A novel tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member (CsTL) from Ciona savignyi: Molecular identification and expression analysis

A novel invertebrate TNF ligand was identified and characterized in Ciona savignyi. The CsTL cDNA consisted of 995 nucleotides and encoded 281 amino acids. A conserved TNF family signature and several motifs of TNF ligand superfamily were identified in deduced amino acid sequence of CsTL. Phylogenetic analysis grouped CsTL, CiTNF (predicted TNF ligand superfamily homolog in Ciona intestinalis) and urchin TL1A with their own cluster apart from mammalian TNF alpha, LTA, TNFSF15 and fish TNFa proteins. Expression studies demonstrated that CsTL mRNA is present in all tested tissues from unchallenged ascidians and its expression was significantly upregulated in hemocytes following LIPS injection. The recombinant CsTL protein expressed using a baculovirus expression system showed potential cytotoxic activity in L929 cells. Present results indicated that TNF ligand superfamity molecules are present in marine invertebrates. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Scophthalmus maximus cystatin B enhances head kidney macrophage-mediated bacterial killing

Cystatins form a large family of cysteine protease inhibitors found in a wide arrange of organisms. Studies have indicated that mammalian cystatins play important roles under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, much less is known about fish cystatins. In this report, we described the identification and analysis of a cystatin B homologue, SmCytB, from turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The open reading frame of SmCytB is 300 bp, which encodes a 99-residue protein that shares high levels of sequence identities with the cystatin B of a number of fish species and contains the conserved cysteine protease inhibitor motif of cystatin B. Constitutive expression of SmCytB is high in muscle, brain, heart and liver, and low in spleen. blood, gill and kidney. Bacterial infection upregulates SmCytB expression in kidney, spleen, liver and brain but not in muscle or heart. Functional analysis showed that recombinant SmCytB purified from Escherichia colt exhibits apparent cysteine protease inhibitor activity. Transient overexpression of SmCytB in head kidney macrophages enhances macrophage bactericidal activity probably through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. These results indicate that SmCytB is involved in the immune defense of turbot against bacterial infection. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of a potential selenium-binding protein gene in the scallop Chlamys farreri

Selenium binding proteins (SeBP) represent a family of proteins that are believed to be involved in controlling the oxidation/reduction in many physiological processes. The cDNA of Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri selenium binding protein (zSeBP) was cloned by expressed sequence tag (EST) and RACE techniques. The high similarity of zSeBP deduced amino acid sequence with the SeBP in other organisms, such as bird, fish, frog, mosquito, fruit fly, mammalian, and even nematode and microorganism indicated that zSeBP should be a member of SeBP family. The temporal expression of zSeBP in the hemocytes was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR after scallops were stimulated by either oxidative stress or microbial challenge. The expression of zSeBP was up-regulated progressively after stimulation, and then dropped gradually to the original level. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) measured by the colorimetric method in the microbial challenged scallops increased immediately after scallops was challenged by microbes, and was significantly higher than that in the control scallops. Results indicated that the microbial infection could incense the disorder of oxidation/reduction and may result in high MDA production. The negative correlation between the expression level of zSeBP and the MDA content suggested that zSeBP could play an important role in mediating the anti-oxidation mechanisms and immune response in marine invertebrates. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Identification and analysis of a Scophthalmus maximus ferritin that is regulated at transcription level by oxidative stress and bacterial infection

Ferritins are conserved Iron storage proteins that exist in most living organisms and play an essential role in Iron homeostasis. In this study, we reported the identification and analysis a ferritin M subunit, SmFerM, from turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The full length cDNA of SmFerM contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 232 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 531 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 196 bp The ORF encodes a putative protein of 176 amino acids, which shares extensive sequence identities with the M terrains of several fish species. In silico analysis identified in SmFerM both the ferroxidase center of mammalian H ferritins and the iron nucleation site of mammalian L ferritins. Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis indicated that SmFerM expression was highest in muscle and lowest in heart and responded positively to experimental challenges with bacterial pathogens and poly(I center dot C) Exposure of cultured turbot hepatocytes to treatment of stress inducers (iron, copper, and H2O2) significantly upregulated the expression of SmFerM in a dose dependent manner. Iron chelating analysis showed that recombinant SmFerM purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent iron binding activity. These results suggest that SmFerM is a functional M ferritin and is likely to play a role in iron sequestration and protection against oxidative stress and microbial infection (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

