Compatibility and specific interactions in poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(p-vinylphenol) blends

The miscibility and specific interactions in poly (beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(p-vinylphenol) (PVPh) blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) , fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometer and high resolution solid state C-13 NMR, A single composition-dependent glass transition temperatures were obtained by DSC which indicate the blends of PHB/PVPh were miscible in the melt state, The experimental glass transition temperatures were fitted quite well with those obtained from Couchman-Karasz equation. The FTIR study shows that the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding exists in blends of PHB with strong proton acceptor and PVPh with strong proton donor and is the origin of its compatibility. The CPMAS C-13 NMR spectra also show that the strong hydrogen bonding exists in PHB/PVPh blends. From the T-1 rho(H) relaxation time it follows that the blends of PHB/PVPh(40/60, 20/80) studied are completely homogeneous on the scale of about 3.2 nm.

Crystal structure of the blend of polyamide 1010 with a bismaleimide by WAXD and SAXS

The blend polyamide 1010/N,N'-(diphenylmethane-4,4'-diyl)bismaleimide (PA1010/ BMI) has been investigated by means of WAXD and SAXS. The results obtained with the help of the Ruland, variance and 1D EDCF analysis showed that the degree of crystallinity (W-c,W-x), crystallite size (L(hikl)), long period (L) and thickness of average crystal lamellae (d) decrease with BMI content. Experimental and calculated density values (rho(c)) are in good agreement. Addition of BMT to PA1010 causes an increase in structural distortion. The results from SAXS analysis also supported that a crystalline amorphous interphase exists in the lamellae of semicrystalline polymers, so that a three-phase model instead of the traditional two-phase model should be used.

Studies on the electrical conductivity of carbon black filled polymers

The conductivity mechanism for a carbon black (CB) filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) compound was investigated in this work. From the experimental results obtained, it can be seen that the relation between electrical current density (J) and applied voltage across the sample (V) coincides with Simmons's equation (i.e., the electrical resistivity of the compound decreases with the applied voltage, especially at the critical voltage). The minimum electrical resistivity occurs near the glass transition temperature (T-g) of HDPE (198 K). It can be concluded that electron tunneling is an important mechanism and a dominant transport process in the HDPE/CB composite. A new model of carbon black dispersion in the matrix was established, and the resistivity was calculated by using percolation and quantum mechanical theories. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYDISPERSE POLYMER MIXTURES

A statistical thermodynamics theory of polydisperse polymer blends based on a lattice model description of a fluid is formulated. Characterization of a binary polydisperse polymer mixture requires a knowledge of the pure polymer system and the interaction energy. It is assumed that the intrinsic and interactive properties of polymer (for example, T*, P*, rho*, and epsilon(ij)*) are independent of molecular size. Thermodynamic properties of ternary and higher order mixtures are completely defined in terms of the pure fluid polymer parameters and the binary interaction energies. Thermodynamic stability criteria for the phase transitions of a binary mixture are shown. The binodal and spinodal of general binary systems and of special binary systems are discussed.

CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF NYLON-1010

WAXD, SAXS, FTIR, DSC and density techniques have been used to investigate the crystal structure, crystal density rho(c), amorphous density rho(a), equilibrium heat of fusion DELTAH(m)degrees and equilibrium melting temperature T(m)degrees. By extrapolating the straight lines in the FTIR absorbance against density plot to zero intensity, rho(c) and rho(a) were estimated to be 1.098 and 1.003 g/cm3 respectively. The rho(c) obtained was too low in value. From X-ray diffraction patterns of uniaxially oriented fibres, the crystal structure of Nylon-1010 was determined. The Nylon-1010 crystallized in the triclinic system, with lattice dimensions: a = 4.9 angstrom, b = 5.4 angstrom, c = 27.8 angstrom, alpha = 49-degrees, beta = 77-degrees, gamma = 63.5-degrees. The unit cell contained one monomeric unit, the space group was P1BAR, and the correct value of rho(c) was 1.135 g/cm3. The degree of crystallinity of the polymer was determined as about 60% (at RT) using Ruland's method. SAXS has been used to investigate the crystalline lamellar thickness, long period, transition zone, the specific inner surface and the electron density difference between the crystalline and amorphous regions for Nylon-1010. The analysis of data was based upon a one-dimensional electron-density correlation function. DELTAH(m)degrees was estimated to be 244.0 J/g by extrapolation of DELTAH(m)degrees in the plot of heat of fusion against specific volume of semicrystalline specimens to the completely crystalline condition (V(sp)c = 1/rho(c)). Owing to the ease of recrystallization of melt-crystallized Nylon-1010 specimens, the well-known Hoffman's T(m)-T(c) method failed in determining T(m)degrees and a Kamide double extrapolation method was adopted. The T(m)degrees value so obtained was 487 K.

