DIELS-ALDER REACTION CATALYZED BY RARE-EARTH CHLORIDES

Rare earth chlorides were used to catalyze the synthesis of 2-butoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran using equimolar acrolein and vinyl butyl either. The cycloadduct is unstable which undergoes catalytic ring opening oligomerization. The way to stabilize the cyclo adduct has been studied, thus high yields of 90-95% were obtained.

Records of the East Asian winter monsoon from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea since the mid-Holocene

AMS(14)C dating and analysis of grain size, major elements and clay minerals were applied to Core MZ01 from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Based on the environmentally sensitive grain size, clay mineral and major element assemblages, the history of the East Asia winter monsoon since the mid-Holocene could be reconstructed. These three proxies, mean grain size (>9.71 mu m), chemical index of alteration (CIA) and ratio of smectite to kaolinite in particular, show similar fluctuation patterns. Furthermore, 10 extreme values corresponding to the contemporary cooling events could be recognized since the mid-Holocene; these extreme values are likely to have been caused by the strengthening of the East Asia winter monsoon. The cooling events correlated well with the results of the delta O-18 curves of the Dunde ice core and GISP2, which therefore revealed a regional response to global climate change. Four stages of the East Asia winter monsoon were identified, i.e. 8300-6300 a BP, strong and unstable; 6300-3800 a BP, strong but stable; 3800-1400 a BP, weak and unstable; after 1400 a BP, weak but stable.

Investigation of Extration Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish

Me optimal conditions were established for the extraction of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from gonad of Chlamys nobills using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.04-1.0 mol/L. A 10-g portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by boiling for 5 min with 1.0 mL acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in a 50-mL beaker. Meanwhile, a portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by sonication in the solution of 0.3 mol/L HAc + 0.2 mol/L HCl for a total period of 5-30 min. The raw extract was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 5 min and the pH of supernatant was adjusted from 2.0 to 4.0 by 0.1 mol/L NaOH or 5 mol/L HCL After passing through a Millipore ultrafiltration membrane (10000 MW cut-off), ultrafiltrate was then analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.25-1.0 mol/L caused a significant decrease of N-sulfocarbarnoyl-11-hydroxysulfate toxin C1 (C1), C2 and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) and the concomitant increase of GTX2,3. However, the amount of the three unstable toxins did not show any change using the extraction with acetic acid. Under the same concentration of acetic acid (0.3 mol/L) and hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/L), the amount of C1 in the ultrasonic extraction was obviously lower than the boiling one, while C2 showed slightly higher than the latter.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis, 1950 (Crustacean: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) revealed a novel rearrangement of tRNA genes

The complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequence was determined for a ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis, 1950 (Crustacea: Decopoda: Palaemonidae). The mt genome is 15,730 bp in length, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, which is typical for metazoans. The majority-strand consists of 33.6% A, 23.0% C, 13.4% G, and 30.0% T bases (AT skew = 0.057: GC skew = -0.264). A total of 1045 bp of non-coding nucleotides were observed in 16 intergenic regions,,including a major A+ T rich (79.7%) noncoding region (886 bp). A novel translocation of tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Thr) was found when comparing this genome with the pancrustacean ground pattern indicating that gene order is not conserved among caridean mitochondria. Furthermore, the rate of Ka/Ks in 13 protein-coding genes between three caridean species is Much less than 1, which indicates a strong Purifying selection within this group. To investigate the phylogenetic relationship within Malacostraca, phylogenetic trees based oil Currently available malacostracan complete mitochondrial sequences were built with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian models. All analyses based oil nucleotide and amino acid data strongly support the monophyly of Decapoda. The Penaeidae, Reptantia, Caridea, and Meiura clades were also recovered as monophyletic groups with Strong Statistical Support. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Pleocyemata are unstable, as represented by the inclusion or exclusion of Caridea. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Partial characterization of the hemolytic activity of the nematocyst venom from the jellyfish Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye

