Preparation and mass spectrometric study of egg yolk antibody (IgY) against rabies virus

Rabies virus was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin Y(IgY) was isolated from yolks of the eggs laid by these chickens using a two-step salt precipitation and one-step gel filtration protocol. The purified IgY was reduced with dithiothreitol, and heavy chains (HC) and light chains (LC) were obtained. In addition, the purified IgY was digested with pepsin and the fragment with specific antigen binding properties (Fab) was produced. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), the average molecular weights of IgY, HC, LC, and Fab were determined as 167 250, 65 105, 18 660, and 45,359 Da, respectively. IgY has two structural differences compared with mammalian IgGs. First, the molecular weight of the heavy chain of IgY is larger than that of its mammalian counterpart, while the molecular weight of the light chain of IgY is smaller. Second, upon pepsin digestion, anti-rabies virus IgY is degraded into Feb, in contrast to mammalian IgG, which has been reported to be degraded into F(ab')(2) under the same conditions. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Color filters with negative birefringence for liquid crystal display use

We have developed a special color film with negative birefringence, which can work as a color filter and a viewing angle extension film for liquid crystal displays (LCDs). A high-performance polyimide (PI), which can be dissolved in the usual organic solvent and shows negative birefringence after lamination, was synthesized to fabricate the film. By mixing PI with suitable proportions of green, blue or red pigment in the solvent, then laminating them onto a glass substrate, we obtained color films with good transmission spectra and suitable chromatic coordinates. The results of our experiments show that the color filters still have negative birefringence but a little lower than that of the pure PI film. and can therefore work as compensation films for normal white twist nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCD).

Red color filter in an organo-soluble polyamide matrix for liquid crystal displays

A red color filter was laminated from a solution of red color pigment and an organo-soluble polyamide, based on 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) and 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-methylene dianiline (DMMDA). The red color filter in a polyamide matrix with negative birefringence plays an important role in twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCDs). The red color filter, and also compensation films, extend the viewing angle of LCDs. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

Prediction of molar absorptivities of color reagents during their color reactions with cerium using multiple regression analysis and neural network

A quantitative structure-property study has been made on the relationship between molar absorptivities (epsilon) of asymmetrical phosphone bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid and their color reactions with cerium by multiple regression analysis and neural network. The new topological indices A(x1) - A(x3) suggested in our laboratory and molecular connectivity indices of 43 compounds have been calculated. The results obtained from the two methods are compared. The neural network model is superior to the regression analysis technique and gave a prediction which was sufficiently accurate to estimate the molar absorptivities of color reagents during their color reactions with cerium.

Study on structure-property relationships between color reagents and sensitivity of color reactions with yttrium by topological indices

In this paper, three topological indices, Am-1, Am-2, and Am-3, multivariate analysis in structure-property studies. The topological indices of twenty asymmetrical phosphosphono bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid have been calculated. The structure-property relationships between color reagents and molar absorptivity of color reactions with yttrium have been studied by A(m) indices and structure selective factors. Good results have been obtained by using correlation equation to predict the molar absorptivity of new color reagents.

Studies on structure-property relationship between color reagents and contrast of their color reactions with cerium by topological indices

In this paper, three topological indices A(m1), A(m2) and A(m3) have been applied to multivariate analysis in structure property relationship studies. The topological indices oi fourty-three asymmetrical phosphono bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid have been calculated, The structure-property relationship between color reagents and contrast of color reactions with cerium has been studied by A, indices and structure selective factors, Good results have been obtained.

STUDIES ON STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLOR REAGENTS AND SENSITIVITY OF THEIR COLOR-REACTIONS WITH YTTERBIUM BY TOPOLOGICAL INDEXES

In this paper A, topological indices and molecular connectivity inidces have been applied to multivariate analysis in structure-property studies. The topological indices of twenty asymmetrical phosphone bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid have been calculated. The structure-property relationships between color reagents and molar absorptivity of color reactions with ytterbium have been studied by A(m) indices and molecular connectivity indices. Good results have been obtained.

