Study of the catalytic behaviors of concentrated heteropolyacid solution. I. A novel catalyst for isobutane alkylation with butenes

A novel liquid acid catalyst, composed of heteropolyacid and acetic acid for the alkylation of isobutane with butenes is reported. The conditions for the formation of catalytic active phase as well as its catalytic behaviors in alkylation of isobutane with butenes have been studied. It was found that acetic acid, as a solvent, exerts a synergistic effect on the acid strength of heteropolyacid, and the contents of crystal water in HPAs have influence over the formation of active phase and the catalytic activity. This novel catalyst is comparable to the sulfuric acid in catalytic activity.

Phase transition and transition kinetics of a thermotropic poly(amide-imide) derived from 70% pyromellitic dianhydride, 30% terephthaloyl chloride, and 1,3-bis[4-(4 '-aminophenoxy)cumyl]benzene

The phase transition and transition kinetics of a liquid crystalline copoly(amide-imide) (PAI37), which was synthesized from 70 mol% pyromellitic dianhydride, 30 mol% terephthaloyl chloride, and 1,3-bis[4-(4'-aminophenoxy)cumyl]benzene, was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and rheology. PAI37 exhibits a glass transition temperature at 182 degreesC followed by multiple phase transitions. The crystalline phase starts to melt at similar to 220 degreesC and forms smectic C (S-C) phase. The Sc phase transforms into smectic A (S-A) phase when the temperature is above 237 degreesC. The S-C to S-A transition spans a broad temperature range in which the S-A phase vanishes and forms isotropic melt. The WARD fiber pattern of PAI37 pulled from the anisotropic melt revealed an anomalous chain orientation, which was characterized by its layer normal perpendicular to the fiber direction. The transition kinetics for the mesophase and crystalline phase formation was also studied.

An effective etching technique for polycarbonate/core-shell poly(butyl acrylate) poly(methyl methacrylate) blend

Two etching techniques are used to reveal the morphology of PC/PBA-cs-PMMA blend. One is based on acetic acid (CH3COOH) solutions, whereas the other uses CCl4/ C2H5OH (3/1 v/v). The latter approach shows to be more appropriate and successful for revealing the morphology of PC/PBA-cs-PMMA blend.

Crystal structure of a Pr-III complex with a novel macrocyclic ligand

The crystal structure of a novel macrocyclic ligand complex of Pr-III, C112H178O52N8S4Pr2, [Pr2L2(HL)(2)(H2O)(6)]. 22H(2)O is reported. The macrocyclic ligand has pendant acetic acid through which the ligand is coordinated to the Pr-III ion. For the dimeric unit, [Pr2L2(HL)(2)(H2O)(6)], two Pr-III ions are connected by two bridging-chelating carboxyl groups and two bridging carboxyl groups of the ligands, and each Pr-III ion is also bonded to a unidentate carboxyl group of the ligand and three water molecules. The dimeric units are bridged by four ligands through their carboxyl groups to form an infinite one-dimensional chain. The coordination number of the Pr-III ion is nine, with a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic configuration. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Adsorption of PMo12 and SiMo12 on activated carbon in aqueous and acidic media

In various acidic media, such as H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, acetic acid of 3 M in hydrogen ion concentration, and pure acetic acid, the adsorption of heteropolyacids composed of molybdenum with the Keggin structures PMo12 and SiMo12 on different activated carbons is studied. In acidic media, the adsorbed amount of heteropolyacids is much higher than that in water. By considering the relation between adsorbed amount and the acid strength of the media, as far as SiMo12 and PMo12 are concerned, there exist different trends.

Effect of structures of modifiers on electrochemistry of di-mu-oxo dimanganese 2,2'-bipyridine complex

The gold electrodes modified with 2-picolinic acid , nicotinic acid, iso-nicotinic or thiophene were prepared using membrane transfer method, The electrochemistry of di-mu-oxodimanganese 2,2'-bipyridine complex was studied in the acetic acid buffer solution at different modified gold electrodes, It was found that the modifiers which can promote the electrochemical reaction of the complex should be of at least two functional groups, One group can be bound to the electrode surface and the other can form electron transfer pathway between the modifier and the complex through sal; bridge or hydrogen bond, In addition, the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction was discussed.