Using a recently developed technique to extract jellyfish venom from nematocysts, the present study investigated the hemolytic activity of Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye nematocyst venom on chicken erythrocytes. Venom extract caused a significant concentration-dependent hemolytic effect. The extract could retain its activity at -80 degrees C but was unstable when kept at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C for 2 days. The hemolytic activity was inhibited by heating within the range of 37-100 degrees C. The extract was active over a pH range of 5.0-8.63 and the pH optima for the extract was 7.8. Incubation of the venom with sphingomyelin specially inhibited hemolytic activity by up to 70%. Cu2+ and Mn2+ greatly reduced the hemolytic activity while Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ produced a relatively low inhibiting effect on the hemolytic activity. Treatment with Ca2+ induced a concentration-dependent increase in the hemolytic activity. In the presence of 5 mM EDTA, all the hemolytic activity was lost, however, the venom containing 1.5 mM EDTA was stable in the long-term storage. PLA(2) activity was also found in the nematocyst venom of C. nozakii. These characteristics provide us a fundamental knowledge in the C. nozakii nematocyst venom which would benefit future research. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Docking and molecular dynamics study on the inhibitory activity of coumarins on aldose reductase

In order to explore the inhibitory mechanism of coumarins toward aldose reductase (ALR2), AutoDock and Gromacs software were used for docking and molecular dynamics studies on 14 coumarins (CM) and ALR2 protease. The docking results indicate that residues TYR48, HIS110, and TRP111 construct the active pocket of ALR2 and, besides van der Waals and hydrophobic interaction, CM mainly interact with ALR2 by forming hydrogen bonds to cause inhibitory behavior. Except for CM1, all the other coumarins take the lactone part as acceptor to build up the hydrogen bond network with active-pocket residues. Unlike CM3, which has two comparable binding modes with ALR2, most coumarins only have one dominant orientation in their binding sites. The molecular dynamics calculation, based on the docking results, implies that the orientations of CM in the active pocket show different stabilities. Orientation of CM1 and CM3a take an unstable binding mode with ALR2; their conformations and RMSDs relative to ALR2 change a lot with the dynamic process. While the remaining CM are always hydrogen-bonded with residues TYR48 and HIS110 through the carbonyl O atom of the lactone group during the whole process, they retain the original binding mode and gradually reach dynamic equilibrium.

小波变换理论应用进展

本文介绍了小波变换理论 ,讨论了基本小波函数的选取准则和小波变换算法 ,分析了小波变换与人工智能等其它方法的结合方式和特点 .通过介绍小波变换在信号瞬态分析、图像边沿检测、图像去噪、模式识别、数据压缩、分形信号分析等方面的应用实例 ,讨论了小波变换在处理非平稳信号和复杂图像时的优势 .最后 ,对小波变换理论的发展及其应用前景作了描述 .

一种基于状态方差阵对角相似分解的UKF 算法

在强非线性和复杂性的系统下，普通对称采样UKF 算法存在稳定性问题。为此，本文提出了基于状态方差阵对角相似分解的UKF 算法来保证算法的状态方差阵半正定。同普通对称采样UKF 算法比较，该算法降低了对状态方差阵的正定性要求。仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。

广义预测控制方法在网络遥操作机器人系统中的应用

Internet网络的时变时延及网络数据丢包严重影响了遥操作机器人系统的操作性能,甚至造成系统不稳定。为了解决这一问题,提出一种新的基于Internet的遥操作机器人系统控制结构。通过在主端对给定信息加入时间标签获得过去的系统回路时延,采用多元线性回归算法,预测下一时刻系统回路时延,然后在从端设计一个广义预测控制器控制远端机器人,从而改善时变时延对系统性能的影响。应用广义预测控制器产生的冗余控制信息,降低了网络数据丢包对系统的影响。最后根据预测控制稳定性定理,推导出系统的稳定性条件。仿真试验结果表明,该方法能有效解决时变时延以及网络数据丢包引起的性能下降问题。

