电化学扫描隧道显微镜的研制及银、镍的现场电沉积研究

本文报道电化学扫描隧道显微镜(ECSTM)的研制技术,包括电子线路及绝缘探针尖的制备。研制的ECSTM中,试样和探针的电位能同时控制。绝缘探针的制备包括先用电化学腐蚀形成针尖,然后再在光学显微镜下绝缘,用扫描电子显微镜评定了绝缘针尖的性能。最后用研制的ECSTM现场研究了银、镍在高定向裂解石墨(HOPG)上的电沉积。

高氯酸铒与α-组氨酸络合物的合成和晶体结构

在水溶液中合成了标题络合物,其化学式为Er(His)_2(ClO_4)_5·6H_2O(His为质子化的α-组氨酸)。测定了该络合物的红外光谱。用X射线单晶衍射法测定了络合物的晶体结构,结果表明,其结构式为[Er_2(His)_4(H_2O)_(?)]·10ClO_4·4H_2O,属单斜晶系,空间群为Pī,每一个晶胞中有一个络合物分子,晶胞参数为:α=8.294(1)(?)、b=10.981(3)(?)、c=11.934(3)(?)、β=107.04(2)°。每两个中心离子铒由四个α-组氨酸的羧基桥连成双核络合物,两对对位的羧基组成两个平面,其夹角为91.9°。组氨酸中α-氨基和咪唑取代基上的N原子未参与配位。络合物中铒的配位数为8,八个氧原子取四方反棱柱体排布于饵的周围,络合物离子的配位多面体由两个四方反棱柱体组成。

A NEW KIND OF CONDUCTING POLYMER POLYPYRROLE (PPY) BR- ION CHEMICAL SENSOR

The modification of conducting polymer polypyrrole(PPy) on glassy carbon(GC)by electrcchemical technique, and the study on doping effect of Br anion and electrochemical behavior of PPy film electrode were reported.A new kind of Br~- ion selective electrode has been prepared successfully.The mechanism of the electrode potential response is based on the doping effect of anion in the conducting polymer.Effect of polymerization conditions on the potential response characteristic is investigated in dtail.The PPy...

高1,2-聚丁二烯及通用橡胶的流变性质

采用多速粘度计和Monsanto试验机联用,在表观剪切速率为3×10~(-8)—2.5×10~8s~(-1)时观察了高1,2-聚丁二烯(PB)生胶与顺式1,4-PB,EPDM,SBR 1500在流变性质上的差异。高1,2-PB虽在中等剪切速率下有较高的粘度,但在低、高剪切速率时的粘度均较低,这一特性有利于它的加工。高1,2-PB在低剪切速率下的流动活化能较其他橡胶高,故抗冷流性能优越,易于存放。

新型导电聚合物——聚吡咯溴离子化学传感器

本文用电化学方法把导电聚合物聚吡咯(PPy)修饰在玻碳(GC)电极上,研究了Br~-离子的掺杂效应和薄膜电极的电化学行为,研制一种新型Br~-离子选择电极,电极的响应机制是基于导电聚合物中阴离子的掺杂效应,详细研究了聚合条件对电极电位响应性能的影响,电极具有内阻小、响应快、抗毒化能力强、制备简便等优点,电极对1×10~(-1)—1×10~(-4)MBr~-呈能斯特响应,检测下限7×10~(-5)M,斜率61mV/PBr~-。本文结果是化学修饰电极技术在化学传感器方面应用的有意义的尝试。薄膜的良好导电性质使之更易于制备离子敏感电子学器件和生物电子学器件。

Using otolith weight to predict the age of Pennahia macrocephalus in the mouth of the Beibu Gulf