Hymeniacidon perleve associated bioactive bacterium Pseudomonas sp NJ6-3-1

Among marine bacteria isolated from the cytotoxic sponge Hymeniacidon perleve, one strain NJ6-3-1 classified as Pseudomonas sp. showed both cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Fatty acid analysis indicated that the bacterial strain consists mainly of C16:1, C16:0, C18:1, C18:0, C15:0, C14:0. One unusual 9,10-cyclopropane-C17:0 fatty acid and C26:0 also constitute major components, as well as the existence of squalene, the precursor of triterpenoids. The major metabolites in the culture broth were identified as alkaloids, including diketopiperazines and indole compounds, namely 3,6-diisopropylpiperazine-2,5-dione, 3-benzyl-3-isopropylpiperazine-2,5-dione, 3,6-bis-(2-methylpropyl)-piperazine-2,5-dione, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, indole-3-ethanol, and quinazoline-2,4-dione.

Characterization of proteolytic bacteria from the Aleutian deep-sea and their proteases

Six deep-sea proteolytic bacteria taken from Aleutian margin sediments were screened; one of them produced a cold-adapted neutral halophilic protease. These bacteria belong to Pseudoalteromonas spp., which were identified by the 16S rDNA sequence. Of the six proteases produced, two were neutral cold-adapted proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 7-8 and at temperature close to 35 degrees C, and the other four were alkaline proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 9 and at temperature of 40-45 degrees C. The neutral cold-adapted protease E1 showed its optimal activity at a sodium chloride concentration of 2 M, whereas the activity of the other five proteases decreased at elevated sodium chloride concentrations. Protease E1 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and its molecular mass was 34 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of protease E1 was determined to be 32,411 Da by mass spectrometric analysis. Phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) did not inhibit the activity of this protease, whereas it was partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid sodium salt (EDTA-Na). De novo amino acid sequencing proved protease E1 to be a novel protein.

三种海洋红藻和两株放线菌次级代谢产物研究

海洋是一个巨大的天然产物宝库，约占地球表面积70%的海洋蕴藏着80%的生物资源。由于海洋生态环境的特殊性，导致海洋生物能够产生大量结构独特多变和活性特殊多样的代谢产物。我国海域辽阔，海洋资源丰富，为寻找结构新颖、生理活性独特的先导化合物，加强对海洋资源的开发利用，本论文对中国沿海的三种海洋红藻和两株放线菌次生代谢产物以及生物活性进行研究，为新药研究与开发提供模式结构和药物前体。 对红藻似瘤凹顶藻Laurencia similis乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物35个，通过波谱学方法（IR、MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构。分别为：2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 6-sixibromo-3, 3-bi-1H-indole (1)，3,5-dibromo- 1-methyl-indole (2)，3',5',6,6'-tetrabromo-2,4-dimmethyldiphenyl ether (3)，1,2,5- tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (4)，2,5,8-tribromo-3-bromo- amino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (5)，2,5,6-tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromo- methylnaphthalene (6), 2,5,6,5',6'-pentabromo-3,4,3',4'-tetramethoxybenzophenone (7), (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*,3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl] -3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (8)，4-hydroxy-Palisadin C (9)，Isopalisol (10)，Luzonensol (11)，Palisadin B (12)，Aplysistatin (13)，Palisadin A (14)，5-Acetoxypalisadin B (15)，Aristolan-1(10)- en-9-ol (16)，Aristol-8-en-1-one (17)，Aristolan-9-en-1-one (18)，Aristolan-1(10)-en- 9-one (19)，Aristofone (20)，Aristolan-1(10)-8-diene (21)，Aristolan-1,9-diene (22)，10-Hydroxyaristolan-9-one (23)，7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylene-hexadecan-1,2-diol (24)，3β-Hydroxyergosta- 5,24(28)-dien-7-one (25)，Isofucosterol (26)，β-sitosterol (27)，豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (28)，Cholesta-5-en-3β-ol (29)，Stigmasterol (30)，2,3,5,6-四溴-吲哚 (31)，2,3,6-tribromo-1H-indole (32)，3,5,6-tribromo-1-methylindole (33)，3,5,6-tribromo -1H-indole (34)，2,3,5-tribromo-1-methylindole (35)，其中化合物1-9为新化合物，化合物10-15、20和化合物24-30均为首次从该种海藻中得到。对新化合物1-9进行PTP1B酶抑制剂活性筛选，新化合物1、3、7显示强的PTP1B酶抑制活性。 对红藻齐藤凹顶藻Laurencia saitoi乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物11个，通过波谱学方法（IR、MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为：2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone (1)，2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone B (2)，4-hydroxyl-Palisudin C (3)，2-bromo-γ-ionone (4)，Aplysistatin (5)，5-Acetoxypalisadin B (6)，Palisadin B (7)，Palisadin A (8)，Pacifigorgiol (9)，豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (10)，2, 3, 5, 6-四溴-吲哚 (11)，其中化合物1-4为新化合物，所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。通过MTT法对分离得到的新化合物1-4进行肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选，结果显示4个新化合物对所测肿瘤细胞株均无明显的活性。 对红藻瘤状软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus papillous乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物5个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (1)，邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯 (2)，胆甾醇 (3)，3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-ol (4)，4-羟基苯甲醛 (5)，所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。 对海洋放线菌M159乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物13个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为：5-(4',6'-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (A)，phenethyl alcohol (1)，4-羟基苯甲醛(2)，anthranilic acid (3)，4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy- phenyl-propionic acid (4)，5-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (5)，p-Hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (6)，3-Indoleacrylic acid (7)，Indol-3-carboxylic acid (8)，Adenine cordyceposide (9)，腺嘌呤核苷(10)，尿嘧啶核苷(11)，Thymidine (12)，其中化合物A为新化合物。所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。 对海洋放线菌L211乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物15个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了7个结构，分别为：spatozoate (1)，anthranilic acid (2)，3-Indolylethanol (3)，1-Acetyl-β-carbolin (4)，p-Hydroxyphen- ylethyl alcohol (5)，Indole-3-acetic acid (6)，Indol-3-carboxylic acid (7)，所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。