SNAP-23蛋白在鲈鱼巨噬细胞白细胞介素1β分泌过程中的功能

SNARE蛋白家族是所有真核细胞胞吐及分泌作用中的关键因子，由其介导的运输囊泡膜与靶膜的锚靠、融合为胞内蛋白的运出提供了一条重要途径。体外试验表明，Syntaxin6-Syntaxin7-Vti1b，SNAP-23-Syntaxin4等SNARE核心蛋白之间精确的相互作用是哺乳动物巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)运输和分泌的必备条件，在机体非特异性免疫应答反应过程中起重要作用。 本研究受上述启示，旨在揭示SNARE蛋白在海洋鱼类免疫细胞内重要细胞因子白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)的分泌过程中的作用。参照Percoll密度梯度离心技术，从鲈鱼头肾组织分离纯化巨噬细胞进行稳定培养；利用RT-PCR方法克隆出鲈鱼t-SNARE蛋白SNAP-23和Syntaxin3的部分cDNA序列，再结合先前克隆的VAMP2和已知的鲈鱼IL-1β，TNF-α和IL-8的基因序列，设计特异性引物。利用Real-time PCR技术在mRNA水平上精确测定鲈鱼巨噬细胞中上述6种基因在革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖(LPS)分子刺激下的表达变化，发现SNAP-23基因与三种细胞因子基因的表达正相关；通过免疫印迹检测SNAP-23蛋白表达变化，利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IL-1β的分泌水平，在蛋白水平上验证了SNAP-23表达与IL-1β分泌的正相关性；利用5`RACE和3`RACE技术克隆出鲈鱼SNAP-23全长基因，结合定点突变策略和靶向PCR克隆手段，构建鲈鱼SNAP-23野生型融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23wt，Cys缺失突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔCys和模拟E型肉毒神经毒素(BoNT/E)切割突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔBoNT/E，以及鲈鱼IL-1β野生型融合表达质粒IL-1β-pEGFP和IL-1β-pEYFP。所有融合蛋白均在鲈鱼巨噬细胞内成功表达，结合ELISA实验结果发现，SNAP-23野生型的表达对IL-1β的分泌有促进作用，而Cys缺失突变体的表达则抑制IL-1β向胞外分泌。首次证实了鱼类巨噬细胞内SNAP-23蛋白在IL-1β分泌过程中的重要作用。此外通过与GFP共表达，定位了IL-1β分子在巨噬细胞内的分布，发现新合成的IL-1β分子很可能像TNFα一样经“内质网－胞质－伪足－胞外” 的分泌路径运出胞外。

DSP等赤潮藻毒素对哺乳类细胞的毒性效应及机制研究

本文研究了腹泻性贝毒的主要组分大田软海绵酸以及几株重要赤潮藻的提取物对四株哺乳类细胞的毒性效应，并探讨了应用细胞毒性检测方法作为赤潮藻毒素毒性检测常规方法的可能性。 结果发现：OA和利玛原甲藻提取物显著地抑制四株细胞的增殖并诱导四株细胞发生凋亡；四株细胞对毒素的敏感性存在一定的差异，人肝癌细胞和小鼠神经瘤细胞较敏感，其次分别为人肝细胞和小鼠皮肤细胞。 小鼠神经瘤细胞对OA反应敏感，细胞毒性检测指标及检测方法灵敏、快速，应用小鼠神经瘤细胞Neuro-2a进行的DSP毒素细胞毒性测试方法具有发展为该类毒素毒性监测常规方法的潜能。 米氏凯伦藻内存在抑制细胞增殖的毒性物质，且该物质是一种具有一定极性的脂溶性物质；该物质能够导致细胞肿胀、破裂，并诱导细胞发生脂质过氧化，导致脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累。 相关亚历山大藻的去藻过滤液内存在抑制细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡的毒性物质，该毒性物质的分子量＞5K，这与本实验室以往的研究结果一致。 　　总之，通过我们的研究发现：DSP等赤潮藻毒素或毒性物质对哺乳类细胞存在毒性影响，且不同毒素的危害机制存在差异，赤潮藻毒素或赤潮藻产生的一些毒性物质威胁人类的健康，应引起我们的高度关注。

Effect of Tannic Acid on the Growth and Survival of Root Vles (Micortus oeconomus)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid on the gworth and survival of small mammalian berbirvores. Measurements were conducted with weaned root voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid and 10% or 20% protein in their diets. The results indicated that the effect of tannic acid on growth rate of weaned root voles was greater when given a lower protein diet than a higher protein diet. After 20 d, with 10% protein diets, mean growth rates of the weaned voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid were -0.135 g/d and -0.25 g/d, respectively. When given 20% protein diet, mean growth rates of weaned root voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid for 20 d were 0.134 g/d and -0.116 g/d, respectively. Food utilization efficiencies of the voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets were significantly lower than that of the control diet at the level of 10% protein. When given the 20% protein diet, food utilization efficiencies of weaned voles fed with 6% tannic acid were significantly lower than that of the voles fed with 3% tannic acid diet or the control diet with the 10% protein diets, the average survival days of the weaned voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets decreased 26.23% and 49.36% compared to controls at the end of trial period, respectively. With 20% protein diets, the average survival of weaned voles given 6% tannic acid diet decreased 39.41% compared to controls at the end of trial period, although weaned voles given 3% tannic acid had a slight decrease of average survival days. The results of study suggested that tannins could substanitially affect the individual performance of weaned root voles.