Metasomatism of the peridotites from southern Mariana fore-arc: Trace element characteristics of clinopyroxene and amphibole

Modal composition and mineral composition of harzburgites from the southern Mariana fore-arc show that they are highly refractory. There are a few modals of clinopyroxene (0.7 vol %) in harzburgites. Two types of amphibole are found in these harzburgites: magnesiohornblende accompanied by clinopyroxene with higher Al2O3 content (> 7%) and lower Mg-#; tremolite around orthopyroxene with lower Al2O3 content (< 2%) and higher Mg-#. Trace element of clinopyroxene and two types of amphibole are analyzed. Primitive mantle-normalised REE patterns for clinopyroxene and magnesio hornblende are very similar and both show HREE enrichment relative to LREE, while magnesiohornblende has higher content of trace element than clinopyroxene. The contents of trace element of tremolite are much lower than those of magnesiohornblende. Clinopyroxene shows enrichment of most of the trace element except HREE and Ti relative to clinopyroxene in abyssal peridotites. Petrology and trace element characteristic of clinopyroxene and two types of amphibole indicate that southern Mariana fore-arc harzburgites underwent two stages of metasomatism. The percolation of a hydrous melt led to mobility of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, and large amounts of trace element. LILE and LREE can be more active in hydrous melt than HREE and Ti, and the activities of most of the trace element except some of LILE are influenced by temperature and pressure.

埕北断阶带油气运聚动力学研究

The problem of oil and gas migration and accumulation have been investigated for many years in petroleum geology field. However, it is still the most weak link. It is a challenge task to research the question about the dynamics of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The research area of this article,Chengbei step-fault zone is the important exploration area of Dagang oil field.The oil distribution is complicated in this area because of abundant faults and rock-reservoir-cap assemblage.In recent years, oil shows is often discovered, but no large-scale pool is found. The most important problem influencing exolore decision is lake of kowning about accumulation process of oil and resources potential. According to the geology characteristic and exolore difficult, the analysis principles of dynamics is used in this paper. The course from source to reservoir is considered as main research line, and relation of valid source rcok, migration dynamic and heterogeneous distribution of carrier is discussed especially in key time. By use of numerial model the couling of migration and passage is realized and dynamic process of oil migration is analysed quantitatively. On the basis of other research about structure and sendiment, basin model is built and parameters are choiced. The author has reconstructed characteristic and distribution of fluid dynamical in main pool-forming time by numerical model. The systems of oil migration and acuumulaiton are divided according to distribution of fluid potential. Furthermore, the scope of valid sourece rock and scale of discharging hydrocarbon is studied in geology history by the method of producting hydrocarbon poential. In carrier research, it is outstanding to analyse the function that fault controls the oil-gas migration and accumulation. According to the mechanism of fault sealing, the paper author puts forward a new quantitative method evaluating fault opening and sealing properties-fault connective probability by using the oil and gas shows in footwall and hangwall reservoir as the index of identifying fault sealing or non-sealing. In this method, many influencing factors are considered synthetically. Then the faut sealing propery of different position in third deimention of faults controlling hydrocarbon acummulation are quantitative evaluated, and it laies a foundation for building compex carrier systems. Ten models of carrier and dynamical are establishe by analysis of matching relation of all kinds of carriers in main pool-forming period. The forming process and distribution of main pathway has been studied quantitatively by Buoyancy-Percolation mode, which can conbine valid source rock, migration dynamical and carrier. On the basis of oil-gas migration and accumulation model, the author computes the loss of hydrocarbon in secondary migration, ahead of cap formation, and the quantity of valueless accumulation according to the stage of migration and accumulation and the losing mechamism. At the same time, resource potential is evaluated in every migration and accumulation system. It shows that the quanlity of middle systems arrive to 5.67×108t, which has a huge explore potential prospect. Finally, according to the result of quantitve analysis above mentioned, the favorable explore aims are forcasted by the way of overlapping migration pathway and valid trap and considering factors of pool-forming. The drilling of actual wells proved that the study result is credible. It would offer strong support to optimize explore project in Chengbei step-fault zone.

