麻栗坡县家马mtDNA多态性研究

对采自麻栗坡县的晋通马矮马各３匹的材料，所用２０种限制性内切酶中，有１６种可产生切点，平均每个个体获得５６条限制性片段。与其它家畜家一不同，家马有高度的ｍｔＤＮＡ多态性，６匹马均有自己独特的ｍｔＤ－ＮＡ基因型，提示该地家马可能为多起源，至少有多重母系，这些母系可追溯到１～１０万年前，与化石记载相一致。本次实验未找到将两种马区分开的特异性多态标记，这可能是同栖于同一生态环境中，相互交配，血液相融，而不是各自起源于自己原母系。由于所测样本数较少，尚不能得到区分两种马的一个统计学上的规律性来。云南地理地貌十分复杂，马的品种或类群较多，亦可能是多起源，其遗传多样性很丰富。因此，云南马是值得保护和重视的种质资源库。自８０年代以来，动物线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤ－ＮＡ）在群体遗传及进化生物学研究中起着重要作用，由于其组成序列简单，母体遗传，且不存在重组，所以是追踪母系血统的理想标记和能对漂移血统进行识别￣［１］（Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎｌ９８９年）．在家养动物中，对ｍｔＤＮＡ多态性研究以前多在鸡、黄牛、猪中进行，它们的ｍｔＤＮＡ多态频率相当低￣［２］。Ｍａｒｔｈｅｗ和Ｒｙｄｅｒ（１９８６）的研究已涉及家马ｍｔＤＮＡ种内特异性的情况.

THE CHROMOSOMES OF TUFTED DEER (ELAPHODUS-CEPHALOPHUS)

Mitotic and meiotic chromosome preparations of the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) were studied to elucidate the sex-chromosomal polymorphism evidenced by this species. Females had 2n = 46 or 47 chromosomes, whereas males had 2n = 47 or 48 chromosomes. An X;autosome translocation was identified by synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes at pachytene and confirmed by the presence of a trivalent at diakinesis/metaphase I. The present work, in combination with earlier observations by others, indicates that E. cephalophus possesses a varied X-chromosome morphology involving an X;autosome translocation and addition of varying amounts of heterochromatin. It is speculated that sex-chromosome polymorphism may be responsible for the observed differences in diploid chromosome number of tufted deer.

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF KARYOTYPES OF MUNTJACS BY CHROMOSOME PAINTING

We have used a combination of chromosome sorting, degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR), chromosome painting and digital image capturing and processing techniques for comparative chromosome analysis of members of the genus Muntiacus. Chromosome-specific ''paints'' from a female Indian muntjac were hybridised to the metaphase chromosomes of the Gongshan, Black, and Chinese muntjac by both single and three colour chromosome painting. Karyotypes and idiograms for the Indian, Gongshan, Black and Chinese muntjac were constructed, based on enhanced 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding patterns. The hybridisation signal for each paint was assigned to specific bands or chromosomes for all of the above muntjac species. The interspecific chromosomal homology was demonstrated by the use of both enhanced DAPI banding and comparative chromosome painting. These results provide direct molecular cytogenetic evidence for the tandem fusion theory of the chromosome evolution of muntjac species.

我国西南地区珍稀濒危动物的进化和保护遗传学研究

中国西南地区分布有许多重要的珍稀濒危动物，对它们的保护举世瞩目，其中一些动物的分类进化地位还存在着争议。我们实验室多年来致力于这些物种的进化遗传和保护遗传学研究，旨在阐明这些物种的进化地位，确定野生或圈养群体的遗传结构，为制定科学的保护计划提供不可缺少的遗传学资料。

云南矮马资源及种质研究总结

矮马在国内重新发现后，我们对云南矮马历经７年的调查研究，取得如下主要结果：（１）据史料记述，考古物证，血液蛋白多态测定，云南极可能是矮马渊源地；（２）对全省１２个地（州）实地调查及５个地（州）的了解，证明云南全省均有矮马，其数量占全国矮马总数的８５％～９０％，表明云南为矮马的中心产区。矮马的分布密度与生态环境、社会经济、文化、交通状况密切相关，与海拔、气温关系不大；（３）对正常的成年矮马和普通马，屠测６９项指标，其差异达显著和极显著水平的占５２．２７％；（４）对头骨形态和１０５项尺度观测，两种马间差异达显著和极显著水准的占７２．３８％，表明二者为独立的品种。通过臼齿大小及齿面雏褶形态鉴别，两者间存在明显差异，并确认两种马均为古老品种；（５）测定矮马、普通马的血液生理生化指标２８项４６个指标，有７个指标存在显著和极显著差异。（６）两种马的染色体数均为２ｎ＝６４，Ｃ带结构异染色质存在明显差异，反映出两种马间遗传进化上的差异；（７）对矮马、普通马的６种血液蛋白和同功酶测定，测到９个多态位点，结果在ＴＦ上两者有明显差异。对矮马、普通马样本，测定４４个遗传座位，１０个多态遗传座位中ＰＧＭ及ＴＦ在两品种间差异显著.