124 resultados para 357-M0073A


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Rel/NF kappa B is a family of transcription factors. In the present study, a Rel/NF kappa B family member, Dorsal homolog (FcDorsal) was cloned from the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The full length cDNA of FcDorsal consists of 1627 bp, revealed a 1071 bp open reading frame encoding 357 aa. The predicted molecular weight (MW)of the deduced amino acid sequence of FcDorsal was 39.78 kDa, and its theoretical pl was 8.85. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that FcDorsal contains a Rel homolog domain (RHD) and an IPT/TIG (Ig-like, plexins and transcriptions factors) domain. The signature sequence of dorsal protein existed in the deduced amino acid sequence. Spatial expression profiles showed that FcDorsal had the highest expression level in the hemocytes and lymphoid organ (Oka). The expression profiles in the hemocytes and lymphoid organ were apparently modulated when shrimp were stimulated by bacteria or WSSV. Both Gram-positive (G(+)) bacteria (Micrococcus lysodeikticus) and Gram-negative (G(-)) bacteria (Vibrio anguillarium) injection to shrimp caused the up-regulation of FcDorsal at the transcription level. DsRNA approach was used to study the function of FcDorsal and the data showed that FcDorsal was related to the transcription of Penaeidin 5 in shrimp. The present data provide clues that FcDorsal might play potential important roles in the innate immunity of shrimp. Through comparison of the expression profiles between FcDorsal and another identified Rel/NF kappa B member (FcRelish) in shrimp responsive to WSSV challenge, we speculate that FcDorsal and FcRelish might play different roles in shrimp immunity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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对虾流行病爆发以来,我国乃至世界的对虾产业一直受到各种虾病的困扰,对虾养殖业严重受阻。解决这一问题的关键是加强对虾免疫机制的研究,并在此基础上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法。Rel/NF-κB是一类核转录因子,在无脊椎动物的先天性免疫中,起着极为重要的作用。 本论文根据其他无脊椎动物中NF-κB家族基因Relish和Dorsal的保守氨基酸序列分别设计简并引物,从中国明对虾血细胞cDNA中先后克隆到了Relish和Dorsal基因的部分片段,并结合SMART-RACE技术分别获得了中国明对虾Relish基因(FcRelish)和Dorsal基因(FcDorsal)的cDNA 全长。 FcRelish的cDNA 全长为2157个碱基,其中开放阅读框为1512个碱基,编码504个氨基酸;FcRelish蛋白的推导分子量为57373.5 Da,理论等电点为7.00。FcDorsal基因的cDNA 全长为1627个碱基,其中开放阅读框为1071个碱基,编码357个氨基酸;FcDorsal蛋白的推导分子量为39780.7 Da,理论等电点为8.85。 分析了FcRelish基因和FcDorsal基因的在血细胞、淋巴器官、肠和肌肉等12个组织中的表达水平。组织表达结果表明FcRelish和FcDorsal在淋巴器官和血细胞中表达水平明显高于其他组织,而淋巴器官和血细胞是对虾免疫系统中最重要的两个组织,由此可以推测中国明对虾中的Relish和Dorsal可能与免疫关系密切。 本论文还利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对灭活鳗弧菌刺激,以及WSSV病毒刺激后,对虾血细胞和淋巴器官中FcRelish基因和FcDorsal基因的转录水平进行了研究。FcRelish基因在WSSV病毒刺激后,在血细胞和淋巴器官中都出现了波浪形变化,说明FcRelish对WSSV病毒刺激产生了应答。在灭活鳗弧菌刺激后,FcRelish在血细胞中变化不明显,而在淋巴器官中出现了两次明显的下调上调交替,出现这种现象的具体原因有待探究。在WSSV病毒刺激后,血细胞和淋巴器官中FcDorsal的转录表达呈波浪形变化。而在鳗弧菌刺激后,FcDorsal在血细胞和淋巴器官中的转录均在短时间内出现明显的上调表达,说明FcDorsal对鳗弧菌非常敏感。 作为核转录因子的NF-κB蛋白的转录激活作用需要在细胞质中通过蛋白水解作用来激活,为了进一步阐明NF-κB对病菌感染的应答机制,需要进一步研究这两种转录因子在蛋白水平的变化,以便从分子水平阐明NF-κB在对虾天然免疫中的作用。

