122 resultados para 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing


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Eighteen isolates of the red algae Chondrus crispus were collected from Northern Atlantic sites, together with C. ocellatus, C. yendoi and C. pinnulatus from the North Pacific. The nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was sequenced and compared, spanning both the ITS regions and the 5.8S rRNA gene. Percentage of nucleotide variation for C. crispus ranged from 0.3% to 4.0%. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ) and minimum evolution methods. They showed that two main clades existed within the C. crispus samples examined and that suggested C. crispus had a single Atlantic origin. The clustering however did not follow the geographic origin. We hypothesized that the current distribution of C. crispus populations might be a result of three main factors: temperature boundaries, paleoclimate and paleoceanography. ITS data exhibited abundant molecular information not only for phylogeographical investigation but also for systematics studies.

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An algalytic bacterium provisionally designated as TL1 was isolated from Tai Lake, a large freshwater lake in the Yangtze Delta plain on the border of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and close to Wuxi city in the People's Republic of China. Strain TL1 was identified as Achromobacter sp. based on its biophysical and biochemical properties and the analysis of its 16S rRNA sequence. Microcystis aeruginosa, which is the most common toxic cyanobacterium in eutrophic freshwater, could be decomposed by strain TL1. The results showed that after inoculation with the algalytic bacterium, the content of chlorophyll-a, maximum PSII quantum yield, and maximum electron transport rates of the alga decreased sharply. At first, the algal cells enhanced the activities of some antioxidative enzymes, but subsequently, the activities of antioxidative enzymes fell sharply once damage of the algal cells was achieved. The filtrate from strain TL1 culture suspension, after autoclaving and treatments with proteinase K, strongly inhibited algal growth, indicating that the lytic metabolites were extracellular and thermostable, not a protein.

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本文对256株胶州湾海洋链霉菌进行了抑菌活性的筛选,并选取10株典型菌株进行化学筛选,获得2株有研究价值的菌株。通过大规模发酵,获得纯化的次级代谢产物,进行了结构解析。通过与其他5株活性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列比较,并结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析,探讨了这两株菌的分类地位。   采用液体扩散法,选用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、八叠球菌、隐球菌、白色念珠菌、Mucor miehei (TÜ 284)和Streptomyces viridochromogenes (TÜ57) 8株受试菌进行抑菌活性的筛选,结果22%的菌株显示出对至少一种受试菌具有抑制作用(抑菌圈Æ ³ 8 mm)。根据菌株的形态特征和抑菌活性特点,选择M024、M028、M042、M083、M086、M095、M097、M124、M134和M226 10株链霉菌进行化学筛选。考察了8种培养基和4种培养条件,结果发现菌株M095在Meat extract培养基、pH 6.5、28℃和95 r/min条件下,菌株M097在Meat extract培养基、pH 7.8、 28℃、95 r/min(条件Ⅰ)和M2+培养基、pH 7.8、 35℃、110 r/min(条件Ⅱ)条件下,可供进一步研究。 对菌株M095(24 L规模)和M097(Ⅰ为30 L规模,Ⅱ为14 L规模)进行发酵,采用乙酸乙酯提取和柱层析分离纯化次级代谢产物,通过ESI-MS、EI-MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR等波谱解析,鉴定出次级代谢产物的结构。发现菌株M095产生一抑菌活性很强的化合物全霉素,首次证实该全霉素具有抑制丝状真菌的作用;菌株M097主要产生10个化合物,其中8个具有不同程度的生物活性,另外两个化合物中,Aloesaponaria Ⅱ为首次从微生物野生菌株(wild strain)中获得,化合物Cui D为一新结构的蒽醌类化合物。 经分子鉴定,初步认为本实验分离的7株活性海洋链霉菌分属于4个链霉菌类群,结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析,认为菌株M095可能为灰色链霉菌的变种,M097可能为球孢类群中的一个新种。