转子系统油膜振荡的小波包分解与频带能量比例特征分析

在介绍小波包分解原理的基础上 ,对试验测得的单盘单跨转子系统的油膜振荡非平稳信号用小波包分解方法进行了研究。采用db44小波基函数进行 4层小波包分解。给出了各频带内分解信号的特点及频带能量比例 ,其中第 3频带是该转子系统在 960 0r/min时产生油膜振荡的特征频带。得到的试验数据及其分析结果对转子系统油膜振荡研究和旋转机械状态监测等具有重要意义。

层析静校正技术研究和应用

Static correction is one of the indispensable steps in the conventional onshore seismic data processing, particularly in the western part of China; it is theoretically and practically significant to resolve the issue of static correction. Conventional refraction static correction is put forward under the assumption that layered medium is horizontal and evenly distributed. The complicated nature of the near surface from western part of China is far from the assumption. Therefore, the essential way to resolve the static correction problem from the complex area is to develop a new theory. In this paper, a high-precision non-linear first arrival tomography is applied to solve the problem, it moved beyond the conventional refraction algorithm based on the layered medium and can be used to modeling the complex near surface. Some of the new and creative work done is as follows: One. In the process of first arrival tomographic image modeling, a fast high-order step algorithm is used to calculate the travel time for first arrival and ray path and various factors concerning the fast step ray tracing algorithm is analyzed. Then the second-order and third-order differential format is applied to the step algorithm which greatly increased the calculation precision of the ray tracing and there is no constraint to the velocity distribution from the complex areas. This method has very strong adaptability and it can meet the needs of great velocity variation from the complicated areas. Based on the numerical calculation, a fast high-order step is a fast, non-conditional and stable high-precision tomographic modeling algorithm. Two, in the tomographic inversion, due to the uneven fold coverage and insufficient information, the inversion result is unstable and less reliable. In the paper, wavelet transform is applied to the tomographic inversion which has achieved a good result. Based on the result of the inversion from the real data, wavelet tomographic inversion has increased the reliability and stability of the inversion. Three. Apply the constrained high-precision wavelet tomographic image to the static correction processing from the complex area. During tomographic imaging, by using uphole survey, refraction shooting or other weathering layer method, weathering layer can be identified before the image. Because the group interval for the shot first arrival is relatively big, there is a lack of precision for the near surface inversion. In this paper, an inversion method of the layer constraint and well constraint is put forward, which can be used to compensate the shallow velocity of the inversion for the shot first arrival and increase the precision of the tomographic inversion. Key words: Tomography ，Fast marching method，Wavelet transform, Static corrections, First break