柴达木盆地北缘西段油气运聚动力学研究

Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are the important process to form reservoirs in sedimentary basins, and their researches are usually very difficult to be done in petroleum geology. In this paper, the west segment of northern margin of the Qaidam Basin was selected as study area. The concept of fault open coefficient, that combines multi-factors dealing with fault sealing, was applied to estimate semi-quantitatively the sealing characteristics of six faults which were considered controlling the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The data from boreholes were investigated to appraise the permeable characteristics of lithology combinations upon and beneath the unconformity surface. The result suggests that the basal conglomerates consist frequently the carriers. The data from boreholes and outcrops were collected to describe the sand carrier system. In order to eliminate the influence of inverse activities of the basin that made the formations be very steep, author adopts the phase method to build the basin models: for the steps before Pliocene the recovered true thickness maps were used to build the basin block; for the steps after Pliocene, the structure maps of today were used to build the basin block. During the modeling process, the results were calibrated by various measured data . the modeled results includes the dynamic evolvement course of trap form phase, vitrinite reflectance mature, the source rock expelled hydrocarbon intensity and fluid potential and petroleum plays. Author integrates the source rock expelled hydrocarbon intensity, fluid potential and carrier system and apply the migration technology based on percolation theory to simulate the oil and gas migration and accumulation course in the main accumulation times. The dominant pathways of oil and gas may show clearly the prospect distribution. Based on the hydrocarbon migration characteristics, the main control factors were synthesized, that including the effective source rock distribution, the match relationship of structural trap forming and hydrocarbon expelling from source rocks, the unconformity of Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the structures and the faults movement at Quaternary Finally, the author figures out the prospect plays in the study area.

非自喷层测试及评价解释技术研究与应用

Now low porosity and low permeability reservoir is one of the main targets of exploration for the onshore oilfields of China. Most of the reservoirs are none flowing because of bad formation percolation condition, poor gas oil ratio , low formation pressure coefficient and other factors. In the recent years, a number of domestic oilfields have carried out some research work and achieved some success on oil testing and production technology in such formation. But by now, there is still no systematic and mature technology, particularly testing technology in none flowing formation is still needed further study. Based on study the key problem of well testing and interpretation technology in none flowing formation, solve the important problems in well testing technology, continuously improve and innovate geological information acquisition technology for none flowing reservoir, accurately acquire boundary information and evaluate reservoir flow characteristics. Its wide application remarkable result has shown. The main results and cognitions obtained from research are as follows: 1. This new technology research results help solve the occurrent problems in well testing process for none flowing formations, such as small investigation radius, poor representative of interpretation results from the poor data, low level application of interpretation results. This new technology helps create favorable conditions for early precise reservoir evaluation and reduction of the risk of exploration. 2. The technological difficulties for none flowing well testing are successfully solved by using none flowing formation combined mechanical tool string .This method has been proved by its applications to be able to improve the efficiency of the testing and the quantity of the acquired test data ,and so as to enhance the application of the interpretation results of the test in development of oil fields. 3. The application of the rotary formation tester, selective test valve, well testing string and their allier tools help to resolve problems such as the operation of opening and shutting-in the well under different well conditions, to broaden the scope of well test technology for none flowing formations. 4. Refined Testing Technique for production Wells has greatly shortened the testing dwration and improved the efficiency and accuracy of operation, enriched test results, and at the same time created conditions for conducting multi-well interference well testing.

石油二次运移机理物理模拟研究

Oil and gas migration is very important for theoretical hydrocarbon geology study and exploration practice, but related research is weak. Physical simulation is a main method to study oil migration. Systematic experiments were done to quantitatively describe the migration patterns, path characters and oil saturation by adjusting the possible dynamic factors respectively. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. Darcy velocity and pore throat diameter were calculated according to seepage cross-sectional area and glass beads arrangement. With such normalized Darcy velocity and pore throat diameter, the date from one and two dimensional experiments can be reasonably drawn in two phase diagrams. It is found that the migration pattern can be identified using only one dimensionless number L which is defined as the ration of capillary number and Bond number. 2. Oil saturated in the pores between glass beads was used as calibration and oil saturation in the path was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. The results show that oil saturation in the center of migration path can reach 100%, is higher than oil saturation in the edge of migration path. 3. Percolation backbone during secondary oil migration was identified experimentally using Hele-Shaw cell. The backbone formed mainly because of the spatial variation of the cluster conductivity caused by oil saturation heterogeneity, main resistant force change, and path shrinkage and snap-off. Percolation backbone improves hydrocarbon migration efficiency and is a favorable factor for reservoir forming. 4. In the three dimensional filling models, the thickness of the secondary migration path is mall. It is only 2.5cm even for the piston pattern. Inclination of the model is the main influencing factor of the secondary path width.