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本文以山东近海野生和养殖牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(T.& S.)为研究对象,采用同工酶电泳和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)两种方法,进行了群体遗传学研究;另外,用PCR扩增了牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus(T.& S.)、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus,Basilewsky和大菱鲆Psetta maxima 4种鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16s rRNA基因区的部分片段,采用生物信息、学方法构建了鲽形目分子系统树。主要结果如下:1.首先建立了适于牙鲆同工酶分析的水平淀粉凝胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统;对获得的牙鲆15种同工酶基本酶谱进行了生化遗传分析,进而对自然和养殖群体的生化遗传结构进行了分析,共记录了29个基因座位,发现了9个多态座位。2.野生群体的生化遗传参数多态基因座位比例(31.O%)、等位基因平均数(1.38)和群体平均杂合度(0.0802)都明显高于养殖群体(24.1%,1.28,O.0788);在野生群体中有9个多态基因座位,而养殖群体仅7个多态基因座位;其中,除了Cat和Idhp-1(仅养殖群体)(P < 0.05)有显著差异、Ldh-C(P < O.01)完全偏离Hardy-Weinberg定律外,其余多态座位基因频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。野生和养殖群体的遗传相似性系数(I)为0.9877,它们的遗传距离(D)是0.0124;两群体间的遗传分化系数G_(st)为0.0681,D_m为0.01,表明总变异中的6.8%的遗传变异产生于群体间的基因差异。3.采用11个随机引物对20个野生个体和24个养殖个体进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析,分别扩增出88条和86条DNA带,片段大小在200-2500bp之间,平均每个引物扩增的带数是7.8-8.0。两个群体的多态座位比例分别是43.2%和34.9%,平均杂合度是0.2739和0.2255,而Shannon遗传多样性指数表明两群体的遗传变异中有88.12%的遗传变异来自种群内,只有11.88%的变异来自群体间。遗传分化指数G_(st)的结果也验证了Shannon遗传多样性指数的结果:总群体的遗传变异中约有12%是由两群体间的基因差异产生的。4.本文对牙鲆两个群体的同一批样品分别采用经典的同工酶方法和RAPD方法进行了较系统的比较分析。发现,RAPD所显示的多态性要比同工酶的高得多,因为大部分RAPD的变异是源于非编码区和重复DNA,可以遍布整个基因组,而同工酶仅是功能基因的产物,只表现编码区的变异。因此,自然选择在同工酶编码区的作用要多于RAPD标记。在遗传相似性系数(I)和遗传距离(D)上,RAPD的分析结果与同工酶的分析结果也是有差异的,用同工酶分析两个群体遗传距离只有0.0124,而用RAPD研究可达0.0508。遗传分化指数的差异也很大,同工酶为0.0681,RAPD为0.1237。5.RAPD和同工酶的分析结果是类似的,即自然群体的多态座位比例和平均杂合度要比养殖群体高,降低幅度在同工酶中界于1.7~22.3%之间,在RAPD中则界于15.9~19.2%之间。这充分证明了养殖群体的遗传多样性水平已有明显的丧失,值得我们注意。6.构建了鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的分子系统树。通过分子克隆法将牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆、大菱鲆和石鲽mtDNA 16S rRNA目的基因片段连接到质粒载体上,经MegaBACE测序仪测序,分别获得了590、595、582和590bp序列,通过生物信息学方法对其进行了序列分析和核酸变异比较,结合NCBI上6种鲽形目鱼类的同源序列探讨了这4种鱼类在鲽形目中的遗传分化和分子系统进化,构建了系统树,其中,桂皮斑鲆的16S rRNA基因在系统树中的位置与物种形态资料的系统演化不相符,而其它三种很好地呈现了它们在鲽形目中的系统位置。同时,可以看出mtDNA 16S rRNA基因片段可以构建一个相对准确的树,特别是NJ树和ML树比较接近,更为客观一些。由比对序列获得的物种之间的遗传距离也基本可以反映种、属、科间的不同变异水平。

