油松水源保护林人工诱导更新与定向恢复机理

以油松水源保护林为对象,进行人工诱导更新与定向恢复机理研究。结果表明,在郁闭林分内油松更新苗密度平均为5 375株.hm-2,更新苗年龄为1~2年,而在人工Gap“效应岛”样地内,更新苗密度平均为17 062.5株.hm-2,其中1~2年、3~4年、5~6年生更新苗分别占73.44%,13.97%和12.59%;生长季光照强度在0、1.5和2.0 m三个不同高度梯度上,在Gap内部的平均值分别为289.0×100、542.0×100和589.0×100 lux,在对照林分内分别为139.0×100、146.0×100和246.0×100lux;从夏季观测到的空气温度平均值日变化分析,在白天Gap内的温度高于郁闭林分内部,温差可差2~3℃,在夜间Gap内的温度低于郁闭林分内,温差可差0.5~1℃;在白天6:00~11:00,人工Gap“效应岛”内空气湿度明显低于郁闭林分内,在其它时间段大致相当;对于同一层次土壤而言,Gap内的土壤温度明显高于郁闭林分内且变化幅度大,在0、10和20 cm三个梯度上Gap与郁闭林分相比土壤温度最大差值分别可达10、5和2℃;0~10、10~20和20~30 cm三个层次平均土壤含水量在Gap内分别为16.9%1、5.1%和12.3%,在郁闭林分内分别为14.6%、12.5%和9.9%。总体上比较二者的光照强度、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度、土壤水分等有显著差异,因此人工Gap“效应岛”的创建是诱导其内部微环境因子变化的基础,也是油松水源保护林定向恢复更新的机理之所在。

中国城市形状的时空变化

基于国家资源环境数据库动态土地利用数据,计算了1990年和2000年我国31个大城市的形状指数。结果表明,从1934年～1990年的56年间城市形状从紧凑趋于非紧凑、分散;而在1990年～2000年10年间,由于受到城市建设用地控制增强的影响,城市形状趋于紧凑。从1934年～1974年间,在20个可比较的城市中有14个城市形状指数增加、6个城市形状指数减少。从1974年～1990年间,在22个可比较的城市中各有11个城市的形状指数增加和减少。从1990年～2000年间,31个城市中有11个城市的形状指数增加、20个城市形状指数减少。一些城市的形状指数在不同时间段变化十分剧烈。例如,兰州市是在1934年～1974年间形状指数增加最多的城市,而在1974年～1990年阶段则形状指数减少最多的城市。同样,武汉和昆明则是在1974年～1990年阶段形状指数增加量最大的城市,而在1990年～2000年阶段则是形状指数减少量最大的城市。这或许说明在城市规划和城市建设中,有时人们还未真正认识到城市形状的重要性,往往只有当城市形状变化到严重地影响人们的生产、生活和环境时,才发现形状存在的缺陷。

黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）西藏种群栖息地变化研究

黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）目前分布在金沙江和澜沧江之间横断山脉的一个狭小的区域范围内（26o14’N-29o20’N，99o15’E-99o37’E），海拔2 600 m（南部） - 4 200 m（北部）之间；目前大约有15 群，数量估计约1700 个体。是我国特有的灵长类之一，为国家Ⅰ级保护动物，在IUCN（世界自然保护联盟）2007 受威胁物种红皮书中被列为濒危物种并处于小种群、高度片断化状态（ENC 2a）。西藏是黑白仰鼻猴分布的北端，约有300 个体。基于前人的野外调查和报道确认，暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林是其适宜栖息地，人们在低海拔和高海拔砍伐或者火烧暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林的产物－农田和夏季牧场正在逐渐侵蚀着其适宜栖息地。尽管当地藏族村民信奉佛教，禁止猎杀任何野生动物，但是近些年来，黑白仰鼻猴栖息地不断丧失，这与牧场和农田扩张、当地人们薪柴采集等活动有关。黑白仰鼻猴西藏种群主要在原始暗针叶林和和针阔叶混交林里活动。为了评估该物种的栖息地现状和变化情况，我们通过野外调查工作，应用GIS 和RS 技术，分别解译了1986 年、1992 年、1997 年、2001 年和2006 年的Landsat TM/ETM+ 冬季卫星影像，并对解译结果进行了计算和分析，得到了以下西藏种群栖息地的主要结果： 1）现有暗针叶林（包括原始针叶林和针阔混交林）面积是30 500 hm2 ，夏季牧场面积是13 100 hm2 ，农田面积是6 400 hm2 ；2）在过去20 年间（1986-2006 年），暗针叶林面积减少了14.6％（5 200 hm2 ），夏季牧场面积增加了47.2％（4 200 hm2 ），农田面积增加了14.3％（800 hm2 ）；3）在过去20 年间，暗针叶林的斑块数量增加了68.4％，平均斑块面积下降了49.3％（从1986 年的15.1 hm2 下降到2006 年的7.6 hm2 ），最大的斑块指数下降了54.9％；景观丰富度并没有变化，但Shannon 多样性指数和Shannon 均匀度指数分别增加了2.7％。这都表明栖息地丧失和破碎化程度越来越严重。在上述结果的基础上，我们进一步对栖息地变化的主要原因进行了初步分析和探讨。通过暗针叶林面积、夏季牧场面积和农田面积和当地各乡村的家庭户数、人口数量、平均家庭人口数和牲畜存栏数等统计数据的Spearman秩相关分析表明，暗针叶林面积变化分别与当地的人口数量、家庭户数和平均家庭人口数呈显著负相关，与牲畜存栏数呈负相关；而夏季牧场面积和农田面积都分别与人口数量、家庭户数和平均家庭人口数呈显著正相关，与牲畜存栏数呈正相关。这意味着在目前当地传统生产方式基本未发生改变的情况下，因人口数量增加所带来的生产等活动强度的增加是黑白仰鼻猴栖息地丧失与破碎化加剧的主要原因（R2 = 0.972）；当地人类经济活动的增加，如牧场和农田扩张，牲畜存栏数增加以及薪材采集和木质建筑等导致了栖息地丧失、退化和破碎化。但另一方面，当地一妻多夫的婚配制度（仅在西藏部分地区仍有保留）对黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地保护有积极的作用，因为大家庭（家庭人口数）的人均资源消耗，如薪柴需求、房屋数量、牧场和农田等，都比小家庭低。在过去20 年中（1983-2003 年），当地家庭户数的增加比人口数量增加要慢，这对黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地保护起到了一定的积极作用。因此，西藏种群作为单独的遗传亚种群，其保护工作任重而道远。

Fabrication of core-shell Au-Pt nanoparticle film and its potential application as catalysis and SERS substrate

In this paper we report the rational design and fabrication of high-quality core-shell Au-Pt nanoparticle film. Such film shows highly efficient catalytic properties and excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) ability.

White electroluminescence from polyfluorene chemically doped with 1,8-napthalimide moieties

An efficient white light-emitting polymer was developed with blue polyfluorene (PFO) chemically doped with orange fluorescent 1, 8-naphthalimide moieties. The emission spectrum can be easily tuned by varying the content of 1, 8-naphthalimide moieties. A white polymeric light-emitting diode (WPLED) with a structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/the complex of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT)/polymer/Ca/Al showed a current efficiency of 5.3 cd/A and a power efficiency of 2.8 Lm/W at 6 V with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates at (0.25,0.35). Moreover, the WPLED from the copolymer showed a very stable white light emission at different driving voltage and brightness. The CIE coordinates of the WPLED were (0.25, 0.35), (0.26, O.36), and (0.26, 0.36) under driving voltages of 6, 8, and 10 V, corresponding to the brightness of 82, 3555, and 7530 cd/m(2), respectively. This approach for realization of white light emission is promising over the polymer blending system in terms of both efficiency and color stability.