Group size effects on foraging and vigilance in migratory Tibetan antelope

Large group sizes have been hypothesized to decrease predation risk and increase food competition. We investigated group size effects on vigilance and foraging behaviour during the migratory period in female Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni, in the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai Province, China. During June to August, adult female antelope and yearling females gather in large migratory groups and cross the Qinghai-Tibet highway to calving grounds within the Nature Reserve and return to Qumalai county after calving. Large groups of antelope aggregate in the migratory corridor where they compete for limited food resources and attract the attention of mammalian and avian predators and scavengers. We restricted our sampling to groups of less than 30 antelopes and thus limit our inference accordingly. Focal-animal sampling was used to record the behaviour of the free-ranging antelope except for those with lambs. Tibetan antelope spent more time foraging in larger groups but frequency of foraging bouts was not affected by group size. Conversely, the time spent vigilant and frequency of vigilance bouts decreased with increased group size. We suggest that these results are best explained by competition for food and risk of predation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Burrowing rodents as ecosystem engineers: the ecology and management of plateau zokors Myospalax fontanierii in alpine meadow ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

1. Plateau zokors, Myospalax fontanierii, are the only subterranean herbivores on the Tibetan plateau of China. Although the population biology of plateau zokors has been studied for many years, the interactions between zokors and plants, especially for the maintenance and structure of ecological communities, have been poorly recognized. In the past, plateau zokors have been traditionally viewed as pests, competitors with cattle, and agents of soil erosion, thus eradication programmes have been carried out by local governments and farmers. Zokors are also widely and heavily exploited for their use in traditional Chinese medicine.2. Like other fossorial animals, such as pocket gophers Geomys spp. and prairie dogs Cynomys spp. in similar ecosystems, zokors may act to increase local environmental heterogeneity at the landscape level, aid in the formation, aeration and mixing of soil, and enhance infiltration of water into the soil thus curtailing erosion. The changes that zokors cause in the physical environment, vegetation and soil clearly affect the herbivore food web. Equally, plateau zokors also provide a significant food source for many avian and mammalian predators on the plateau. Zokor control leading to depletion of prey and secondary poisoning may therefore present problems for populations of numerous other animals.3. We highlight the important role plateau zokors play in the Tibetan plateau ecosystem. Plateau zokors should be managed in concert with other comprehensive rangeland treatments to ensure the ecological equilibrium and preservation of native biodiversity, as well as the long-term sustainable use of pastureland by domestic livestock.

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between O. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. erythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. curzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana, The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotana, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus Ochotona would have occurred about 2.5 - 4.2 Ma ago, Yushean of Chinese mammalian age. This calculation appears to be substantiated by the fossil record.

亚洲地形和海陆分布变化对东亚环境格局形成演化的作用：数值模拟与地质记录对比

Earlier studies on the distribution of geological environmental indicators in China revealed drastic changes from a zonal climate pattern (planetary-wave-dominant pattern) in the Paleogene to a monsoon-dominant one in the Neogene, which suggested an inception of the initial East-Asian summer monsoon. However, there are different views about the time and causes of the changes.Here, we attempt to compile a series of paleoenvironmental maps based on newly collected climate indicators from the literatures and chronologically constrained evidence of geological maps in order to re-examine the temporal and spatial evolution of climate belts in China during the Cenozoic with special emphasis on the changes of the arid belt. These indicators include mammalian fauna, coal, carbonate concretions, jarosite, salt, gypsum deposits and pollen assemblages etc, with chronological controls that we believe reliable. Pollen assemblages and mammalian fauna have been classified into three categories (arid, semi-arid/sub-humid, humid) to reflect the intensity of aridity/humidity. Salt, jarosite and gypsum deposits are classified as the arid indicators. Carbonate concretions and coal are classified into the semi-arid/sub-humid and humid one respectively. Paleoenvironmental maps at 8 time slices have been reconstructed. They are the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Early Miocene, Middle Miocene, Late Miocene and Pliocene.And furthermore, we attempt to use IAP^AGCM to simulate the evolution of climate belts in emphasizing on the changes of the rain band, and compare the results with the paleoenvironmental maps in order to examine the causes of the drastic paleoenvironmental changes near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. 36 sensitive numerical experiments are carried out using the IAP__AGCM to analyze the impacts of the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan complex, shrinkage of the Paratethys Sea, expansion of the South China Sea and the development of the polar ice sheets on rain band in China.The main conclusions are as follows:The obtained results essentially confirm the earlier conclusions about a zonal climate pattern in the Paleogene and a different pattern in the Neogene, and illustrate that a monsoon-dominant environmental pattern with inland aridity formed by the Early Miocene, which is temporally consist with the onset of eolian deposits in China.Cenozoic cooling and the formation of polar ice sheets are unlikely the main causes to the changes of environmental patterns mentioned above in China. But northern hemispheric cooling and the ice-sheets can intensify the Siberian High Pressure, and strengthen the winter monsoon circulations and enhance the aridity in the west part of China. These results support the earlier studies.Shrinkage of the Paratethys Sea and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan complex played important roles in strengthening the East Asian monsoon and induceing the above changes of environmental pattern, which is consistent with the earlier studies. Furthermore, "the monsoon-dominant pattern" appears when the Himalayan-Tibetan complex reaches to about 1000-2000 meters high and the Paratethys Sea retreats to the Turan Plate.4) Expansion of the South China Sea is another significant factor that drives the evolution of environmental patterns. We believe that the above three factors co-act and drive the change of the environmental patterns from a planetary-wave-dominant one to a monsoon-dominant one. However, the impacts of each factor vary by regions. The uplift mainly increases the humidity in Southwestern China and the aridity in northwestern country. The shrinkage mainly increases the humidity in Northern China and also enhances the aridity in the northwestern country. The expansion greatly increases the humidity in the south part of China.