A NOVEL SHELL COLOR VARIANT OF THE PACIFIC ABALONE HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO SUBJECT TO GENETIC CONTROL AND DIETARY INFLUENCE

Molluscan shells may display a variety of colors, which formation, inheritance, and evolutionary significance are not Well understood. Here we report a new variant of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai that displays a novel orange shell coloration (O-type) that is clearly distinguishable from the Wild green-shelled abalone (G-type). Controlled mating experiments between O- and G-type abalones demonstrated apparent Mendelian segregations (1:1 or 3:1) in shell colors in F-2 families, which support the notion that the O- and G-types are under strict genetic control at a single locus With a recessive o (for orange shell) allele and a dominant G (for green shell) allele. Feeding with different diets caused modifications of shell color within each genotype, ranging from orange to yellow for O-type and green to dark-brown for the G-type, without affecting the distinction between genotypes. A previously described bluish-purple (B-type) shell color was found in one of the putative oo X oG crosses, suggesting that the B-type may be it recessive allele belonging to the same locus. The new O-type variant had no effect on the growth of Pacific abalone on the early seed-stage. This Study demonstrates that shell color in Pacific abalone is subject to genetic control as well as dietary modification, and the latter probably offers selective advantages in camouflage and predator avoidance.

The characterization of color mutations in Bangiaceae (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

The color mutations in Bangiaceae were investigated by treating the blades, conchocelis and conchospores phase of Bangia sp., Porphyra yezoensis, and P. haitanensis sampled in China with mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). A high percentage of mutation in different expression characteristics in all three phases were shown within optimum mutagen concentrations. Among mutagenized blades, mutations occurred on single cells, which is a direct outcome of mutation of haploid cells. The mutation of mutagenized conchocelis resulted in a two-step process: low-level expression in conchocelis phase, and high-level expression in progeny, explaining that mutation took place in diploid cells. The mutations of conchospores were expressed immediately at germination of spores, indicating a change in ploidy. This paper reports the process of meiosis and its effect on frond development, and the relation between color mutations and morphological characteristics expressed by mutations in Bangiaceae.

