The stability zone of gas hydrate in the slope of East China Sea and neighboring trough basin area

We analyze the distribution of temperature and heat flow of the sea floor sediment in the area of East China Sea slope and West basin area of the Okinawa Trough. Based on the Sonar Buoy and OBS data, 6 velocity layers are recognized, each of which has velocity of 1.8(1.8 similar to 2.2) km/s,2.2(2.0 similar to 2.5)km/s,2.8 (2.7 similar to 3.2)km/s,3.4 similar to 3.6km/s,4.2(4.1 similar to 4.7)km/s and 5.1km/s, respectively. The upper velocity layer of 1.8 similar to 2.2 km/s corresponds to the Quaternary sediment stratum. The layer with velocity 3.4 similar to 4.2km/s is the Pliocene sediment stratum. The area that is suitable for stable existence of gas hydrate by the temperature and pressure is 70,000km(2) about 1/10 the total area of East China Sea. The thickness of the stability zone ranges from 400m (Middle Part of Okinawa Trough) to 1100m (North and South Part of Okinawa Trough). The Quaternary and Pliocene layers are suitable for stable exitence of gas hydrate. According to the tectonic stability and heat flow, the north part and south part of the Okinawa Trough are the most perspective area for the gas hydrate explorations.

桑沟湾贝藻养殖区附着生物生态效应研究

附着生物又称污损生物，是附生在海洋设施和生物体表面的动物、植物和微生物等生物的总称（Azis et al., 2001）。附生在养殖器材和生物体表面的数量巨大的附着生物，对贝类养殖和海湾生态系统内的物质和营养盐循环等多个方面产生影响。本研究以北方重要的养殖海湾----桑沟湾为研究对象，对贝藻养殖区附着生物的群落演替及其生态效应进行了研究。主要研究结果如下： ① 2007年5月至2008年5月，采用挂网的方法对桑沟湾栉孔扇贝和海带混养区的附着生物的季节变化进行了研究。结果显示挂网上的附着生物具有显著的季节变化特征，网片上的附着生物湿重与水温的变化相一致，生物量为3~1210 g•m-2。2月份附着生物的生物量最低，8月份最高。2007年9月至11月，对栉孔扇贝养殖笼上和贝壳上的附着生物种类和数量进行了研究。结果显示9月份养殖笼上附着生物的湿重约为1.94 kg，10月份降至0.99 kg，11月份又稍有增加，为1.03 kg。扇贝壳上的附着生物变化趋势与养殖笼上的相同，9~11月份壳上附着生物的数量约0.49~2.09 g。扇贝养殖笼上可鉴定的大型附着生物约23种，包括藻类、海鞘类、苔藓虫类、环节动物、腔肠动物、软体动物、甲壳动物和海绵动物等。玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘、紫贻贝和苔藓虫等是附着生物群落中的优势种。 ② 通过在栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝上壳上添加不同重量的“模拟附着生物”（速凝水泥）的方法，研究了贝壳上附着生物的重量对这两种扇贝生长和存活的影响。结果显示水泥重量是上壳重0.5-3倍的各组实验组扇贝的生长和存活与对照组（未添加水泥的扇贝）之间没有显著差异。说明贝壳上附着生物重量为上壳的3倍重时，也不会显著影响扇贝生长存活。9-11月份贝壳上的自然附着生物的重量约为1.47-2.09 g，为上壳重的28.16 (±38.6)%—31.29 ± (31.63)%。因此，贝壳上附着的生物重量不太可能对扇贝的生长存活造成显著的负面影响。 ③ 在桑沟湾现场测定了玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率。9月份（水温约24℃）玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率分别为32.14和90.06 mg•ind-1•d-1或（858.99 和467.76 mg•gdw-1•d-1），据此计算，养殖笼上的两种海鞘的生物沉积速率约为84.29 mg•m-2•d-1。海区的自然沉积速率为41.49 mg•m-2•d-1；玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘沉积物中有机质含量分别为14.34%和13.77%，对照组海区自然的有机质含量为14.36%；以上三者有机碳的含量分别为24.72%，23.74%和24.76%；氮的含量分别为0.27%和0.25%，自然沉积物中的氮含量为0.30%。9月份扇贝养殖笼上附着的海鞘将产生2588.16吨的沉积物，即向底部沉积363.77吨的有机物、6.99吨的氮和1.79吨的磷。 ④ 通过测定扇贝养殖笼上优势种附着生物--玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的摄食、呼吸和排泄，研究了这些优势种类对贝类养殖和海湾环境的影响。9月份（水温约24.5℃）玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘对颗粒有机物（POM）的摄食率分别为14.30 和17.01 mg• h-1•ind-1。根据实验结果计算这两种海鞘摄取的颗粒有机物相当于312个扇贝的摄取量，大于笼内养殖的扇贝的摄取量；玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的耗氧率分别约为0.32和0.18 mg•h-1•ind-1，养殖笼上的这两种海鞘消耗的溶解氧约等于75个扇贝消耗的溶解氧。栉孔扇贝、玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的排氨率分别为33.66 ±11.34，117.90±23.46，35.91±6.22，28.08±3.41 ug NH4-N•gdw-1•h-1。以此估算，9月份玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝每天排泄的氨氮约为654.08 kg，相当于16467吨栉孔扇贝（鲜重）排泄的氨氮。海鞘和贻贝排泄的氨氮可提供浮游植物等所需的2.75%的氮，可以提供1204吨海带的生长所需的氮。 ⑤ 一个养殖笼内的栉孔扇贝和全部附着生物（Scallop Culture Unit, SCU）在夏季（6-9月）对颗粒有机物的摄食速率约为43.13-98.94 mg/h，平均74.05 mg/h，期间桑沟湾养殖的栉孔扇贝及附着生物摄取的POM约为1279.58吨；同期，SCU对氨氮和磷（PO4-P）的排泄速率分别为125.59-1432.23 μmol•h-1和76.2-252.89μmol•h-1，期间桑沟湾养殖扇贝及附着生物排泄的氮磷分别为211.09 吨和83.79 吨。一串牡蛎及吊绳和牡蛎壳上的附着生物（Oyster Culture Unit, OCU），夏季摄食率为5-41.43μmol•h-1，耗氧率为16.54-41.76μmol•h-1，对氨氮和磷（PO4-P）的排泄速率分别为35.56-489.34μmol•h-1 和9.92-16.68μmol•h-1。以此估算，夏季OCU可摄取POM535.68吨，消耗溶解氧955.58吨，排泄氮磷分别为62.37 吨和15.50 吨。