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近几十年来,国内沿海地区频繁发生食用织纹螺中毒事件,并导致数十人死亡,这一问题得到了政府相关部门的高度重视。但是,由于织纹螺毒性变化很大,毒素来源不清楚,因此很难预测食用织纹螺中毒事件的发生,这在很大程度上限制了对食用织纹螺中毒事件的有效监测和管理。目前,对于中国沿海有毒织纹螺体内河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin, TTX)的来源还未见过系统研究。本文选取中国沿海常见的半褶织纹螺(Nassarius semiplicatus)、纵肋织纹螺(N. variciferus)和拟半褶织纹螺(N. semiplicatoides sp. nov.)作为实验对象,从毒素的微生物来源与食物链来源这两个角度分别展开研究,以探讨织纹螺体内 TTX 的可能来源,为提出相应的预防管理措施提供科学依据。 首先,我们先后从曾发生过中毒事件的江苏盐城和连云港采集了织纹螺样品,通过小鼠生物测试法和液-质联用分析技术(LC-MS),对织纹螺的毒性和毒素组成进行了测试和分析,分离培养了织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的细菌,应用河豚毒素单克隆抗体酶联免疫检测方法(ELISA)对细菌的产毒情况进行了测试,并通过 16S 核糖体(rRNA)部分基因序列测定对细菌种类进行了初步的分析。研究发现,采自江苏盐城和连云港的半褶织纹螺的毒性分别约为 2 MU/g 和 200 MU/g 组织,体内的毒素成分是河豚毒素及其同系物。从盐城的半褶织纹螺及其生活环境分离的菌株中随机挑出 14 个菌株中,9 个菌株河豚毒素检测结果呈现阳性。从连云港高毒性半褶织纹螺消化腺中分离到的 45 个菌株中,阳性菌株有 21 个。但是,有毒菌株毒素含量较低,毒素含量范围是 15-184ng/g。通过 16S rDNA 部分序列的测序结果发现,大部分有毒菌株与弧菌属(Vibrio)的细菌在遗传序列信息上比较相近。其余有毒菌株分别与希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、海单胞菌属(Marinomonas)、黄杆菌属(Tenacibaculum)、动性菌属(Planococcus)、发光杆菌属 (Photobacterium)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)的遗传序列比较相近。其中与海单胞菌属、动性菌属和发光杆菌属亲缘关系较近的产毒细菌是首次报道。这一研究表明织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的存在产河豚毒素的细菌,但由于产毒素的量较低,因此可能在织纹螺体内河豚毒素的产生和累积过程并不发挥主要作用。 织纹螺作为一类腐食性的海洋动物,也有可能通过进食含有河豚毒素的生物而累积河豚毒素。对此,我们开展了高毒性半褶织纹螺的室内培养实验,以及河豚毒素在不同种类织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验,并定期采样,通过液相色谱与串联质谱联用技术(LC-MS/MS)对织纹螺体内河豚毒素及其同系物的含量变化情况进行了分析。室内培养实验发现,从连云港赣榆县采集的高毒性半褶织纹螺,在实验初期,体内毒素含量呈下降的趋势,但从 7月上旬开始,毒素含量突然快速上升,与连云港赣榆县野外采集的织纹螺的毒素含量表现出相似的变化趋势。河豚毒素在不同种织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验发现,通过投喂高毒性的河豚鱼肝脏(毒性为5×103 MU/g),纵肋织纹螺在一段时间内能够快速累积少量的河豚毒素。当停止投喂有毒河豚鱼肝脏后,毒素含量会快速下降。而在曾导致中毒事件的拟半褶织纹螺中,投喂有毒河豚鱼的肝脏后,其体内毒素含量只有缓慢增加。但在投喂无毒的河豚鱼肝脏后,其毒性却出现了快速增加的现象,这与该地区野外样品的毒性变动状况类似。这些发现显示高毒性半褶、拟半褶织纹螺体内的河豚毒素应当不是食物链累积的结果,而可能是由其自身产生。并且,毒素含量的变化具有一定的生物节律,有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关。 通过对半褶、纵肋和拟半褶织纹螺的研究工作可以认为,产河豚毒素的细菌不是织纹螺体内河豚毒素的主要来源,并且毒素也不是来自其摄食的食物,推测可能主要是由织纹螺自身产生。织纹螺所表现出的河豚毒素含量的季节性变化,极有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关,这些发现为预防和管理食用织纹螺中毒事件提供了科学依据。但是,本研究并未完全阐明织纹螺体内河豚毒素的来源,对于织纹螺体内河豚毒素的确切来源以及河豚毒素的代谢和转化机制,还有待于更加深入地研究工作。