Highly efficient electroluminescence from green-light-emitting electrochemical cells based on Cu-I complexes

The complexes [Cu(dnpb)(DPEphos)](+)(X-) (dnpb and DPEphos are 2,9-di-n-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline and bis[2-(diphenyl-phosphino)phenyl]ether, respectively, and X- is BF4-, ClO4-, or PF6-) can form high quality films with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 71 +/- 7%. Their electroluminescent properties are studied using the device-structure indium tin oxide (ITO)/complex/metal cathiode. The devices emit green light efficiently, with an emission maximum of 523 nm, and work in the mode of light-emitting electrochemical cells. The response time of the devices greatly depends on the driving voltage, the counterions, and the thickness of the complex film. After pre-biasing at 25 V for 40 s, the devices turn on instantly, with a turn-on voltage of ca. 2.9 V. A current efficiency of 56 cd A(-1) and an external quantum efficiency of 16% are realised with Al as the cathode. Using a low-work-function metal as the cathode can significantly enhance the brightness of the device almost without affecting the turn-on voltage and current efficiency. With a Ca cathode, a brightness of 150 cd m(-2) at 6 V and 4100 cd m(-2) at 25 V is demonstrated. The electroluminescent performance of these types of complexes is among the best so far for transition metal complexes with counterions.

Tuning of emission: Synthesis, structure and photophysical properties of imidazole, oxazole and thiazole-based iridium (III) complexes

Three new iridium (III) complexes with two cyclometalated (CN)-N-boolean AND ligands (imidazole, oxazole and thiazole-based, respectively) and one acetylacetone (acac) ancillary ligand have been synthesized and fully characterized. The structure of the thiazole-based complex has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Ir center was located in a distorted octahedral environment by three chelating ligands with the N-N in the trans and C-C in the cis configuration. By changing the hetero-atom of (CN)-N-boolean AND ligands the order S, O and N, a marked and systematic hypsochromic shift of the maximum emission peak of the complexes was realized. The imidazole-based complex emits at a wavelength of 500 nm, which is in the blue to green region. The tuning of emission wavelengths is consistent with the variation of the energy gap estimated front electrochemistry results. An electroluminescent device using the thiazole-based complex as a dopant in the emitting layer has been fabricated. A highly efficient yellow emission with a maximum luminous efficiency of 9.8 cd/A at a current density of 24.2 mA/cm(2) and a maximum brightness of 7985 cd/m(2) at 19.6 V has been achieved.

石英片基表面联吡啶钌配合物的合成与表征

层层自组装技术作为制备均匀、超薄多层薄膜的有效方法已引起人们的极大关注,利用该方法可以将无机、有机组分有序地组合在薄膜中,在固体基底上构建功能性分子的超分子结构,并且可以在分子水平上调控每层膜的结构和厚度,从而实现薄膜的光、电、磁、非线性光学等功能化[1~5].钌的联吡啶配合物在光化学、电化学及电子和能量转移等领域中颇受关注[6~14].本文将6-溴-2,2′∶6′,2″-三联吡啶转化为6-甲酰基-2,2′∶6′,2″-三联吡啶,再将其与表面组装有氨基硅氧烷的石英片基反应,使甲酰基与片基表面的氨基反应生成Schiff碱型化合物,在氨基化片基表面成功地固定6-甲酰基-2,2′∶6′,2″-三联吡啶及相应的钌配合物,并用紫外-可见吸收光谱及光电子能谱(XPS)检测联吡啶及相应钌配合物的组装过程.1实验部分1.1仪器与试剂Shimadu UV-2550紫外-可见光谱仪,200~800nm;ESCALABMKⅡX射线光电子能谱仪;Bruker-300,400MHz核磁共振仪,以TMS为内标.6-溴-2,2′∶6′,2″-三联吡啶(自制);n-BuLi,RuCl3·H2O购于Acros公司;其它试剂均为国产分析纯;甲苯...