Investigation of Extration Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish

Me optimal conditions were established for the extraction of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from gonad of Chlamys nobills using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.04-1.0 mol/L. A 10-g portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by boiling for 5 min with 1.0 mL acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in a 50-mL beaker. Meanwhile, a portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by sonication in the solution of 0.3 mol/L HAc + 0.2 mol/L HCl for a total period of 5-30 min. The raw extract was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 5 min and the pH of supernatant was adjusted from 2.0 to 4.0 by 0.1 mol/L NaOH or 5 mol/L HCL After passing through a Millipore ultrafiltration membrane (10000 MW cut-off), ultrafiltrate was then analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.25-1.0 mol/L caused a significant decrease of N-sulfocarbarnoyl-11-hydroxysulfate toxin C1 (C1), C2 and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) and the concomitant increase of GTX2,3. However, the amount of the three unstable toxins did not show any change using the extraction with acetic acid. Under the same concentration of acetic acid (0.3 mol/L) and hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/L), the amount of C1 in the ultrasonic extraction was obviously lower than the boiling one, while C2 showed slightly higher than the latter.

Bromophenol derivatives from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides

Eight new bromophenol derivatives, 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl sulfoxide (1), 4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-butene-2-one (2), 2-(3-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3), 2-(3-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid methyl ester (4), 2-phenyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (5), 4'-methoxy-2",3',3"-tribromo-4",5',5"-trihydroxydiphenylacetic acid (6), and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (7) and its methyl ester (8), together with a known bromophenol, 3-bromo-5-hydroxy4-methoxybenzoic acid (9), were isolated from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including IR, EIMS, FABMS, ESIMS, HRFABMS, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Compounds 1-4, 8, and 9 were found inactive against several human cancer cell lines and microorganisms.

A new brominated phenylpropylaldehyde and its dimethyl acetal from red alga Rhodomela confervoides

A new brominated phenylpropylaldehyde and its dimethyl acetal together with a new natural brominated phenol were isolated from Rhodomela confervoides. Their structrues were elucidated as 2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propylaldehyde, 2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl) propylaldehyde dimethyl acetal and 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester by spectroscopic techniques including IR, HRFABMS, ID and 2DNMR experiments.