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过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应,探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响,通过室内系统模拟实验,构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系,在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化,获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识: 1、不同营养盐(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-)对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响,且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中,当NO3-<188 μmol/L,NH4+<126 μmol/L,NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后,其固碳能力减弱,DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加,向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中,当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中,各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组,相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中,同一营养盐浓度水平下,NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组,PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中,当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L,49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时,pCO2下降明显,水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析,得到以下统计关系: ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=30,Sig.<0.05) ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01) 2.氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中,当NH4+<126 μmol/L,随着NH4+浓度的增加,Chl-a浓度增加,而高浓度(NH4+>126 μmol/L)的实验组中,Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时,水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势,不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长,这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时,PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显,这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致,其次为NH4+,NO3-高于NO2-,可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显,从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现,⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显(R2=0.75,p<0.0001),这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2(即pCO2)。在孔石莼组中,由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强,因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显,其次为NO3-和NO2-,这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组,这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现,二者相关性明显(R2=0.64,p<0.01),这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来,中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化,可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系,估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下,中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明,近十年来,由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C,东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素;对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析,可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。

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Dilution and copepod addition incubations were conducted in the Yellow Sea (June) and the East China Sea (September) in 2003. Microzooplankton grazing rates were in the range of 0.37-0.83 d(-1) stopin most of the experiments (except at Station A3). Correspondingly, 31-50% of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) stock and 81-179% of the Chl a production was grazed by microzooplankton. At the end of 24 h copepod addition incubations, Chl a concentrations were higher in the copepod-added bottles than in the control bottles. The Chl a growth rate in the bottles showed good linear relationship with added copepod abundance. The presence of copepods could enhance the Chl a growth at a rate (Z) of 0.03-0.25 (on average 0.0691) d(-1) ind(-1) l. This study, therefore parallels many others, which show that microzooplankton are the main grazers of primary production in the sea, whereas copepods appear to have little direct role in controlling phytoplankton.

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The impact of starvation on larvae of Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei was studied in a laboratory experiment. Newly hatched veligers showed considerable tolerance to starvation due to their endogenous yolk material, and time to the point-of-no-return (PNR; the threshold point during starvation after which larvae can longer metamorphose even if food is provided) was calculated to be 104.5 h. However, starvation still affected larval growth, survival, and metamorphosis. Mean shell length of larvae increased 49.77 mum day(-1) for nonstarved, but only 11.13 mum day (-1) for larvae starved for 108 h. After larvae began feeding, their growth rates rapidly recovered to the level of the nonstarved following short periods of starvation (less than 48 h), but were inhibited and unable to ever reach the level of the nonstarved when being starved beyond 48 h. Percent metamorphosis was 53.75% for the nonstarved, but all larvae died before 10 days for those starved for 108 h. Starvation not only affected larval time to reach metamorphosis, but also caused the delay in the time to metamorphosis. For the nonstarved, larvae took only 11.5 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis, but they took 20 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis when starved for 96 h, and this duration of delayed metamorphosis reached 8.5 days. Furthermore, the importance of yolk material for maintaining larval survival of B. formosae habei during starvation periods is also discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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在室内条件下,将大鵟作为艾虎的天敌动物,通过双通道选择实验确定6只成体艾虎在3个捕食风险水平和4种饥饿状态条件下的取食行为,探讨艾虎在取食过程中对饥饿风险与捕食风险的权衡策略.研究结果表明:在无捕食风险存在时,艾虎被剥夺食物0 d和1 d后对食物量不同的两个斑块中的取食量和利用频次均无明显不同(P>0.05),但对高食物量斑块的利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块的(P<0.05),而艾虎被剥夺食物2 d和3 d后对高食物量斑块中的取食量和利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块中的(P<0.05),但在利用频次上均无明显差异(P>0.05).在面临低风险时,艾虎在4种饥饿状态下均只利用无天敌动物存在的低食物量斑块,而基本不利用有天敌动物存在的高食物量斑块.在面临高风险时,艾虎不得不利用有天敌动物存在的食物斑块,被剥夺食物0 d时艾虎对无风险、无食物量斑块的利用时间基本相同于对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间(P>0.05),而被剥夺食物1 d、2 d和3 d后艾虎对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间明显高于无风险、无食物量斑块的(P<0.05).在相同风险条件下,随着饥饿程度增加,艾虎在斑块中的取食量均明显增加(P<0.05),而对斑块的利用时间和利用频次明显降低(P<0.05).在相同的饥饿状态下,不同风险水平时,艾虎在斑块中的取食量无明显的差异(P>0.05),但在低风险和高风险时对斑块的利用时间和频次均明显低于无风险时的(P<0.05).以上结果说明艾虎能够根据食物摄取率和自身的能量需求在捕食风险和饥饿风险之间做出权衡,当饥饿风险小于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于躲避捕食风险,当饥饿风险大于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于面对捕食风险,所采用的取食策略是减少活动时间和能量消耗,最大程度地提高单位时间内获得的能量.