The relation between otolith weight (OW) and the age of marine fish is studied. A total of 222 individuals of bighead white croaker, Pennahia macrocephalus were sampled seasonally in the mouth of the Beibu Gulf, the South China Sea, in 2007. Since there are no significant differences in sagittal OW between otolith in pairs (Pa parts per thousand yen0.05), the undamaged left sagittal otolith is used for age determination. The highest correlations among standard length, OW and fish ages are confirmed by linear, exponential and multinomial regression. Results show that sagittal OW overlaps only occasionally among age groups, and to individuals with similar standard length, the older and slower-growing fish has a heavier otolith because of the continued otolith material deposition. There are differences in sagittal OW among different age groups and significant positive linear relationship with age (P < 0.05). The age readings can be verified by plotting the sagittal OW versus the standard length for age groups, and the individuals with similar standard length but in different ages can be separated by sagittal OW frequency analysis. Mostly, the predicted ages using the regression between sagittal OW and ages are closed to the observed ages by counting annulus on scale. It indicates that the sagittal OW analysis is a useful technique for validating the accuracy of age determination by annuli counts, especially for individuals of similar size. Furthermore, the technique is applied for Pennahia macrocephalus with discussion in this paper.

A SINGULAR EXACT SOLUTION FOR NONLINEAR SHALLOW-WATER ON A ROTATING EARTH

In this paper, we present an exact solution for nonlinear shallow water on a rotating planet. It is a kind of solitary waves with always negative wave height and a celerity smaller than linear shallow water propagation speed square-root gh. In fact, it propagates with a speed equal to (1 + a/h) square-root gh(1 + a/h) where a is the negative wave height. The lowest point of the water surface is a singular point where the first order derivative has a discontinuity of the first kind. The horizontal scale of the wave has actually no connection with the water depth.

海鞘（Ciona savignyi）性腺组织细胞、血细胞和生殖干样细胞的体外培养

随着对海洋无脊椎动物免疫、发育以及细胞生物学等方面研究的需要，海洋无脊椎动物细胞培养日益受到关注。然而，由于海洋无脊椎动物的细胞代谢途径以及生长特性与陆生哺乳动物有很大差异，细胞培养难度较大,至今尚未有连续的细胞系建立。海鞘（Ciona savignyi）属于尾索动物亚门(Urochordata)，是典型的被囊类动物。作为无脊椎动物中进化地位较高等的一类动物，海鞘在免疫、胚胎发育、细胞学等各个领域对研究脊椎动物的系统发生都有着非常重要的作用。 本文分别以海鞘的性腺组织细胞和血细胞为材料，建立和优化海鞘细胞体外培养方法和条件；另外，还识别了成体海鞘性腺内的生殖样干细胞，并对其进行了体外培养和鉴定，为进一步开展海鞘细胞体外培养最终建立细胞系积累了资料。 首先比较了4种基础培养基L-15、M199、DMEM和RPMIl640 与各种培养添加物组合、不同温度和PH值对海鞘性腺组织细胞和血细胞的体外生长的影响。结果表明，20℃，pH6.8，M199基础培养基添加10%胎牛血清最适合海鞘性腺组织细胞生长。同时对海鞘性腺的分离方法即机械解离细胞法和酶学解离细胞法进行了比较，发现机械解离细胞法最适合海鞘性腺组织细胞的分离，分离得到的细胞贴壁率和成活率高。对于海鞘血细胞的培养，20℃，pH6.8条件下，L-15基础培养基并添加10%胎牛血清对血细胞的体外存活和生长效果较好。另外，还成功的利用原代培养的血细胞检测了海鞘肿瘤坏死因子配体家族成员（CsTL）基因的表达变化。 论文还研究了海鞘细胞培养中细菌污染的鉴定和控制方法。对于培养过程中的细菌污染，通过细菌分离、培养和纯培养发现两类菌株检出率较高，均为革兰氏阴性菌。经PCR 扩增16S rDNA 基因序列片断，结果显示这两类菌株分别属于弧菌属和施万氏菌属。药敏试验结果表明，亚胺培南和氯霉素等对受检施万氏菌的敏感度较高；而受检弧菌对氯霉素和环丙沙星的敏感度高。为控制培养中的微生物污染，比较了几种抗生素组合的使用效果，其中氯霉素和亚胺培南与双抗的抗生素组合有较好的抑菌效果并对培养细胞的贴壁和生长没有影响。然而，海鞘性腺组织细胞和血细胞在体外的传代培养并未取得成功，本论文对来源于成体海鞘性腺的生殖样干细胞进行了体外培养和鉴定。结果表明，成体海鞘性腺内存在生殖样干细胞，且在体外可以生长，繁殖并且可能具有分化潜能。体外培养的过程中，生长的细胞克隆明显具有类似胚胎干细胞的形态和基因表达特点。 本研究克隆了海鞘肿瘤坏死因子配体家族成员（CsTL）基因。CsTL全长995个核苷酸编码281个氨基酸。组织表达结果显示，CsTL在性腺组织的表达水平相对比较高，提示CsTL可能对海鞘性腺的发育或分化等起着一定的作用。利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达纯化了CsTL蛋白。结果显示，重组CsTL对L929细胞显示了明显的细胞毒性作用，说明CsTL是具有生物学活性的重组蛋白。但是尝试用获得的重组CsTL蛋白作为培养添加物培养海鞘性腺组织细胞，但并未检测到CsTL对海鞘性腺组织细胞的生长或凋亡有任何影响。 总之，本文筛选到了适合海鞘性腺组织细胞和血细胞生长的培养基，并成功的将这两类细胞在体外进行了原代培养，并且虽然细胞传代未获成功，但为今后继续深入开展海鞘细胞培养研究奠定了基础，另外，海鞘生殖样干细胞的识别和培养也将为海洋无脊椎动物的细胞培养提供一条新途径。