三角洲储层孔隙结构模型与剩余油分布研究——以临南油田沙河街组储层为例

The study of pore structure in reservoir was paid attention to in the early reservoir research and now a systematic research methodology is set up. On the limits of tools and conditions, methodologies and technologies on formation condition and distribution laws of pore structure and the relationship between remaining oil distribution and pore structure are uncertain and some knownage about it is also uncertain. As the development of petroleum industry, the characterization of pore structure and the prediction of remaining oil are the hot spot and difficult point in the research of oil development. The author pays a close attention to this subject and has done much research on it. In a case study in Linnan oilfield Huimin sag Jiyang Depression Bohai Bay basin by using a new method, named varied scale comprehensive modeling of pore structure, the author builds pore structure models for delta reservoir, reveals the remaining oil distribution laws in delta facies, and predicts the distribution of remaining oil in Linnan oilfield. By the application of stratigraphy, sedimentology and structure geology. the author reveals the genetic types of sandbody and its distribution laws, builds the reservoir geological models for delta sandstone reservoir in Shahejie group in Linnan oilfield and points out the geological Factors that control the development of pores and throats. Combining petrology and the reservoir sensitive analysis, the author builds the rock matrix models. It is the first time to state that rocks in different sentimental micro facies have different sensitive .response to fluid pressed into the rocks. Normally. the reservoirs in the delta front have weaker sensitivity to fluid than the reservoirs in delta plain, In same subfacies, the microfacies that have fine grain, such as bank and crevasse splay, have stronger reservoir sensitivity than the microfacies that have coarse grains, such as under-water branched channel and debauch bar. By the application of advanced testing, such as imagine analysis, scan electronic microscope, and morphology method, the author classifies the pore structure and set up the distribution models of pore, throat and pore structure. By the application of advanced theory in well-logging geology, the author finds the relationship between microscope pore structure and macroscopic percolation characteristics, and then builds the well-logging interpretation formulae for calculating pore structure parameters. By using the geostatistics methods, the author reveals the spatial correlative characteristics of pore structure. By application of conditional stochastic simulation methods, the author builds the 3D models of pore structure in delta reservoir. It is the base of predicting remaining oil distribution. By a great deal of experiments and theoretical deduction, The author expounds the laws of percolation flow in different pore structures, and the laws by which the pore structure controls the micro distribution of remaining oil, and then, states the micro mechanism of remaining oil distribution. There are two types of remaining oil. They are by-pass flow caused by micro-fingering and truncation caused by non-piston movement. By new method, the author states the different pore structure has different replacement efficiency, reveals the formation condition and distribution laws of remaining oil. predicts the remaining oil distribution in Linnan oil field, and put forward some idea about how to adjust the oil production. The study yielded good results in the production in Linnan oilfield.

地质体科学计算可视化研究及其应用

Describing visually space-time properties of geological phenomena consists of one of the most important parts in geology research. Such visual images are of usually helpful for analyzing geological phenomena and for discovering the regulations behind geological phenomena. This report studies mainly three application problems of scientific visualization in geology: (Dvisualizing geological body A new geometric modeling technique with trimmed surface patches has been eveloped to visualize geological body. Constructional surfaces are represented as trimmed surfaces and a constructional solid is represented by the upper and lower surface composed of trimmed surface patches from constructional surfaces. The technique can completely and definitely represent the structure of geological body. It has been applied in visualization for the coal deposit in Huolinhe, the aquifer thermal energy storage in Tianjin and the structure of meteorite impact in Cangshan et al. (2)visualizing geological space field Efficient visualization methods have been discussed. Marching-Cube algorithm used has been improved and is used to extract iso~surface from 3D data set, iso-line from 2D data set and iso-point from ID data set. The improved method has been used to visualize distribution and evolution of the abnormal pressures in Zhungaer Basin. (3)visualizing porous space a novel way was proposed to define distance from any point to a convex set. Thus a convex set skeleton-based implicit surface modeling technique is developed and used to construct a simplified porous space model. A Buoyancy Percolation numerical simulation platform has been developed to simulate the process of migration of oil in the porous media saturated with water.