元谋地区晚新生代河湖相沉积物磁性地层学及古环境研究

Yuanmou area lies on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, the middlesegment of Yunnan-Sichuan North-South Extending Tectonic Belt and the upper reaches of the Yangztze River, which is renowned for its thick late Cenozoic fluvial-lacustrine sequences that yield rich mammalian fossils including hominoid and early human. The sediments provides great potentials for understanding the relationships between uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, evolution of hominoids and other mammalian and evolution and formation of basins in Southwest China since late Miocene. However, lithostratigrphic and chronologic views on them are controversial and hinder further discussion of the relationships of them. To this end, we selected the Baozidongqing section and the Dapoqing section to carry out systematic lithostratigraphic, magnetostratlgraphic and environmental magnetism researches in this area.The Baozidongqing section was dated to about 10.95-7.17 Ma. The age estimation of the topmost hominoid-bearing layer was about 7.43-7.17 Ma. Rock magnetic results show that the dominant magnetic carrier is hematite, with minor amount of magnetite. Both the composition and concentration of magnetic minerals strongly correlate with the lithostratigraphy, indicating that Yuanmou basin is characterized by alternating of long-term torrid-humid climate and short-term dry-hot climate. But the pattern of these short-term hot-dry events, including both the lasting time and the frequency of their occurrence dramatically changed since -8.1 Ma. Our results infer that the drying process of the Asian west interior and a significant uplift of the Tibetan Plateau would have probably caused jointly the extinction of hominoids, or the emigration of hominoids from Yuanmou to adjacent relatively torrid-humid areas.The strata between the upper of the Dapoqing section, the Niujianbao Hill and Shangnabang area can be linked by three mark layers of conglomerate, which is rather continuous and coherent than physical disturbance by new tectonic activities. Rock magnetic studies indicate that hematite is the main magnetic carriers. The section is dated back to about 2.8-1.37 Ma. Its paleocurrent flowed northeastward, which was a close and stagnant river and swamp environment about 2.2 Ma ago. Then it ran northwestward and turned into an open overflown and braid river sedimentary face during 2.2 to 1.57 Ma. Since 1.57 Ma, the paleocurrent flowed intensely northwestern and about 1.37 Ma ago, it ended the basically continuous fluvial-lacustrine deposition.

Formulation of a basal medium for primary cell culture of the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perleve

Marine sponge cell culture is a potential route for the sustainable production of sponge-derived bioproducts. Development of a basal culture medium is a prerequisite for the attachment, spreading, and growth of sponge cells in vitro. With the limited knowledge available on nutrient requirements for sponge cells, a series of statistical experimental designs has been employed to screen and optimize the critical nutrient components including inorganic salts (ferric ion, zinc ion, silicate, and NaCl), amino acids (glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid), sugars (glucose, sorbitol, and sodium pyruvate), vitamin C, and mammalian cell medium (DMEM and RPMI 1640) using MTT assay in 96-well plates. The marine sponge Hymeniacidon perleve was used as a model system. Plackett-Burman design was used for the initial screening, which identified the significant factors of ferric ion, NaCl, and vitamin C. These three factors were selected for further optimization by Uniform Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), respectively. A basal medium was finally established, which supported an over 100% increase in viability of sponge cells.