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为研究鄂霍次克海天然气水合物区沉积物古菌、甲烷厌氧氧化古菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的多样性分布,我们以PCR技术为基础构建mcrA、dsrAB和古菌16S rRNA 基因文库。对所获得的序列进行系统进化和统计学分析发现:鄂霍次克海古菌类群主要为Marine Benthic Group D (MBG-D)、Marine Benthic Group B (MBG-B)、Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I(MG- I),另外少量古菌16S rRNA基因序列为Anaerobic Methanotrophs 2c(ANME-2c),主要分布在LV39-25H岩心的表层沉积物中。LV39-40H岩心表层的古菌群落结构与其他六个层位古菌群落结构相比有着显著的差异。mcrA基因序列主要为催化甲烷厌氧氧化的古菌ANME-2(c和d簇),在所研究的各个层位的沉积物中均广泛分布。少量的ANME-1(a簇)发现于LV39-40H岩心表层以下的沉积物中。产甲烷古菌数目不多,集中分布在LV39-25H岩心200cm和LV39-40H岩心180cm的沉积物中。dsrAB基因文库分析表明硫酸盐还原细菌种类丰富,表层沉积物中硫酸盐还原细菌多样性最高。在两个岩心所有层位的沉积物中都有一定数量的克隆属于DSS簇,它们可能与ANME共生催化甲烷的厌氧氧化作用。总之,所有数据表明在鄂霍次克海天然气水合物区存在着较活跃的甲烷厌氧氧化作用,揭示了参与甲烷厌氧氧化作用的微生物群落结构和多样性。 为研究东海内陆架闽浙沿岸泥质区不同深度沉积物中古菌群落垂向分布特征,通过古菌16S rRNA 基因文库共得到473个有效克隆50个OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units)。16S rRNA基因序列系统进化和统计分析发现古菌分别归属于泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota),其中以Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group(MCG)为主,仅含少量的MBG-B、South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(SAGMEG)、 ANME-3、MG- I和MBG-D。该泥质区沉积物可能存在由ANME-3催化的甲烷厌氧氧化作用,同源序列分析表明其古菌群落分布与周边环境有较大联系。UniFrac与沉积物环境因子分析表明该泥质区古菌群落垂向分布与沉积物有机质含量和粒度变化密切相关。 通过对比发现,鄂霍次克海天然气水合物区甲烷厌氧氧化古菌主要为ANME-2和少量的ANME-1,而东海内陆架泥质区甲烷厌氧氧化古菌仅为极少量的ANME-3;鄂霍次克海天然气水合物区广古生菌和泉古生菌数量各占一半,主要为MBG-D、MBG-B、MG-I。东海内陆架泥质区沉积物古菌序列主要为泉古生菌(MCG)。海域类型的不同以及有机碳含量等环境因子的差异可能是这两个海域古菌群落结构差异的主要原因.