A dinuclear aluminum 8-hydroxyquinoline complex with high electron mobility for organic light-emitting diodes

A dinuclear aluminum 8-hydroxyquinoline complex (DAlq(3)) with improved electron mobility was designed for organic light-emitting diodes. The electron mobility in DAlq(3) was determined via transient electroluminescence (EL) from bilayer devices with structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N-'-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N-'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/DAlq(3)/Mg:Ag. It was found that the electron mobility in DAlq(3) is between 3.7-8.4x10(-6) cm(2)/Vs at electric fields ranging between 1.2x10(6) and 4.0x10(6) V/cm, which is a factor of two higher than that in Alq(3). The DAlq(3) also shows a higher EL efficiency of 2.2 cd/A (1.2 Lm/W), as compared to Alq(3) with an EL efficiency of 2.0 cd/A (1.0 Lm/W), which is attributed to more balanced electron and hole recombination due to the improved electron mobility of DAlq(3).

Determination of biogenic amines by capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection

The biogenic amines, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were separated and quantified by capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. Detection potential of the pulsed amperometric detection was optimized as 0.6 V Optimal separation of the biogenic amines was achieved using a separation buffer of 30 mM citrate at pH 3.5, while keeping the buffer in the detection cell as 20 mM NaOH. Using these conditions, the four biogenic amines were baseline separated. Extrapolated limits of detection for putrescine, cadaverime, spermidine and spermine were 400, 200, 100 and 400 nM for the standard mixture (polyamines dissolved in running buffer), respectively. These are lower than ultraviolet detection and comparable or even lower than laser-induced fluorescence detection results as reported in the literature. The number of theoretical plates was maintained at the 105 level, which is absolutely higher than any reported method. When applying capillary electrophoresis-pulsed amperometric detection to milk analysis, only spermidine was found in amounts varying between 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg.

Synthesis of barium fluoride nanoparticles from microemulsion

The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/2-octanol/water microemulsion system was used to synthesize barium fluoride nanoparticles. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the products were single phase. The results of scanning electron microscopy and calculations using the Scherrer equation from the line widths of the XRD have been used to estimate the average particle sizes of the powder products. The results showed that the nanoparticle size was affected by water content and surfactant (CTAB) concentration. As water content decreases from 14.2 to 9.47% (w/w), the particle size decreases from 75 to 40 rim. In addition, increasing the reaction times from 5 to 120 min increases the particle size from 75 to 150 rim, and increasing the amount of surfactant decreases the size of the particle. Luminescence spectra of the BaF2:Ce nanoparticles are also discussed.

Electrochemiluminescence of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/S(2)O(8)(2-)system in purely aqueous solution at carbon paste electrode

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the Ru(bgy)(3)(2-)/S2O82- system in purely aqueous solution at a carbon paste electrode can be clearly seen with the naked eye for Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) concentrations higher than 1 mmol L-1. The log-log plot of the emmitted light intensity vs. Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) concentration is linear over the region 10(-3)-10(-7) mol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The ECL intensity increases linearly with the S2O82- concentration from 10(-6) mol L-1 up to 0.3 mmol L-1 and drops off sharply at concentrations higher than 1 mmol L-1. In addition, a weak ECL signal was obtained when the potential was biased more negative than -0.6 V even in the absence of S2O82-.

Luminescence of Eu2+ in sodium polyaluminates

The sodium polyaluminates were synthesized by a high temperature solid state method and the luminescence of Eu2+ in the sodium polyaluminates was studied. The results show that the structure of the system Na1+xMgxAl11-xO17 from x=0.1 to x=1.0 belongs to Na-beta-alumina and the structure of the system Na1.67-2xBaxMg0.67Al10.33O17 changes at about x equal to 0.30, when x is smaller than 0.30 the system forms the solid solution structure of Na-beta-alumina, when x is larger than 0.30 the system becomes the ordered structure of Ba-beta-alumina, correspondingly the emission peak position and the relative emission intensity of Eu2+ change with the changes of composition and structure of the system. There exist two kinds of the luminescent centers of high and low energies of Eu2+ in the matrix of Na-beta-alumina structure. New phosphor with Ba-beta-alumina structure, Na0.67Ba0.50Mg0.67Al10.33O17:Eu2+, was obtained.