Studies on growth rate and grazing mortality rate by microzooplankton of size-fractionated phytoplankton in spring and summer in the Jiaozhou Bay, China

Dilution experiments were performed to examine the growth rate and grazing mortality rate of size-fractionated phytoplankton at three typical stations, inside and outside the bay, in the spring and summer of 2003 in the Jiaozhou Bay, China. in spring, the phytoplankton community structure was similar among the three stations, and was mainly composed of nanophytoplankton, such as, Skeletonema costatum and Cylindrotheca closterium. The structure became significantly different for the three stations in summer, when the dominant species at Stas A, B and C were Chaetoceros curvisetus, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, C. affinis, C. debilis, Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis and Paralia sulcata respectively. Tintinnopsis beroidea and T. tsingtaoensis were the dominant species in spring, whereas the microzooplankton was apparently dominated by Strombidium sp. in summer. Pico- and nanophytoplankton had a relatively greater growth rate than microzooplankton both in spring and summer. The growth rate and grazing mortality rate were 0.18 similar to 0.44 and 0.12 similar to 1.47 d(-1) for the total phytoplankton and 0.20 similar to 0.55 and 0.21 similar to 0.37 d-1 for nanophytoplankton in spring respectively. In summer, the growth rate and grazing mortality rate were 0.38 similar to 0.71 and 0.27 similar to 0.60 d-1 for the total phytoplankton and 0.11 similar to 1.18 and 0.41 similar to 0.72 d(-1) for nano- and microphytoplankton respectively. The carbon flux consumed by microzooplankton per day was 7.68 similar to 39.81 mg/m(3) in spring and 12.03 similar to 138.22 mg/m(3) in summer respectively. Microzooplankton ingested 17.56%similar to 92.19% of the phytoplankton standing stocks and 31.77%similar to 467.88% of the potential primary productivity in spring; in contrast, they ingested 34.60%similar to 83.04% of the phytoplankton standing stocks and 71.28%similar to 98.80% of the potential primary productivity in summer. Pico- and nanophytoplankton appeared to have relatively greater rates of growth and grazing mortality than microphytoplankton during the experimental period. The grazing rate of microzooplankton in summer was a little bit greater than that in spring because of the relatively higher incubation temperature and different dominant microzooplankton species. Microzooplankton preferred ingesting nanophytoplankton to microphytoplankton in spring, while they preferred ingesting picophytoplankton to nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton in summer. Compared with the results of dilution experiments performed in various waters worldwide, the results are in the middle range.