三种海水经济鱼类早期发育生物学的研究

海水经济鱼类的养殖在我国已经形成第四次海水养殖浪潮，经济效益显著，有力地推动了我国海水养殖的产业结构调整和可持续发展。然而在海水养殖发展过程中也存在着诸多问题，尤其是早期发育阶段的高死亡率，严重制约了我国海水养殖产业的稳定和健康发展。 海水鱼类养殖的关键为高质量，高存活率苗种的生产和培育，由于鱼类种类繁多，生物多样性丰富，对应实际的繁育技术，尤其是新品种的开发，必须要做出相应的调整。这就要求我们必须对每一种鱼类早期发育有所了解，并将形态和组织上的数据用于指导生产。 本文通过显微观察和组织学研究，主要描述和研究了我国北方三种重要的海水经济鱼类(条斑星鲽、杂交鲆、条石鲷)的早期发育生物学，并结合实际生产进一步阐明关键期的产生原因，机理以及采用相应的对策。具体结果如下： 1.条斑星鲽：作为冷温性鲆鲽鱼类，条斑星鲽早期发育过程的特征主要有： ① 条斑星鲽受精卵无油球，卵子呈半浮性；不同步卵裂现象提前，发生在第三次卵裂；卵裂期裂球大小差异大。孵化过程较长，在水温8 ± 0.3℃，盐度33的条件下，经9 d孵化。条斑星鲽胚胎发育的不同时期对温度的敏感性不同，其中原肠期对温度比较敏感。 ②在8-10℃，盐度33的条件下，8-9 dph开口摄食。且开口时，其吻前端出现有一点状黑褐色素，构成了条斑星鲽仔鱼“开口期”的重要标志。卵黄囊于消失。在后期仔鱼末期，背鳍和臀鳍上形成特有的黑褐色条斑带。 ③杯状细胞首先出现在咽腔后部和食道前段，胃腺和幽门盲囊出现于29 dph，变态期始于30dph。在条斑星鲽早期发育过程中，观察到其直肠粘膜层细胞质出现大量嗜伊红颗粒，为仔鱼肠道上皮吸收的蛋白质。 ④首先淋巴化的免疫器官是头肾，然后是胸腺和脾脏，这与大部分硬骨鱼类不同。条斑星鲽除头肾和脾脏外，胸腺实质也形成MMCs。其中以脾脏形成MMCs最为丰富，形态多样。 2. 杂交鲆：为同属的牙鲆和夏鲆间的远缘杂交种，其发育过程的特点为： ① 在温度为15.4～16.0℃，杂交鲆胚胎从受精到孵化所需的时间为76 h左右，胚孔关闭前期，胚胎先出现视囊及克氏囊，而后形成体节。孵出前胚体在卵膜内环绕不到1周。 ② 孵化后消失。杂交鲆群体变态间隔长(34-60 dph)，且变态高峰期出现的冠状幼鳍不明显(与母本牙鲆相比)，数量为7-8根。 ③组织学观察发现，其消化系统中胃腺出现较晚，且胃腺发育过程缓慢(与母本牙鲆相比)。甲状腺滤泡增生不明显，颜色较浅，数量较少。杂交鲆在早期发育过程中，并没有出现鳔原基。 3. 条石鲷作为岩礁性的暖水性鱼类，早期发育过程也较为特殊，包括外形以及内部的器官结构。主要特点有： ① 受精卵：受精卵卵黄上具有龟裂结构，为鱼卵的分类特征之一。 ② 初孵仔鱼：初孵仔鱼背鳍膜上的黑色素，从体背面向背鳍膜边缘移动，到3dph仔鱼基本消失，此为本种仔鱼发育所特有的特点。 ③ 后期仔鱼和稚鱼：肠道肌肉层加厚明显，仔稚鱼胃肠排空率急剧上升，死亡率增加，通过改善常规的投饵方式部分解决了这个死亡高峰的问题。在幼鱼初期，牙齿融合为骨喙，为石鲷科鱼类的特征。 ④胸腺上皮分泌细胞：类似的现象同样在虹鳟鱼中发现，但是虹鳟鱼胸腺上皮分泌细胞不如条石鲷的丰富，同样也不如条石鲷的排列整齐，而是零星分布在胸腺上皮与咽腔接触的表面。除了正常的造血器官—脾脏和头肾外，肝脏、胰腺和鳔等多种组织等也出现MMCs，此现象在硬骨鱼类不多见，一般发生在软骨鱼类。

Effects of different light sources and illumination methods on growth and body color of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei with initial body weight of 2.108 +/- 0.036 g were sampled for specific growth rates (SGR) and body color measurements for 50 days under different light sources (incandescent lamp, IL; cool-white fluorescent lamp, FL; metal halide lamp, MHL; and control without lamp) and different illumination methods (illumination only in day, IOD, and illumination day and night, IDN). Body color of L. vannamei was measured according to the free astaxanthin concentration (FAC) of shrimp. The SGR, food intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and FAC of shrimps showed significant differences among the experimental treatment groups (P < 0.05). Maximum and minimum SGR occurred under IOD by MHL and IDN by FL, respectively (difference 56.34%). The FI of shrimp for the control group did not rank lowest among treatments, confirming that shrimp primarily use scent, not vision, to search for food. FI and FCE of shrimps were both the lowest among treatment groups under IDN by FL and growth was slow, thus FL is not a preferred light source for shrimp culture. Under IOD by MHL, shrimps had the highest FCE and the third highest FI among treatment groups ensuring rapid growth. FAC of shrimp were about 3.31 +/- 0.20 mg/kg. When under IOD by MHL and IDN by FL, FAC was significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). To summarize, when illuminated by MHL, L. vannamei had not only vivid body color due to high astaxanthin concentration but also rapid growth. Therefore, MHL is an appropriate indoor light source for shrimp super-intensive culture. SGR of shrimp was in significantly negative correlation to FAC of shrimp (P < 0.05). Thus, when FAC increased, SGR did not always follow, suggesting that the purpose of astaxanthin accumulation was not for growth promotion but for protection against intense light. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.