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利用PCR-DGGE技术对长江口外低氧区海域和黄海冷水团海域的细菌群落组成进行了分析。 长江口外低氧区海域的细菌群落组成分析结果为:对获得的25条DGGE条带进行了克隆、测序,所得到的序列进行了系统进化分析(细菌16S rRNA基因V3区序列),分别归属于4个细菌类群:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)。其中有16条分别与变形细菌亚群的γ和δ-Proteobacteria相似。通过时空分析发现,低氧水体的细菌群落组成与非低氧水体的组成是不同的。低氧水体的优势菌群是拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)中的Flavobacteria。 黄海冷水团海域的细菌群落组成和优势菌群分析结果为:细菌16S rDNA V3区特征片段经DGGE分离、条带切割,共得到24条DGGE条带,克隆、测序后,将所得序列进行系统进化分析,分别归属于2个细菌类群:变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)。在24条序列中有16条分别与变形细菌亚群的γ和δ-Proteobacteria相似,有5条与拟杆菌门相似。通过时空分析发现,10月份(冷水团存在期),冷水团内部水体的细菌群落组成包括γ-Proteobacteria、δ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroides,而冷水团外部的水体的细菌群落组成包括γ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroides。冷水团内部水层的优势菌群为γ-Proteobacteria。4月份虽然冷水团没有形成,但是所调查的海域海水温度都不高,在7℃-12℃范围内,所以4月份所有站位,不管是底层的还是总的的细菌群落组成都与10月份冷水团内部(海水温度低于10℃)水体的相同,与10月份冷水团外部(海水温度大于19℃)的不同。

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为了进一步研究青蟹属系统进化的科学问题,并揭示我国东南沿海青蟹群体遗传结构和群体进化细节信息,本论文主要开展了以下两个方面的研究:(1)基于线粒体12S rRNA16S rRNA和COI三种基因序列探讨中国东南沿海青蟹的种类归属与青蟹属的系统进化;(2)利用线粒体COI基因标记分析中国东南沿海拟穴青蟹的群体遗传结构。序列特征、遗传距离和系统进化分析结果都表明本文研究的青蟹均为S. paramamosain。NJ、BAYES和ML系统进化树显示S. paramamosain与S. tranquebarica互为姐妹种,S. olivecea应该是4种青蟹中最早分化出来的种类。10个地理群体130只拟穴青蟹的线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列Mantel检验结果显示群体间的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有显著的相关性。分子进化中性检验结果表明自然选择在分子进化过程中起了重要作用,并暗示该物种在最近经历了一个快速的群体爆发及扩张事件。

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冷泉是指温度接近于海水,而以高于周围水环境浓度的烃类化合物(主要为甲烷)、硫化物或二氧化碳为主要成分,受地质构造或压力梯度作用渗出沉积物表层的流体。对冷泉沉积物中微生物群落的调查,有助于认识该极端环境中某些生理未知微生物类群的功能并理解微生物活动对整个系统的影响。 本文对从鄂霍次克海冷泉区采集获得的沉积物样品按深度划分得到的11个断层中的6个断层进行了总基因组的提取,利用16S rDNA作为分子标记,构建克隆文库并结合总有机碳、总氮、硫等环境因子对该样品中的细菌和古菌群落结构沿沉积物断层的分布情况进行研究,结果显示该沉积物中的细菌和古菌均具有高度多样性且显示出明显的成层分布: 1.细菌群落主要来自10个细菌门,优势门类为绿弯菌、未定门JS1、γ-、δ-变形菌,同时还发现浮霉菌、未定门OP8、放线菌、酸杆菌、拟杆菌、疣微菌的存在。我们还在分布于表层沉积物δ-变形菌类群中发现了占该层群落15%以上的SRB(硫酸盐还原菌)类群,这强烈提示着该沉积物环境中存在着AOM(甲烷厌氧氧化)过程。 2.古菌类群主要划分为DSAG、MBG-D、MCG、MGI、MBG-A和MHVG等类群。其中MBG-D类群沿断层的垂直分布与沉积物中硫含量表现出相似的变化趋势,这提示MBG-D类群可能参与该环境中硫相关的地质化学过程。

