长白山北坡水甲虫的生物多样性研究

长白山地区为保护较为完善的原始森林区，物种丰富，因此被选为论文的研究区域.这里地处温带，气候寒冷，水甲虫种类分布有着一定的独特性.该项研究通过对不同海拔高度的不同水体中水甲虫的采样，研究了长白山北坡水甲虫的种类、生物多样性及其颁与环境因子的相关性.通过调查和研究，发现长白山水甲虫已记录的种类共有8科37属67种，其中占种群优势的是龙虱科和水龟虫科.同时，通过对文献的系统研究，发现中国有已记录的水甲虫共21科141属916种，比原记录601种（杨集昆，1994）多215种.在对长白山北坡水甲虫区系研究的同时，对生物多样性指数进行了分析，结果表明长白山北坡的水甲虫生物多样性各项指标均显示出该地区水甲虫物种较为丰富，物种均匀度高.在研究水甲虫的分布与环境因子的关系时发现，不同水体中环境因子对水甲虫分布的影响不同，活水水体中起主要作用的因子是植被密度和水流速度，静水水体中起主要作用的因子是海拔和腐殖化程度.

长白山北坡静水水体中水甲虫分布与环境关系的典范对应分析

应用典范对应分析 (CCA)对长白山北坡静水水体 12个样点中 2 8种水甲虫与环境关系的研究表明 ,长白山 5种环境因子中水底腐殖化程度和海拔对水甲虫的分布起主要作用 ,与排序轴的相关系数分别高达 0 8371和 0 72 0 6 ,而水温和植被密度也有较大的影响 .在环境因子的影响下不同生境中水甲虫分布的种群不同 .深刻斜凹龙虱、端钩切眼龙虱、布朗沟牙甲、沼梭科水甲虫等主要分布在深水区 ,与水温没有关系 ;而异毛龙虱和舟型牙甲等与海拔和水泡子的腐殖化程度呈正相关 .

长白山北坡木本植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析

在长白山北坡海拔 70 0～ 2 6 0 0m的坡面上 ,海拔每上升 10 0m设立一个样点 ,共计 2 0个样点。调查每个样点中木本植物的生态重要值 ,并计测样点内包括气候、土壤、林冠郁闭度在内的 13个环境因子。应用CANOCO3.12软件对获得的数据进行了典范对应分析 (CCA) ,应用CANODRAW3.0作出了种类、样点分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图 ,排序图上清楚地反映了长白山北坡木本植物种类、群落分布与环境条件的关系。研究结果表明 :1)海拔梯度引起的气候差异是影响长白山北坡植物分布格局最重要的因素 ;2 )环境因素对森林内不同层次种类组成和结构的影响是不同的 ,按影响程度大小 ,影响乔木层种类组成和结构的主要因素依次为温度、降雨、土壤因素和林冠郁闭度 ,对于灌木层 ,则依次为雨量、林冠郁闭度、温度和土壤因素 ;3)就整个长白山北坡来讲 ,按CCA所获得的相关系数大小 ,土壤因素对灌木层结构与种类的影响大于乔木层 ;土壤因子中 ,仅土壤速效K对乔木层的影响具有统计学意义的相关性

长白山地区曲尾藓属植物生态分化的排序研究

The relationships of eight moss species of Dicranum in 31 sites in main ecological systems in the Changbai Mountain with environmental factors were studied by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results showed that altitude, soil sand percentage, water percentage, acidity and canopy density were important environmental factors influencing the distribution of the species of Dicranum . The relationships between Dicranum elongatum Schleich. ex Schwaegr ., D.groenlandicum Brid. and altitude,between D.japonicum Mitt., D.scoparium Hedw. and canopy density,between D.polysetum Sw., D. undulatum Schrad. ex Brid. and soil acidity and water percentage,were positively correlative. The niche overlaps among the eight species of Dicranum were calculated. The minimal spanning tree of the eight species on the two-dimensional scatter plot were also drawn based on their niche overlaps, which clearly revealed the ecological similarities of eight species.

石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系

以黄土高原土壤类型和土壤肥力差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,研究了土壤微生物量碳(BC)、微生物量氮(BN)与土壤氮素矿化势(N0)、全氮(TN)、有机碳(OC)及土壤颗粒组成的关系.结果表明:BC、BN与TN、OC呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明BC、BN与土壤肥力关系密切,可作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标.BC、BN与N0均呈高度正相关,相关系数分别为0.665和0.741(P<0.01).BC、BN、TN、OC、N0与土壤物理性粘粒(<0.01 mm)呈显著或极显著正相关,而与物理性砂粒(>0.01 mm)呈显著或极显著负相关,与物理性粘粒和砂粒比值呈显著或极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质主要通过与土壤物理性粘粒复合而形成有机无机复合体.