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在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,选择高寒草甸开垦后形成的农田(种植春油菜)作为研究对象,开垦年限分别为0、10、20和30年,利用土壤有机碳密度分组法,对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)及不同组分(轻组有机碳LFOC,重组有机碳HFOC)含量及随开垦年限变化关系进行了研究.结果表明,高寒草甸开垦后土壤有机碳及其组分的变化主要发生在0~10 cm土层,LFOC下降最快,其次为HFOC和SOC,至30年时分别下降了48.63%、43.97%、37.64%.而0~40 cm土体内,SOC、LFOC和HFOC亦呈下降趋势,开垦30年,它们的下降速率分别为785.77、16.79和460.29 kg C•hm-2•yr-1.开垦将大大降低高寒草甸作为碳汇的功能,土壤碳库的总贮量由143 516.94 kg C•hm-2•yr-1下降至114 298.34 kg C•hm-2•yr-1,使其逆转为碳源.

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用0.5mol/LHCl提取黄土、古土壤中的酸溶相成分,并用混合树脂法和硼特效树脂法两方法叠加以硼进行分离和纯化,Cs2BO2^+法测同位素比值。结果表明,虽然混合树脂法和硼特效脂法都是较成熟的方法,但用来处理杂质离子含量相对高而硼含量低的样品深液并不成功。两种方法叠加处理后达到理想的效果,重复处理黄土-古土壤样品的精度(2RSD)在0.4‰~0.4‰之间,,这与标样(mST SRM 951)水平(0.3‰)接近,说明处理方法是可行的。用此方法首次测定了洛川黄土.古土壤沉积物中酸溶相的硼同位煮组成。

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对与辉锑矿共生萤石的稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明,所有萤石均具有Ce负异常,其稀土配分模式存在3种类型:Eu弱亏损型、Eu正常型、Eu富集型。从成矿早期至晚期,萤石的稀土配分从Eu弱亏损型向富集型演化,稀土总量逐渐降低,并由中稀土富集向轻稀土富集演化。成矿流体可能主要属于盆地流体,具有十分低的稀土总量,在成矿作用过程中,成矿流体由早期的还原条件转化为晚期的氮化条件,由中稀土富集向轻稀土富集演化。

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A novel matrix of macropore cellulose membrane was prepared by chemical graft, and immobilized the cationic charged groups as affinity ligands. The prepared membrane Fan be used for the removal of endotoxin from human serum albumin (HSA) solutions. With a cartridge of 20 sheets affinity membrane of 47 mm diameter, the endotoxin level in HSA solution can be reduced ro 0.027 eu/mL. Recovery of HSA was over 95%.