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深海生物圈有着不同于陆地和浅海的典型特点,例如高压、低温、永久黑暗及寡营养,并且深海微生物具有特殊的代谢途径及庞大的生物量,这使得深海成为一个巨大的有待开发利用的生物资源宝库。 本文研究的样品分别取自东太平洋E272站位(12°36’39"N, 104°19’28"W)和西太平洋Ph05-5站位(16°04’93"N, 124º34’48"E)。E272站位距离东太平洋13°N海隆45km,水深3 191m;而Ph05-5站位地处西菲律宾海盆,在黑潮源区附近,位于西太平洋暖池区边缘,水深3 382m,并且Ph05-5岩芯一共包含了五个明显的火山灰层。 本文采用了末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和16S rRNA 基因文库分析的方法在小尺度上对东太平洋E272站位的沉积物样品进行细菌群落结构的研究。研究结果表明沉积物细菌群落结构在小尺度上存在明显的垂直变化。系统进化分析表明,该沉积物样品的细菌多样性较高,共包含9个主要的门类,包括变形菌门、绿弯菌门(绿色非硫细菌)、浮霉菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门(高G+C革兰氏阳性菌)、拟杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、以及两个待定的门类OP8和TM6。其中变形菌门细菌是一类在海洋中非常常见的细菌,广泛分布于各个海洋环境,在我们的文库当中发现了变形菌门的三个纲,包括α-、-、-变形菌纲。本项研究充分表明该沉积物环境中具有较高的细菌多样性,在小尺度上细菌群落垂直分布明显,其结果也可从侧面反映深海沉积物近表层处的环境条件在小尺度上的垂直变化显著。 对西太平洋暖池区沉积物样品的细菌群落的研究也采用16S rRNA 基因文库分析的方法。系统进化分析表明该沉积物样品细菌的多样性相对较低,一共包含了六个不同的门类,包括变形菌门、浮霉菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门(低G+C革兰氏阳性菌)、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门。在这个沉积物样品中也发现了变形菌门的三个纲包括α-、-和-变形菌纲。聚类分析和系统进化分析都表明表层的细菌群落同其它8层的细菌群落存在明显的差异,并且其它8层包括5个火山灰层和3个远洋粘土层的细菌群落结构差异不大,推测火山灰成分不仅对火山灰层的细菌群落产生影响,而且可能通过扩散对整个沉积物的微生物群落结构都产生影响。表层可能由于沉积时间较晚所以受影响相对较小或表层本身不同于较深层次的理化条件而使表层群落存在较大差异。 对东、西太平洋不同环境下的两个深海沉积物样品的细菌多样性进行比较,结合其它研究发现变形菌门细菌在不同深海环境中都普遍存在,是深海不同环境的广适类群。另外,两个环境中的细菌多样性存在很大差异,东太平洋沉积环境中的细菌多样性要远高于西太平洋沉积环境中的细菌多样性,推测其最可能的原因是西太平洋沉积物火山灰成分对细菌群落的影响,致使其细菌群落与东太平洋远洋粘土沉积物细菌群落产生很大差异;另外,不同洋区的环境差异也应该是造成细菌群落差异的一个重要方面。

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Twenty-nine marine bacterial strains were isolated from the sponge Hymeniacidon perleve at Nanji island, and antimicrobial screening showed that eight strains inhibited the growth of terrestrial microorganisms. The strain NJ6-3-1 with wide antimicrobial spectrum was identified as Pseudoalteromonas piscicida based on its 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The major antimicrobial metabolite, isolated through bioassay-guide fractionation of TLC bioautography overlay assay, was identified as norharman (a beta-carboline alkaloid) by EI-MS and NMR.