黄土高原不同类型旱区苜蓿草地水分生产潜力与土壤干燥化效应模拟

在模型验证和数据库组建基础上,用WinEPIC模型定量模拟研究了黄土高原半湿润区长武、半干旱区固原和半干旱偏旱区海原20～30年内苜蓿草地水分生产潜力、10m土层土壤有效含水量和土壤湿度剖面分布特征的动态变化.结果表明:长武、固原和海原苜蓿草地水分生产潜力模拟值随降水量变化而呈现波动性降低趋势,其平均值分别为8.81、3.83和2.48t.hm-2;长武、固原和海原苜蓿草地10m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值均呈现明显的波动性降低趋势,模拟初期,4～8年生苜蓿草地土壤干燥化趋势十分强烈,此后,随降水量变化长期在较低水平上波动;随着苜蓿生长年限的延长,苜蓿草地土壤干层逐年加深、加厚,长武、固原和海原土壤干层分布深度达到10m所需时间依次为6、6和4年,此后苜蓿草地降水渗深以下土层长期维持较为稳定的干燥化状态;苜蓿草地水分持续利用的合理年限为半湿润区8～10年,半干旱区6～8年,半干旱偏旱区4～6年.

辽东山区生态土地分类中的植物群落数量分析

采用TWINSPAN分类和PCA、CCA排序的方法对辽东山区样方数据进行植物群落数量分析。结果表明:分类和排序是分析植被与环境关系的有效途径。CCA指示了植物群落与环境因子之间的相关关系。MRPP检验表明,特定的植物群落和环境因子的组合是客观存在的,这种特定的组合构成了特定的生态系统单元。本研究共得到6种群落类型,能够基本指示研究区潜在的植被类型,可用于表征生态土地分类中分类单元的植被类型。制约辽东山区森林群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是坡向、坡度的变化,可将其作为生态土地分类的依据。

黄土丘陵区典型植物群落根系垂直分布与环境因子的关系

深入研究植被恢复过程中根系与环境因子的响应规律,对于当前西部地区的生态环境建设中有关林草措施的配置问题具有重要理论意义和实践价值。采用对应分析(CA)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究黄土丘陵区4种典型植物群落的根系垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,所选群落的根系生物量随土层深度增加而明显减小,0~40 cm土层根系生物量超过总根量的85%。借助CA分析将根系的垂直分布特征分为T1、T2和T3,其中大多数群落属于T1型,即表层根量聚积型,0~20 cm土层根量远高于其他层次;T2和T3型为深根与浅根型根系的组合类型,层次变化相对缓和。群落根系的垂直分布及变化受环境因子的综合影响,T1型分布在硝态氮含量较高且有机质和全氮含量较低的地段;T2和T3型的有机质和全氮含量较高,硝态氮含量较低;土壤水分含量、密度、硝态氮是影响退耕地典型植物群落根系垂直分布特征的主要环境因子。

应用典范对应分析探讨长白山金发藓科植物的生态位分化

应用典范对应分析 (CanonicalCorrespondenceAnalysis,CCA)对长白山主要生态系统 30个样点中的 1 3种金发藓科植物分布与环境因子间的关系进行了研究。发现在长白山地区 ,金发藓科植物在海拔高度、土壤含砂量、含水量、酸度、光照条件等资源维上存在明显的生态分化现象。 1 3种金发藓科植物中 ,球蒴金发藓(Polytrichumsphaerothecium (Besch .)C .Mull.、高山异发藓短叶变种 (Polytrichas trumalpinumvar.brevifolium (R .Br .)Brid .)在海拔上 ,拟异发藓 (Polytrichas trum formosum (Hedw .)G .L .Smith)、变形异发藓 (PolytrichastrumdicipensLimpr.)、毛尖金发藓 (Polytrichum piliferumSchred .exHedw .)、桧叶金发藓(PolytrichumjuniperinumWilld .exHedw .)在光照上以及大金发藓 (PolytrichumcommuneHedw .)、直叶金发藓 (Polytrichum juniperinumssp .strictum (Brid .)Nhy .&Sael.)在土壤酸度与水分上的生态要求比较接近。

应用排序分析藓类植物分类群分布与气候因素的关系

以我国 2 1个山地藓类植物区系和气象资料为基础 ,应用典范对应分析 (CCA )和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA) ,比较了 2 1个山地中藓类植物 6 1个科 ,曲尾藓科 (Dicranaceae) 2 3个属、曲柄藓属 (Campylopus) 17种及曲尾藓属 (Dicranum) 35种分布与年均温度、>10℃积温、1月均温、7月均温、年均相对湿度、年均降雨量、年有雾天数、年有霜天数和年日照时数的关系 ,通过排序进行了直观的展示 ;同时还应用典范对应分析直观地反映了包括长白山在内的我国 9个山地苔藓植物地理成分组成上的相似性及它们与气候因素间的关系 .本文研究表明将DCCA和CCA应用到植物区系地理学研究上是可行的 .