The influence of diets containing dried bivalve feces and/or powdered algae on growth and energy distribution in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) (Echinodermata : Holothuroidea)

In recent years, bivalve feces and powdered algae have been used as the food sources of holothurians in China. In this study, growth and energy budget for sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with initial wet body,veights of 32.5 1.0 g (mean +/- SE, n=45) when fed with five different granule diets containing dried bivalve feces and/or powdered algae in water temperature 13.2-19.8 degrees C and salinity 30-32ppt were quantified in order to investigate how diets influence growth and energy distribution and to find out the proper diet for land-based intensive culture of this species. Results showed that diets affected the food ingestion, feces production, food conversion efficiency and apparent digestive ratios, hence the growth and energy budget. Sea cucumbers fed with dried feces of bivalve showed poorer energy absorption, assimilation and growth than individuals fed with other four diets; this could be because feces-drying process removed much of the benefits. Dried bivalve feces alone, therefore, were not a suitable diet for sea cucumbers in intensive cultivation. The mixed diets of feces and powered algae showed promising results for cultivation of sub-adult Apostichopus japonicus, while animals fed with powdered algae alone, could not obtain the best growth. According to SGR of tested animals, a formula of 75% feces and 25% powdered algae is the best diet for culture of this species. Extruded diets were used in the present experiment to overcome shortcomings of the traditional powdered feeds, however, it seems a conflict exists between drying bivalve feces to form extruded diets and feeding sea cucumbers with fresh feces which contain beneficial bacteria. Compared with other echinoderms, in holothurians the energy deposited in growth is lower and the energy loss in feces accounts for the majority of the ingested energy. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for culture of holothurians. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anticorrosion performance of polyaniline nanostructures on mild steel

Different one-dimensional nanostructured polyanilines were synthesized in sulfuric acid solutions by conventional polymerization, interfacial polymerization and direct mixed reaction, respectively. The products were characterized with SEM, UV-vis and FTIR and the anticorrosion performance of products on mild steel were studied using electrochemical measurement in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. Results showed that the polyaniline nanofibers synthesized by direct mixed reaction have uniform morphology with diameters of 60-100 nm and more excellent protective properties than conventional aggregated polyaniline. Comparative studies revealed that the nanostructure and morphology of polyaniline could influence its anticorrosion performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

用nrDNA ITS序列探讨狭蕊龙胆属及其近缘属(龙胆科)的系统发育

运用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区ITS序列对狭蕊龙胆属Metagentiana10种及其近缘属22种植物进行了系统发育分析.ITS分析结果表明狭蕊龙胆属是一个多系群:在系统发育树上,双蝴蝶属Tripterospermum和蔓龙胆属Crawfurdia的种类位于狭蕊龙胆属各分支中,而且双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属的种类也相互交叉;这一结果不支持将3个属各自独立为属.但是,在所有分析中,3个属共同形成一单系分支,是龙胆属Gentiana的姊妹群;这一结果与形态学、花部解剖学、细胞学、孢粉学和胚胎学等证据基本一致,狭蕊龙胆属应该从龙胆属中分离出来,它与双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属有更为密切的亲缘关系.根据分支图,在狭蕊龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属组成的复合群中,现已知的染色体基数x=17、21和23可能存在网状和平行进化.

基于显微视觉的微纳尺度3D检测方法

微观尺度下的观测与操作是进行微纳米科学技术研究与实现、微纳米特性发现与利用、加工制造的重要技术手段。因此微纳米操作的关键技术问题主要包括两个方面：微纳米操作的观测成像，通过成像微纳米尺度下的物体可以被观测者所感知和观测；利用感知与观测信息指导微纳米尺度下机械操作控制。深度信息在计算机视觉的研究中占有着重要的地位，它使我们更好地理解现实世界中物体的3D关系。因此，利用深度信息实现3D测量逐渐被应用于微纳米操作的观测成像领域。工作域显微图像是唯一能反映被控目标体运动和位置的反馈信息，自然对象的深度信息也只能从此中获得。虽然很难自动地从这个平面图像中获得，但根据显微镜点扩散模型的光学特点，可以构造合理的模糊度判据，实现对象深度信息恢复。本文作者以微观尺度下的3D视觉观测与可视化为应用背景，通过分析几何光学成像中的各种成像规律。建立图像的模糊度判据，并利用该判据完成了微观尺度下的3D视觉观测与可视化。主要工作包括：（1）分析光学成像的基本原理，了解光学成像过程中聚焦和离焦成像现象发生条件和描述方法；分析图像清晰/模糊程度与景物深度变化之间的关系规律，进而给出基于光学图像信息的微观景物深度测量理论依据；（2）结合序列图像的清晰/模糊程度变化规律，分析不同测度算子对于清晰/模糊程度响应的灵敏度与适应性；提出建立适宜的模糊测度算子方法。（3）基于模糊测度算子和模糊化测度分布模型，提出建立微观尺度下的显微视觉图像与实际景物的模糊度-深度关系模型的获取实验方法。设计实验系统与实验方法，完成微观3D视觉观测；（4）通过基于模糊化测度的微观景物深度信息获取研究，提出微观景物的3D重建方法，实现微观尺度下的3D重建及其可视化方法，完成实验验证。本文就微纳米技术研究中的显微成像离焦现象进行了分析，给出了建立基于模糊测度的微米尺度下离焦度与景物深度信息关系的方法；分析了不同梯度算子所具有的不同模糊测度响应；并以实验验证了利用这种模糊测度可以对微观尺度下的景物进行深度信息获取,并且利用深度信息进行3D重建。