天山南北山前盆地中-新生代沉积记录及其动力学分析

It has been long known that intense multiple Mesozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental deformations have controlled the grand scale basin-range structural evolution of the Tianshan and its adjacent basins. So it is important to study the sedimentary records of the piedmont basins along the two sides of the Tianshan synthetically for the continental geodynamic research.We carried out a magnetostratigraphy study on Cretaceous- Tertiary succession and U-Pb dating analysis of detrital zircons from the representative sandstone samples of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits in Kuqa Subbasin, northern Tarim Basin, combining our previous results of multiple depositional records from different profiles including paleocurrent data, conglomerate clast, sandstone framswork grains, detrital heavy minerals and geochemistry analysis, so the multiple intracontinental tectonic processes of Tianshan and their depositional response in the Kuqa Subbasin can be revealed. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the Tianshan Orogen and the sedimentary processes of the Kuqa Subbasin can be divided into four periods: early Triassic(active period), from middle Triassic to late Jurassic(placid period), from early Cretaceous to Tertiary Paleocene(active period) and from Neogene to present (intensely active period). Simultaneously，the depositional records reveal the provenance types and tectonic attributes in different periods. As follows, the lower Triassic with a dominant age ranging from 250 to 290Ma of the Zircons, which were principally derived from alkali feldspar granites and alkaline intrusion obviously, relative to the magma activity in Permian. In middle Triassic-late Jurassic, the two samples collected from the Taliqike formation and the Qiakemake formation respectively show the age peak at 350～450Ma, which was relative to the subduction of the Tarim Block to Yili-Central Tianshan Plate. In this period the provenance of the Kuqa deposits was the Central Tianshan arc orogenic belts distantly with little height predominance.During early Cretaceous-Paleogene, two major zircons age spectra at 240~330Ma and 370~480Ma have been acquired, with some other not dominant age ranges, indicating complicated provenance types. In Neogene, the detrital zircons age dating ranges from 460 to 390 Ma primarily. What’s more, the newer chronology of the stratigraphy and the older source age, indicating that Tianshan was uplifted and exhumated further strongly. Further study on the heavy mineral and the detrital zircons age dating of the Mesozoic-Paleogene representative profiles in southern Junggar Basin, combined with the published results of the sandstone framework grains, we consider that it occurred obvious sedimentary and tectonic changes occurred in the inside of Jurassic, from late Jurassic to early Cretaceous and form early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous. On this faces, there are remarkable changes of the steady minerals and unstable minerals, the sandstone maturity and the age spectra of the detrital zircons. Compared the sedimentary records from the two sides of the Tianshan, We find that they are different obviously since Middle Jurassic. It can be concluded that Tianshan have uplifted highly enough to influence the paleo-climatic. According to the current strata division, the structural activity apparently showed a migration from north to south. That is to say, the South Tianshan uplift later than the north, especially from late Jurassic to early Cretaceous , but it was uplifted and exhumated more strongly. Furthermore, correlating the depositional records and tectonic styles in the Kuqa-South Tianshan basin-range conjugation site in the east with the west, the obvious differentiation between the west and the east from the Cretaceous especially in Tertiary along the Tianshan-Kuqa belt was revealed, probably showing earlier uplifting in the east while greater exhumation depth and sediment rates in the west. In addition, the contacting style of Kuqa subbasin to the Tianshan Orogenic belts and the basement structure are also inconsistent at different basin-range conjugation sites. It is probably controlled by a series of N-S strike adjusting belts within the Kuqa subbasin, or probably correlated with the material difference at the complicated basin-range boundary. The research on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic-depositional response in the piedmont basins along the two sides of the Tianshan shows that the basin-filling process was controlled by the intracontinental multicyclic basin-range interactions, especially affected by the intense tectonic differentiations of basin-range system, which can’t be illuminated using a single evolutionary model.