Copolymerization of ethylene with norbornene catalyzed by cationic rare earth metal fluorenyl functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complexes

Rare earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes attached by fluorenyl modified N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) (Flu-NHC)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2) (Flu-NHC = (C13H8CH2CH2(NCHCCHN)C6H2Me3-2,4,6); Ln = Sc (2a); Y (2b); Ho (2c); Lu (2d)), ((tBu)Flu-NHC)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2) ((tBu)Flu-NHC = 2,7-(Bu2C13H6CH2CH2)-Bu-t(NCHCCHN)C6H2Me3-2,4,6; Ln = Sc (1a); Lu (1d)) and attached by indenyl modified N-heterocyclic carbene (Ind-NHC)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2) (Ind-NHC = C9H6CH2CH2(NCHCCHN)C6H2Me3-2,4,6; Ln = Sc (3a); Lu (3d)), under the activation of (AlBu3)-Bu-i and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)(4)], showed varied catalytic activities toward homo- and copolymerization of ethylene and norbornene. Among which the scandium complexes, in spite of ligand type, exhibited medium to high catalytic activity for ethylene polymerization (10(5) g mol(Sc)(-1) h(-1) atm(-1)), but all were almost inert to norbornene polymerization. Remarkably, higher activity was found for the copolymerization of ethylene and norbornene when using Sc based catalytic systems, which reached up to 5 x 10(6) g mol(Sc)(-1) h(-1) atm(-1) with 2a. The composition of the isolated copolymer was varying from random to alternating according to the feed ratio of the two monomers (r(E) = 4.1, r(NB) = 0.013).

Synthesis of the first rare earth metal bis(alkyl)s bearing an indenyl functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene

Treatment of indenyl-modified imidazolium bromide [C9H7CH2CH2(NCHCHN(C6H2Me3-2,4,6)CH)Br] ((IndH-NHC-H)Br) with rare earth metal tetra(alkyl) lithium (Ln(CH2SiMe3)(4)Li(THF)(4)) or with (trimethylsilylmethyl)lithium (LiCH2SiMe3) and rare earth metal tris(alkyl)s (Ln(CH2SiMe3)(3)(THF)(2)) sequentially afforded the first NHC-stabilized monomeric rare earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes (Ind-NHC)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2) (1, Ln = Y; 2, Ln = Lu; 3, Ln = Sc) via double-deprotonation reactions. Complexes 1-3 are THF-free isostructural monomers. The monoanionic Ind-NHC species bond to the central metal ion in a eta(5):kappa(1) constrained geometry configuration (CGC) mode, which combine with the two cis-located alkyl moieties to form a tetrahedron ligand core, leading to the chirality of the complexes. Under the presence of activators AlEt3 and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)(4)], complex 2 showed catalytic activity toward the polymerization of isoprene to afford 3,4-regulated polyisoprene (91%).

Mixed ligands supported yttrium alkyl complexes: Synthesis, characterization and catalysis toward lactide polymerization

Treatment of yttrium tris(alkyl)s, Y(CH2SiMe3)(3)(THF)(2), by equimolar H(C5Me4)SiMe3(HCp') and indene (Ind-H) afforded (eta(5)-Cp')Y(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) (1) and (eta(5)-Ind)Y(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) (2) via alkane elimination, respectively. Complex 1 reacted with methoxyamino phenols, 4,6-(CH3)(2)-2-[(MeOCH2CH2)(2)-NCH2]-C6H2-OH (HL1) and 4,6-(CMe3)(2)-2-[(MeOCH2CH2)(2)-NCH2]-C6H2OH (HL2) gave mixed ligands supported alkyl complexes [(eta(5)-Cp')(L)]Y(CH2SiMe3) (3: L = L-1; 4: L = L-2). Whilst, complex 2 was treated with HL2 to yield [(eta(5)-Ind)(L-2)]Y(CH2SiMe3) (5). The molecular structures of 3 and 5 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction to be mono(alkyl)s of THF-free, adopting pyramidal and tetragonal-bipyramidal geometry, respectively. Complexes 3 and 5 were high active initiators for the ring-opening polymerization Of L-lactide to give isotactic polylactide with high molecular weight and narrow to moderate polydispersity.

Effect of swelling response of the support particles on ethylene polymerization

Macroporous and modified macroporous poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) particles (m-PS and mm-PS) supported Cp2ZrCl2 were prepared and applied to ethylene polymerization using methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. The influences of the swelling response of the support particles on the catalyst loading capabilities of the supports as well as on the activities of the supported catalysts were studied. It was shown that the Zr loadings of the supports and the activities of the supported catalysts increased with the swelling extent of the support particles. The m-PS or mm-PS supported catalysts exhibited very high activities when the support particles were well swollen, whereas those catalysts devoid of swelling treatment gave much lower activities. Investigation on the distribution of the supports in the polyethylene by TEM indicated that the swelling of the support particles allowed the fragmentation of the catalyst particles. In contrast, the fragmentation of the support particles with poor swelling was hindered during ethylene polymerization.

A novel route to polyethylene-polystyrene blends through the fragmentation of porous polystyrene beads supported metallocene in ethylene polymerization

Polyethylene-polystyrene blends were synthesized by in situ ethylene polymerization with polystyrene porous beads supported metallocene; the influence of fragmenting support beads on the morphology and the mechanical performance of the blends was investigated.