水库汞生物地球化学循环研究进展

对近年来国内外有关水库汞生物地球化学循环的研究现状进行了综述, 主要从基质释汞行为、汞释放对水体的影响、汞在水库水生食物链中的迁移富集和水库对河流汞输送的影响等四个方面进行了探讨, 并指出该领域研究工作的薄弱环节及发展方向。

滇西北中旬普朗斑岩铜矿流体包裹体初步研究

普朗斑岩铜矿位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧，是在晚三叠世甘孜．理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个大型．超大型矿床。通过显微测温学和激光拉曼谱学研究，发现普朗斑岩铜矿含矿石英脉中广泛发育富液相包裹体、含CO2三相／两相包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体。子晶种类复杂，盐类矿物主要有石盐、钾盐、方解石、石膏，金属矿物主要为黄铜矿和赤铁矿。流体包裹体中发现有4种流体，即高盐度岩浆流体、含CO2低盐度流体、中等盐度流体以及少量低盐度水溶液。高盐度岩浆流体的均-温度范围457，245℃，均一压力范围（259．33～25．43）×10^5 Pa，盐度为34％-54％NaCl，密度为1．12—1．07g／cm^3，富含Na、K、Ca、Cu、Fe、CO2、C1、S等成分。原始岩浆流体可能是由中酸性岩浆上升至中间岩浆房后直接出溶而成，并汇聚在岩浆房的顶部。在甘孜一理塘洋盆的俯冲过程中，岩浆流体在流体内压和洋盆俯冲所产生的主压应力场的共同作用下，可以间歇性地从岩浆房上涌，为早期岩浆活动（226±3）～（2284-3）Ma所形成的岩浆一热液系统提供了持续的矿质和热源。含CO2低盐度流体与高盐度岩浆流体的相分离作用是导致普朗斑岩铜矿主成矿期网脉状-浸染状矿化的主要原因。

会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体浓缩机制

云南会泽铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西缘川-黔-滇铅锌银多金属成矿域的中南部，严格受断裂带的控制．长期以来，对于该矿的成矿流体来源存在着较大的争论．研究表明，矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一，其δ^13C(PDB)为-2．1×10^-3～-3．5×10^-3极差-1．4×10^-3、均值-2．8×10^-3，δ^18O(SMOW)为16．7×10^-3～18．6×10^-3、极差1．9×10^-3、均值17．7×10^-3，不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别；除了纯液相包裹体(L)和富液相的气液两相包裹体(L+V)外，还存在含子晶的三相包裹体(S+L+V)和不混溶的CO2三相包裹体(VCO2+LCO2+LH2O)，流体包裹体均一温度介于110～400℃之间，具有双峰现象；矿床的(^87Sr／^86Sr)0(0．713676-0．717012)不仅明显高于地幔(0．704±0．002)和峨嵋山玄武岩(0．703932～0．707818；85件样品)的(^87Sr／^86Sr)0，也相对高于矿区赋矿地层(C16)的(^87Sr／^86Sr)。(0．70868～0．70931；3件样品)，但明显低于基底岩石的(^87sr／^86Sr)。(0．7243～0．7288；5件样品)，且成矿过程中流体基本没有发生Sr同位素分馏现象．因此，成矿流体为均一流体，是不同性质流体的混合产物，具有多源性．而从气液两相包裹体盐度-均一温度图解可以看出，在300-400℃区间，包裹体盐度基本被孤立为两群：一群为5％～6％(w(NaCl))，另一群为12％～16％(w(NaCl))．而在100300℃特别是150-250℃区间，包裹体盐度则基本均匀分布在7％～23％(w(NaCl))之间．断裂带形成压力为(50～320)×10^5Pa，矿体上覆岩石压力为(574-640)×10%5Pa，矿床成矿压力为(145-754)×10^5Pa．流体在上升到断裂带后压力的剧降，导致了沸腾作用的发生．在混合作用和沸腾作用的双重影响下，受狭窄断裂带控制的成矿流体高度浓缩，金属矿物得以大规模地从流体中沉淀出来，形成品位极高的铅锌矿石．

湘东北蕉溪岭富钠煌斑岩地球化学特征

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