Recovery of protein from discharged wastewater during the production of chitin

Studies were carried out to optimize the conditions for the recovery of protein. The results showed that pH of 6.00 for wastewater, the dosage of 1% chitosan solution in 1% acetic acid aqueous solution of 2.0 ml for 50 ml wastewater and 1% FeCl3 aqueous solution of 2 ml for 50 ml wastewater, the flocculation time of 4.0 h were the optimal conditions for the recovery of protein. The obtained protein sediment contained abundant amino acids, especially isoleucine, methione and lysine that are absent in other protein resource. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

流体地球化学：成因、流动和流体-岩石相互作用及塔里木盆地实例研究

Geofluid in sedimentary basins is related to petroleum generation, migration, accumulation and preservation, and is a topic of geological frontier. By integrating the multi-discipline methods of petroleum geochemistry, sedimentology, hydrogeology, petroleum geology and experimental geochemistry, the thesis has carried out experiments of microcline dissolution in solutions with organic acids, crude oil, brines with high total dissolved solids (TDS), and has dealt with Al distribution between the crude oil and the brines after the experiments. Cases for study includes Central Tarim, Hetianhe Gas Field and Kucha forland basin with data containing fluid chemistry and isotopic compositions, thin sections of sandstones and carbonates, homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions, isotopic compositions of bulk rock and autigenic minerals. The aims are to elucidate fluid origin and flow in the three areas, effect of hydrocarbon emplacement on diagenesis, and to show occurrence of microbe-mediated, and thermochemical sulfate reduction in the Tarim Basin. Microcline dissolution experiments show that after 100 hour, part of the dissolved Al distributes in the crude oil, and the Al concentrations in the crude oil rise when organic acids are added. The result can be used to explain that most oilfield waters in the Tarim Basin are characterized by less than 3mg/L Al. Crude oil added to the solutions can enhance microcline dissolution, which is also observed in the case - Silurian sandstones with early crude oil emplacement in the Central Tarim. Al and Si have higher concentrations in the experiments of oxalic acid than of acetic acid under the same pH conditions, suggesting that there exist Al-oxalate and Si-oxalate complexes. Presence of acetate can enhance the activity of Ca and Al, but Al concentrations have not been increased significantly due to formation of small Al-acetate complex during the experiments. Relationships between δD and δ~(18)O in conjunction with chemistry of oilfield waters show that the waters are evaporated connate waters, which subsequently mixed with meteoric water, and were influenced by water-rock interactions such as salt dissolution, dolomitization of calcite, albitization of feldspar. In the Hetianhe Gas Field where salt dissolution took place, δD and δ~(18)O values can be used to trace nicely meteoric water recharge area and flow direction, but TDS can not. Part of the waters have high TDS but very light δD and δ~(18)O. When combined with paleo-topography, or fluid potentials, meteoric water is suggested to flow eastward in the Hetianhe Gas Field, which is the same with the Central Tarim. Whist in the Kuche forland basin, meteoric water may have permeated Cambrian-Ordovician strata. Relationship between ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr and 1/Sr can be used to indicate migration and mixing of brines from carbonate strata (low ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratio but high Sr content), clastic strata (high ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratio but low Sr content) and crystalline basement (high ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratio and heavy δ~(18)O value). Using this approach, it can be found that ~(87)Sr-depleted brine from Ordovician carbonates have migrated up to and mixed with ~(87)Sr-enriched waters from Silurian and Carboniferous sandstones, and that Silurian brines have mixed with meteoric water. In the Kuche forland basin, brines from the Cambrian and Ordovician carbonates have higher ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios than those from the overlying sandstones, when combined with chemistry, δ~(15)N and ~3He/~4He ratios of the coexisting natural gases, suggesting that the brines were derived from the basement. There exists some debate on the effect of hydrocarbon emplacement on mineral diagenesis. Case-study from Silurian sandstones in the Central Tarim show that quartz has kept overgrowing secondarily when oil saturation was decreased by meteoric water flushing subsequently to hydrocarbon emplacement. Silicon precipitates on the water-wet quartz surface, leading to decreased Si concentration close to the surface. A Si grads can result in Si diffusion, which supplies Si for quartz overgrowth. Hydrocarbon oxidation-sulfate reduction is an important type of organic-inorganic interaction. Not only can it make secondary alteration of hydrocarbons, but generate H_2S and CO_2 gases which can improve reservoir property. Thermochemical sulfate reduction took place at the temperatures more than 125 ℃ to 140 ℃ in the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates, the products - H_2S and CO_2 gases migrated up to the Silurian, and precipitated as pyrite and calcite, respectively. The pyrite has an average δ~(34)S value close to those of Ordovician seawater and anhydrite, and calcite has δ~(13)C value as low as -21.5‰. In the Hetianhe Gas Field, sulfate reduction bacteria carried by meteoric water flowing eastward may have preferentially depleted ~(12)C of light hydrocarbon gases, and results in heavier δ~(13)C values of the residual hydrocarbon gases and higher molar CO_2 in the natural gases in the west than in the east. Coexisting pyrite has δ~(34)S values as low as -24.9‰.