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Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. Because of their fastidious requirements for growth conditions, only very few axenic MTB cultures have been obtained worldwide. In this study, we report a novel marine magnetotactic spirillum axenic culture, designated as QH-2, isolated from the China Sea. It was able to grow in semi-solid or liquid chemically defined medium. The cells were amphitrichously flagellated and contained one single magnetosome chain with an average number of 16 magnetosomes per cell. Phosphate and lipid granules were also observed in the cells. Both rock magnetism and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterizations indicated that the magnetosomes in QH-2 were single-domain magnetites (Fe3O4). QH-2 cells swam mostly in a straight line at a velocity of 20-50 mu m/s and occasionally changed to a helical motion. Unlike other magnetotactic spirilla. QH-2 cells responded to light illumination. As a consequence of illumination, the cells changed the direction in which they swam from parallel to the magnetic field to antiparallel. This response appears to be similar to the effect of an increase in [O-2]. Analysis of the QH-2 16S rRNA sequence showed that it had greater than 11% sequence divergence from freshwater magnetotactic spirilla. Thus, the marine QH-2 strain seems to be both phylogenetically and magnetotactically distinct from the freshwater Magnetospirillum spp. studied previously. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

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A new ciliate, Trimyema koreanum n. sp., isolated from hypersaline water (salinity of 293 parts per thousand) from a solar saltern in Korea, was investigated using live observation, protargol impregnation, and gene sequencing. Trimyema koreanum is about 30 x 13 mu m in vivo, has usually 23 longitudinal ciliary rows forming two distinct ciliary girdles visible both in vivo and in protargol impregnation. A third indistinct ciliary girdle as well as a girdle of mucocysts is distinguishable only in impregnated cells. We suggest T. koreanum as a new species, differing from the most similar species, T. marinum, by the presence of two distinct ciliary girdles (T. marinum usually has six ciliary girdles clearly visible in living cells and three anterior spirals that encircle the cell completely). Although the number of known 18S rRNA sequences in the genus Trimyema was limited, the Trimyema group including T. koreanum forms a strong clade. The phylogenetic position confirms that the isolate belongs to the genus Trimyema and is different from previously sequenced species. Trimyema koreanum is able to consume both prokaryotes and small eukaryotes (specifically, the alga Dunaliella sp.).

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Duplications and rearrangements of coding genes are major themes in the evolution of mitochondrial genomes, bearing important consequences in the function of mitochondria and the fitness of organisms. Yu et al. (BMC Genomics 2008, 9: 477) reported the complete mt genome sequence of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis (16,475 bp) and found that a DNA segment containing four tRNA genes (trnK(1), trnC, trnQ(1) and trnN), a duplicated (rrnS) and a split rRNA gene (rrnL5') was absent compared with that of two other Crassostrea species. It was suggested that the absence was a novel case of "tandem duplication-random loss" with evolutionary significance. We independently sequenced the complete mt genome of three C. hongkongensis individuals, all of which were 18,622 bp and contained the segment that was missing in Yu et al.'s sequence. Further, we designed primers, verified sequences and demonstrated that the sequence loss in Yu et al.'s study was an artifact caused by placing primers in a duplicated region. The duplication and split of ribosomal RNA genes are unique for Crassostrea oysters and not lost in C. hongkongensis. Our study highlights the need for caution when amplifying and sequencing through duplicated regions of the genome.

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Chromosomal location of the 5S ribosomal RNA gene was studied in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from early embryos, and the FISH probe was made by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of the 5S rRNA gene and labeled by incorporation of digoxigenin-1 1-dUTP during PCR. Hybridization was detected with fluorescein-labeled antidigoxigenin antibodies. Two pairs of FISH signals were observed on metaphase chromosomes. Karyotypic analysis showed that the 5S rRNA gene cluster is interstitially located on short arms of chromosomes 5 and 6. On chromosome 5, the 5S rRNA genes were located immediately next to the centromere, whereas on chromosome 6, they were located approximately half way between the telomere and the centromere. Chromosomes of C. virginica are difficult to identify because of their similarities in size and arm ratio, and the chromosomal location of 5S rRNA genes provides unambiguous identification of chromosomes 5 and 6. Previous studies have mapped the major rRNA gene cluster (18S-5.8S-28S) to chromosome 2. and this study shows that the 5S rRNA gene cluster is not linked to the major rRNA genes and duplicated during evolution.