变化的速度接近,但变化模式并不相同;根据随机模型模拟结果,按照近期恢复情况,研究区在2010年的覆被率有望达到70%03)森林变化对流域水文要素产生比较明显的影响。流域总蓄水量增加1.5*107t;通过构造径流和泥沙的响应指数发现,1996-2001年和1986-1991年比较,流域每毫米降水在出口断面上产生的径流量减少4.4*104m3,泥沙量减少36.3t。