大气中甲酸和乙酸的碳同位素分析方法及其应用研究

生物有机酸是大气对流层中重要的微量挥发性有机碳组分，它广泛存在于对流层大气中，对气候、环境、生态系统以及人类健康产生了重要影响。探索有机酸碳同位素（δ13C值）的分析测试方法，能够为大气有机酸生物地球化学循环研究开辟一片新的天地，从而使该领域研究向前推进一步。本研究初步建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸的碳同位素测试分析方法，为研究“已知有机酸来源中，不同来源对大气有机酸含量的贡献大小问题”、“人类污染对大气中有机酸的贡献比例问题”以及“是否存在尚未认知的有机酸来源问题”等奠定了方法学基础。 研究工作围绕如下五个方面内容而展开：首先是回顾和总结大气中低分子有机酸的研究沿革，详细摘录了国内外不同站点不同形式的大气样品中有机酸含量水平及其分布情况；其次是回顾和总结了大气中低分子有机酸的含量分析方法，并从中获取适宜于气相色谱/燃烧炉/同位素比值质谱（GC/C/IRMS）接口的样品富集、分离技术；第三是对水溶液中低分子有机酸的固相微萃取研究；第四是对实际大气样品中微量甲酸、乙酸的固相微萃取研究及其碳同位素分析结果的初步分析；第五是对其它天然产物或人为活动排放源所释放的甲酸、乙酸碳同位素进行研究。研究内容的重点是：应用目前对水溶液中痕量有机酸而言最恰当的针阱捕集固相微萃取技术建立有机酸分子碳同位素组成分析方法。在方法建立过程中主要获得了如下成果： 1. 建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的液态挥发性有机化合物标准样品的碳同位素组成分析测试方法。 法兰静密封技术与石英管的连接技术可以有效地获得较高真空度的石英管，这使得向低CO2污染的石英管内无损耗地注入挥发性有机物的标准样品成为可能。进一步使用炬枪密闭-石英管燃烧法制备挥发性有机化合物标准同位素样品，可有效避免制备过程中因挥发所导致的同位素分馏和环境CO2对测定值的影响。以市售高纯度的甲酸、乙酸为标准同位素样品，重复制备它们的同位素分析样各5次，并在Finnigan MAT-252气体同位素比值质谱仪上测定其δ13C值。结果显示此法具有极高的重现性，所测δ13C值相对标准偏差仅为0．07％（甲酸，n=5）、0．04％（乙酸，n=5）。与之对比，另一套同位素测定系统GC/C/IRMS对同一标准物质的同位素测定结果并无显著差别，但在精度上却明显不及前者。由于避免了样品制备过程中可能因挥发而导致的同位素分馏以及可能因环境中CO2造成污染等问题，使得该方法可推广应用于其它挥发性有机化合物标准的δ13C标定，为准确测定实际样品中对应挥发性有机化合物δ13C值的准确测定提供基础条件，也为同类物质标准的碳同位素测定提供了准确、廉价、方便的分析手段。 2. 确立了甲酸、乙酸在线分离的气相色谱条件以及同位素分析所需的同位素比值质谱条件。 为了能对非衍生化处理的甲酸、乙酸进行有效分离，我们选取了低吸附性、高样品容量，可直接分析未衍生化游离酸的Stabilwax-DA色谱柱作为分离甲酸、乙酸的分析柱。气相色谱分离过程中He载气均处于恒流模式，进样口施行不分流进样，并进样口温度设置为200℃，采用两阶段程序升温，在此条件下乙酸、甲酸的出峰时间先后相隔了0.79分钟，且多次测定甲、乙酸出峰时间的相对标准偏差不大于0.05分钟，据此可认为甲、乙酸获得了良好的分离。 气相色谱分离出的甲酸、乙酸通过串联接口与燃烧炉 (串联接口与燃烧炉都是加热装置，温度分别设置成350 C和 850C)相接，随后有机物在燃烧炉中被高温焚烧转变为CO2和H2O，再经Nafion半透膜祛除H2O，从而获取纯化干燥的CO2以适宜于同位素比值质谱分析。 3. 确立了水相中甲酸、乙酸的微萃取条件，设计制作了与萃取工作配套固相微萃取装置。 