甘肃西峰黄土剖面500 ka以来的蜗牛化石记录及其古气候、古环境变化研究

The loess-paleosol sequences in China are among the best continental records of paleoclimate changes. Although numerous sedimentological and geochemical studies have contributed greatly to the understanding of past climate changes during this period, it is still necessary to decipher more details through investigating these sequences using various approaches including biological analyses. In this study, we analyze the mollusk fossil assemblages preserved in the upper part of the Xifeng section, from the fifth loess layer (L5) to the Holocene soil (S0), with the sampling interval of 10 cm. The main results and conclusions obtained are as follows: 1. A continuous terrestrial mollusk fossil record, covering the past 500 ka, has been obtained from the Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence, which provides important biological data for the study of paleoenvironmental changes in the Loess Plateau and its comparison with marine record during this period. A total of 475 mollusk assemblages were studied, and twenty-one species have been identified among the 210,000 mollusk individuals counted. Among these species, most have modern representatives and are found in previous terrestrial mollusk studies of Chinese loess-paleosol sequences. Thus, they can be grouped into cold-aridiphilous, thermo-humidiphilous, oriental, and cool-humidiphilous ecological groups, as defined by previous studies. 2. Comparison of mollusk assemblages between the last five glacials and four interglacials and Holocene shows very different climate conditions. The warmest period occurred at MIS 11, MIS 5e, and Holocene, respectively. The coldest period is the Last Glacial Maximam, rather than the MIS 12. 3. Our mollusk record provides insight into the climate conditions in the Loess Plateau during the MIS 11, interpreted as the closest analog to the present interglacial. S4 paleosol, equivalent of MIS 11, developed under two major different climate regimes: ranging from the very warm–humid early phase to the mild-cool late interval. Furthermore, a cooling spell has been documented at the interglacial optimum, reflecting unstable climate conditions. The early warm–humid conditions lasted over 30 ka, supporting that MIS 11 is a unique long interglacial in the Quaternary climate history. 4. Comparison of MIS 11 and Holocene climates based on the mollusk species compositions indicates major differences. The climate at the early part of MIS 11 was warmer and more humid than during the Holocene optimum period, but the conditions during the late part of MIS 11 were similar to or cooler than late Holocene. Our study indicates that the extent of warming during the Holocene might be significantly less than the conditions that prevailed during the early part of MIS 11 interglacial period. 5. Two strong summer monsoon events were observed during the MIS 12 and MIS 10. They correspond to the maximam values of insolation gradient between low and high latitudes, suggesting a causal linkage. 6. Our study, combined with the previously investigated Luochuan land snail record, reveals that the climate in the Loess Plateau during MIS 3 experienced three stages: relatively warm, humid climate prevailed during MIS 3c, relatively cold, dry climate during MIS 3b, and relatively warm-humid period during MIS 3a. Climate at this time fluctuated frequently in Luochuan, and changed from warm-cool to cold-dry in Xifeng. Our results reveal that the relatively warm-humid climate during MIS 3c may be resulted from an increasing insolation gradient controlled by obliquity. Our result also reveals that obvious regional difference existed in the Loess Plateau during MIS 3. A greater climate gradient occurred during this time compared with today’s climate pattern in the Loess Plateau.

典型人类活动对边坡变形及稳定性的影响研究

China is a mountainous country in which geological hazards occurred frequently, especially in the east of China. Except the geology, topography and extreme climate, the large scale human activities have become a major factor to landslides. Typical human activities which induced landslides are fill, cut and underground mining. On the topic of the deformation mechanism and slope stability, taking three different man-made slopes as examples, deformation mechanism and slope stability were studied by several methods, such as field work, numerical modeling and monitor. The details are as following: (1) The numerical modeling approach advantages over other conventional methods such as limit methods, so the numerical modeling is the major tool in this thesis. So far, there is no uniform failure criterion for numerical simulation. The failure criterion were summarized and analyzed firstly, subsequently the appropriate criterion was determinated. (2) Taking 220kV Yanjin transformation substation fill slope as example, the deformable characteristic, unstable mode and laboratory tests were studied systematically. The results show: the slope deformation was probably caused by a combination effect of unfavorable topographic, geological and hydro geological conditions, and external loading due to filling. It was concluded that the creep deformation of the slope was triggered by external loading applied at the back of the slope. In order to define the calculating parameters, a set of consolidated drained (CD) tests, consolidated undrained (CU) tests, repeated direct shear tests and UCS tests were carried out. The stability of the slope before and after reinforcement was assessed using 3D numerical modeling and shear strength reduction technique. The numerical modeling results showed: the factor of safety (FOS) of the slope was 1.10 in the natural state, and reduced to 1.03 after fill, which was close to the critical state and it caused creeping slip or deformation under rainfall. The failure surface in the slope is in active shear failure, whereas tensile failure occurs at the slope crest. After the site was reinforced with piles, the FOS was 1.27. Therefore, the slope is stable after reinforcement measures were taken. (3) The cut slope stability is a complex problem. Taking the left cut slope of Xiangjiaba as example in this thesis, the deformation and slope stability were studied systematically by numerical modeling and monitor methods. The numerical results show: the displacement is gradually increasing along with the cutting, and the largest displacement is 27.5mm which located at the bench between the elevation 340 and 380. Some failure state units distribute near the undermining part and there is no linked failure state occurred from crest to bottom during cutting. After cutting, some failure units appeared at the ground surface between elevation 340 and 360. The increasing tense stress made the disturbed rock failed. The slope is stable after cutting by the monitor method, such as surface monitor, multipoint displacement meter, inclinometer and anchor cable tensometer. (4) The interaction between underground mining and slope stability is a common situation in mountainous. The slope deformation mechanism induced by underground mining may contributed significantly to slope destabilization. The Mabukan slope in xiangjiaba was analyzed to illustrate this. Failure mechanism and the slope stability were presented by numerical modeling and residual deformation monitor. The results show: the roof deformed to the free face and the floor uplift lightly to the free face. The subsidence basin is formed, but the subsidence and the horizontal movement is small, and there is no failure zone occurred. When the underground mining is going on, the roof deformation, subsidence and the horizontal movements begin increasing. The rock deformation near the free face is larger than the ground surface, and the interaction between these coal seams appeared. There are some tensile failures and shear failures occurred on the roof and floor, and a majority of failure is tensile failure. The roof deformation, subsidence and the horizontal movements increased obviously along with the underground mining. The failure characteristic is shear failure which means the tensile stress transformed to the compressive stress. So the underground mining will induced tensile stress first which lead to structure crack, subsequently the compressive stress appeared which result in slippage. The crest was subjected to horizontal tension which made the rock crack along with the joint. The long term residual deformation monitor demonstrates that the slope is stable after the underground mining stopped.