Antifungal properties of Schiff bases of chitosan, N-substituted chitosan and quaternized chitosan

Schiff bases of chitosan, N-substituted chitosan, and quaternized chitosan were synthesized and their antifungal properties were analyzed against Botrytis cinerea Pers. (B. cinerea pers.) and Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass) Ell.et halst (C. lagenarium (Pass) Ell.et halst) based on the method of D. Jasso de Rodriguez and co-workers. The results showed that quaternized chitosan had better inhibitory properties than chitosan, Schiff bases of chitosan, and N-substituted chitosan. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and antifungal properties of sulfanilamide derivatives of chitosan

Sulfanilamide derivatives of chitosan (2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-chitosan (HSACS, LSACS), 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-sulfo-chitosan (HSACSS, LSACSS) and 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-carboxymethyl-chitosan (HSACMCS, LSACMCS)) were prepared using different molecular weights of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and chitosan sulfates (CSS) reacted with 4-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The structures of the derivatives were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, which showed that the substitution degree of sulfanilamide group of HSACS, HSACSS, HSACMCS, LSACS, LSACSS and LSACMCS were 0.623, 0.492, 0.515, 0.576, 0.463 and 0.477, respectively. The solubility of the derivatives (pH < 7.5) was higher than that of chitosan (pH < 6.5). The antifungal activities of the derivatives against Aiternaria solani and Phomopsis asparagi were evaluated based on the method of Jasso et al. in the experiment. The results indicated that all the prepared sulfanilamide derivatives had a significant inhibiting effect on the investigated fungi in the polymer concentration range from 50 to 500 mu g mL(-1). The antifungal activities of the derivatives increased with increasing the molecular weight, concentration or the substitution degree. The sulfanilamide derivatives of CS, CMCS and CSS show stronger antifungal activities than CS, CMCS and CSS. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