NeedlEx针阱捕集的固相微萃取技术可解决水溶液中低分子有机酸的分离萃取问题，并能与气相色谱接口的兼容，还有集采样、富集、保存、分析为一体的优点。因此探索利用脂肪酸型NeedlEx完成对水溶液相中有机酸的萃取是本文研究的关键所在。为了提高分析效率，降低环境污染，我们设计了一整套吹扫-捕集的动态固相微萃取装置，并对甲酸、乙酸的水溶液实施了萃取研究。 由于实验装置是在吹扫捕集原理的基础上建立起来的，因此随着吹扫捕集气体体积的增加有机酸在萃取针上的对富集量也呈现出一定增长趋势，尤其是在最初的几次循环中，有机酸在萃取针中的总量得到迅速的增加，在萃取气体体积达到400mL后，萃取针中的有机酸含量增加趋于缓慢。为了获得更多物质量的有机酸，实验中我们分别尝试了1000和2000mL的气体吹扫体积，分别对有机酸在色谱上的响应值以及同位素分析结果的统计显示这两种萃取体积并无显著差异，为兼顾工作量我们拟定1000mL吹扫气体体积作为实验条。 由于离子态的有机酸具极强的亲水性，因而很难挥发至顶空或吹扫气体中，只有自由的分子态有机酸方可被萃取针中疏水的固定相所富集。为使的解离反应方向朝着有利于分子态有机酸形成方向发展，我们评估了不同酸化条件对萃取效果的影响。实验中我们普遍采用了500μL 4mol/L的磷酸溶液对样品进行了酸化，结果表明，酸化对提高待测物质的分析量十分有利，以10μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液为例，酸化后甲酸萃取率提高了30.12%，乙酸的萃取效率也提高了14.46%。酸化、不酸化处理以及不同浓度有机酸溶液所测定的甲、乙酸碳同位素值在总体上不具备显著性的差异。但是，由于有机酸碳同位素测定精度与待测物物质量具有一定正相关关系，因此酸化后样品中有机酸同位素的分析精度要优于未经酸化样品的同位素的分析精度。 温度的增加可以适量地提高部分有机酸的萃取效率，但温度增加导致水汽进入萃取针，中从阻碍了有机酸的有效萃取，因此本文建议在25℃室温的下进行萃取。此外，在传统的固相微萃取过程，搅动样品溶液常常是作为缩短萃取时间，提高的萃取效率的重要措施。原则上搅拌速度越快越好，但为了不使溅起水花影响到萃取针头，因而选择2000r/min搅拌速度比较适宜。 基于上述实验条件，本文考察了浓度为10~300μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液的色谱响应值及其同位素分析结果。结果显示对不低于浓度为10μg/mL标准溶液，其中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值都可被检测出。只不过浓度过低则响应值信号弱，不能准确计算出各质荷比信号峰面积是低浓度条件下同位素测不准的主要原因。要想使得甲、乙酸同位素测定值的相对标准偏差控制在1以内，则对应有机酸浓度则需达到85μg/mL以上。 4. 克服了实际水相样品中有机酸浓度低，不能直接对其实施NeedlEx萃取的难题，初步实现了对降水中甲酸、乙酸的碳同位素分析。 除了某些有机酸含量水平较高的降雨可以直接运用动态针阱捕集固相微萃取与GC/C/IRMS联用技术直接进行甲酸、乙酸碳同位素的分析外，普通含量水平的有机酸碳同位素测定尚具有一定的难度。研究中我们使用了阴离子交换型固相萃取小柱LC-SAX(规格：500mg/3mL；交换容量：0.2meq/g)对1L浓度为50~2000μg/L甲酸、乙酸标准混合溶液进行了萃取，并对所属浓度条件下δ13C测定值与理论值之间的差异性进行了T检验统计分析，结果表明绝大多数情况（200μg/L乙酸同位素测定值除外）下甲、乙酸的相伴概率分别伴概率大于了显著性水平0.05，表现出有机酸碳同位素测定的均值与离线法测定的甲酸同位素理论值无显著差异。 然而，降水中普遍具有有机酸含量低，其它阴离子含量高，组分复杂特点，严重影响阴离子交换型萃取小柱对有机酸的萃取。