内蒙古克什克腾旗小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的成矿作用

In this paper, the Xiaodonggou porphyry molybdenum deposit located in the Xarmoron molybdenum metallogenic belt is chose as the research area. We have analyzed the petrology of the Xiaodonggou pluton in detail and made chemical analysis of the major and trace elements, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope, common lead isotope and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating et al; in the other hand, we use the molybdenite to make common lead analysis and Re-Os isotopic dating. The Xiaodonggou pluton is rich in silicon, potass, zirconium, and low in REE. In addition, it has no minus Eu abnormity and show a isotopic composition high in εNd(t) and low in Sri, indicating its magma origining from the melting of juvenile thicken lower crust. In the meanwhile, it contained the features of high temperature, quick melting, quick segregation and quick emplacement. The common lead analysis of the pluton orthoclase and molybdenite show that the former transfer from orogen to mantle and the latter come from mantle, which is consistent to the molybdenite sulfur isotopic and quartz oxygen isotopic composition, demonstrating that the rock and ore-forming materials of deposit having different sources, magma from the lower crust mixing with mantle fluid. In plus, we use the physical experiments results of the water-magma reaction to explain the interaction of magma and mantle fluid. In the deep crust, these two systems uplifted in a immiscible state; when they reached low depth, the stream film between fluid-magma collapsed, and the magma was broken into small agglomerates by the fluid, then they mixed thoroughly. The SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating gave a result of 142±2Ma and the molybdenite Re-Os dating result is 138.1±2.8Ma, corresponding to the big tectonic transition period of 140Ma, when the major stress field changing from south and north to west and east. At this time, the Da Hinggan ling ranges area was under an extensive background, underplating proceeded and mantle materials could add into the magmas forming in the lower crust. So, from the above analysis, we propose the following model for the Xiaodonggou porphyry molybdenum deposit: in the early Cretaceous period, the Da Hinggan ling ranges area was under a extensive background, the adding of mantle fluid containing ore materials into heated lower crust made it melting to produce magmas. Following more mantle fluid got into the magma room and urged the magma to segregate from the source quickly. The fluid and magma uplifted together, when they arrived at shallow depth, the fluid-magma became unstable and the latter was broken into many small agglomerates with fluid connecting them in the interspaces. Because of the H+, K+ and various elements existing in the fluid, it would reacted with the magma and the rock through alteration and ore minerals crystallized out, forming the Xiaodonggou porphyry deposit with disseminated mineralization phenomenon.