中国虎耳草属（虎耳草科）二新种——班玛虎耳草和丁青虎耳草

记载了中国虎耳草属Saxifraga新种，即班玛虎耳草S.banmaensisJ．T Pan和丁青虎耳草sdingqingensis J．T Pan。其中，班玛虎耳草仅见于青海班玛，与小伞虎耳草S．umbellulata Hook．f ＆ Thoms．近缘，但其萼片先端具软骨质短尖头，花瓣线形，非提琴状长圆形至提琴形，基部无爪，可资区别。丁青虎耳草见于西藏丁青，与近加拉虎耳草S．llonakhensis W W Smith相似，但其萼片3脉，于先端汇合成1疣点，花瓣具8痂体和4—5脉，基部截形或近耳形，可以区别。此两种均系中国特有种，隶属于莲座状亚组subsect．Rosulares Gornall。

不同去甲肾上腺素剂量下布氏田鼠非颤抖性产热比较

非颤抖性产热是小型哺乳动物的一种重要产热方式。关于其定量测定，一般采用注射去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine，NE）诱导的最大耗氧量的方式获得。因此，去甲肾上腺素剂量的选择就显得很重要。我们利用常用的3种经验公式计算剂量，即：（1）NE（mg／kg DK）=2．53W^-0．4；（2）NE（mg／kg）=3．3W^0.458；和（3）NE（mg／kg）=6．6W^0.458,W是体重（g），以布氏田鼠为实验对象，测定了3种剂量诱导的非颤抖性产热情况。结果表明，3种剂量都能诱导出最大非颤抖性产热能力，在非颤抖性产热大小上没有显著性差异，分别为6．190±1．342（公式1）、6．166±0．852（公式2）和7．005±1．501（公式3），但公式（3）剂量下体温增加程度显著高于前两个剂量，分别增加了1．9±0．9℃（公式3）、0．9±0．2℃（公式1）和0．7±0．2℃（公式2）。为了防止动物体温过高引起死亡，我们推荐公式（1）和（或）（2）。

Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition in Soil Organic Carbon and C3/C4 Source Variations at the Haibei Alpine Meadow

Stable carbon isotopes of organic matter originated from different soil layers (0～5 cm, 5～15 cm, 15～25 cm, 25～35 cm, 35～50 cm, 50～65 cm) were investigated in the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The preliminary results indicated that δ13C values of soil organic matter increased with increased soil depth. δ13C of soil organic carbon in 0～5 cm layer showed the lowest value, -25.09‰; while 50～65 cm soil layer possessed the lowerδ13C value, -13.87‰. Based on mass balance model of stable isotopes, it was proposed that the percentage of C4 carbon source tend to increase with increased soil depth. The preliminary study indicated that alpine meadow might have undergone a successive process from C4-dominated community to C3-dominated one. However, changing δ13C values in atmospheric CO2 overtime and different processes of soil organic carbon formation (or eluviation) might somewhat contribute to increasing δ13C values. In this case, mass balance model would underestimate C3 community and overestimate C4 community.

Effect of graded levels of rapeseed oil in isonitrogenous diets on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, and utilisation of protein, fat and energy in broiler chickens

The effect of feeding 0, 4, 8 and 16% rapeseed oil from 12-42 days of age was studied in broiler chickens on performance, digestibility of nutrients, and development of gastrointestinal tract, protein and energy metabolism. Thirty six female chickens (Ross 208) with initial body weight average 246 g were allocated to the four groups and kept pair-wise in metabolism cages. The chickens were fed similar amounts of metabolisable energy (ME) per day and similar amounts of essential amino acids relative to ME by adjusting with crystalline amino acids. The chickens were subjected to four balance periods each of five days with two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air-circuit respiration chambers inserted on the second and third day of each period. The addition of rapeseed oil increased the amount of gutfill indicating a reduced rate of passage and causing a hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a positive effect on feed utilisation as well as on digestibility especially of dietary fat together with higher utilisation of protein with addition of rapeseed oil. The partial fat digestibility of rapeseed oil estimated by regression was 91.1% and the partial metabolisability (ME/GE) of the rapeseed oil was estimated to 85% yielding an apparent metabolisable energy value of 34.30 MJ/kg.