为此我们先用离子色谱对降水中阴离子组成及其含量进行分析，了解降水中主要的阴离子构成及其含量，再根据所测定结果再安排对应交换容量萃取小柱实施萃取，而后再进行针阱捕集的萃取及其碳同位素分析。 5. 对以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸碳同位素分析结果的初步研究。 以贵阳为代表的西南城市地区大气中有机酸浓度较高，这为使用本方法研究该地区有机酸的碳同位素分析创造了有利条件。经离子色谱测定，2008年8月下旬至2008年10月中旬贵阳地区6次降水中甲、乙酸浓度范围分别为5.75~22.43μmol/L和5.43~13.09μmol/L。与之对应，六次降水中甲酸δ13C值的范围为-25.72‰至-29.08‰之间，乙酸δ13C值的最大值则为-26.23‰，最小值则为-30.40‰。6次降水中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值将它们的来源指向了直接或间接的陆源特征。结合离子色谱对降水中甲酸、乙酸浓度分析，利用亨利系数判定法可知，六次降水中间接来源是大气中低分子有机酸的主要来源，通过δ13C值的初步判断，可以看出这些二次来源应该主要由生物质燃烧，C3植物以及人类活动向大气释放的不饱和有机物经二次氧化而形成。 以往甲酸、乙酸同源的依据皆以降水中甲、乙酸浓度具有显著线性相关做为判断指标，本研究中6次降中的甲酸、乙酸浓度亦然呈现出良好的相关性（R2=0.87）而降水中甲、乙酸具有相似的δ13C值，这充分说明降水中甲、乙酸的同源特征。 针阱捕集萃取方式还适宜于对大气中自由有机酸的直接富集。利用这一特性，我们分别对贵阳市市郊森林公园、城市居民区以及交通要塞等三个不同地方大气中的自由有机酸进行了同位素分析，结果发现贵阳市大气中乙酸δ13C值介于-31.03‰至-26.37‰之间，乙酸δ13C值的总体均值等于-28.74‰，与之对应，甲酸的δ13C值范围为-29.42‰至-22.97‰，均值为-27.12‰。贵阳市大气中自由甲酸、乙酸的同位素值与降水中的甲、乙酸同位素值具有类似的变化范围，这表明大气气相中自由有机酸与降水中的甲、乙酸具有大致相同的来源构成。 我们还利用此法对汽车尾气以及蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸、乙酸δ13C值进行了分析，其中汽车尾气中所含甲酸δ13C值等于-23.25±1.25‰，乙酸δ13C值为-24.55±0.85‰，而蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸δ13C值则为-22.43±0.43‰。由于汽车尾气以及乙酸蚁释放有机酸的δ13C值要低于大气样品对应有机酸的δ13C值，据此认为汽车尾气和蚁酸蚁不是大气有机酸的主要来源。 6. 有机酸碳同位素分析技术在检验食品参假行为时的扩展应用研究。 由于C3和C4循环会导致植物及其产品的δ13C值不同，因此碳同位素技术在食品控制方面发挥了特别作用，能够解决一些常规分析解决不了的问题。经分析发现，食醋中醋酸的δ13C值与其原材料密切相关，如以麦麸、大米为原材料所生食醋醋酸δ13C值在-27‰左右。而以高粱、大麦、黄豆为生产原料的食醋醋酸δ13C值在-19‰左右，明显高于了以大米、麦麸等为原料所生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值。此外，单纯以大米发酵生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值为-29‰左右。食醋中醋酸δ13C值与生产工艺、原材料高度相关的特征为质检部门更好的识别食醋参假行为提供了良好的解决办法。