石油二次运移的物理与数值模拟实验及其应用

Facing the problems met in studies on predominant hydrocarbon migration pathways, experiments and numerical simulating were done in this thesis work to discuss the migration mechanisms. The aim is to analyze quantitatively the pathway pattern in basin scale and to estimate the hydrocarbon loss on the pathway that offer useful information for confirming the potential hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on our understandings on hydrocarbon migration and the fluid dynamic theory, a series of migration experiments were designed to observe the phenomena where kerosene is used as draining phase driven only by buoyancy force that expulses pore water. These experiments allow to study the formation of migration pathways, the distribution of non-wetting oil along these pathways, and the re-utilizing of previously existing pathways marked by residual traces etc. The types of pattern for migration pathways may be characterized by a phase diagram using two dimensionless numbers: the capillary number and the Bond number. The NMR technique is used to measure the average saturation of residual oil within the pathways. Based our experiment works and percolation concept, a numerical simulation model were proposed and realized. This model is therefore called as BP (Buoyancy Percolation) simulator, since buoyancy is taken as the main driving force in hydrocarbon migration. To make sure that BP model is applicable to simulate the process of oil secondary migration, the experimental phenomena are compared with those simulated with BP model by fractal method, and the result is positive. After then, we use BP simulator to simulate the process of migration of oil in the porous media saturated with water at different scale. And the results seem similar to those cited in literatures. In addition, our software is applied in Paris basin to predict the pathway of hydrocarbon migration happened in the Middle Jurassic reservoirs. It is found that the results obtained with our BP model are generally agree with Hindle (1997) and Bekeles'(1999), but our simulated migration pathway pattern and migration direction seem more reasonable than theirs.

大别（超）包产到户铁岩和阜新火山岩铂族元素斌存规律研究

The platinum-group elements (PGE), including Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd, axe strongly siderophile and chalcophile. On the basis of melting temperature, the PGE may be divided into two groups: the Ir group (IPGE, >2000°C) consisting of Os, Ir and Ru, and the Pd group (PPGE, <20GO°C) consisting of Rh, Pt and Pd. Because of their unique geochemical properties, PGE provide critical information on global-scale differentiation processes, such as core-mantle segregation, late accretionary history, and core-mantle exchange. In addition, they may be used to identify magma source regions and unravel complex petrogenetic processes including partial melting, melt percolation and metasomatism in the mantle, magma mixing and crustal contamination in magma chambers and melt crystallization.Compared with other rocks, (ultra)mafic rocks have lower REE content but higher PGE content, so PGE have advantages in studying the petrogeneses and evolution of them. In this study, we selected (ultra)mafic rocks collected in Dabie Orogen and volcanic rocks from Fuxin Region. Based on the distribution and behaviour of platinum-group elements, combined with other elements, we speculate the magma evolution and source mantle of these (ultra)mafic rocks and volcanic rocks.Many (ultra)mafic rocks are widely distributed in Dabie Region. According to their deformation and metamorphism, we classed them into three types. One is intrusive (ultra)mafic rocks, which are generally undeformed and show no or little sign of metamorphism, such as (ultra)mafic intrusions in Shacun, zhujiapu, Banzhufan, qingshan, Xiaohekou, Jiaoziyan, Renjiawan and Daoshichong. The other one is ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (ultra)mafic rocks, some of them appeared as eelogites, such as complex in Bixiling and adjacent Maowu. Another one is intense deformed and metamorphic, termed as tectonic slice, alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks. The most representative is Raobazhai and Dahuapin. However, there are many controversies about the formation of those (ultra)mafic rocks. Here, we select typical rocks of the three types. The PGE were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ater NiS fire-assay and tellurium co-precipitation.The PGE tracing shows that three components are needed in the source of the cretaceous (uitra)mafic intrusions. They could be old enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle, lower crust and depleted asthenospheric mantle. The pattern of PGE also shows the primitive magma of these intrusions underwent S saturation. According to palladium, we can conclude that the mantle enrich in PGE. Distribution of PGE in Bixiiing and Maowu (ultra)mafic rocks display they are products of magmas fractional crystallization. The (ultra)mafic rocks in Bixiiing and Maowu are controlled by various magmatic processes and the source mantle is depleted in PGE. Of interest is that the mantle produced UHP (ultra)mafic rocks are PGE-depleted, whereas the mantle of cretaceous (ultra)mafic intrusions are enrich in PGE. This couldindicate that the mantle change from PGE-enriched to PGE-depleted during120-OOMa, which in accord with the time of tectonic system change in the East China. At the same time, (ultra)mafic intrusions in cretaceous took information of deep mantle, which means the processes in deep mantle arose structural movement in the crust The character of PGE in alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks declared that the rocks had experienced two types of metasomatic processes - hydrous melt derived from slab and silicate melt. In addition, we analyze the platinum-group elements in volcanic rocks on the northern margin of the North China Craton, Fuxin. The volcanic rocks characterized by negative anomalies of platinum. This indicates that platinum alloys, which may host some Pt resided in the mantle. The PGE patterns also show that Jianguo alkali basalts derived from asthenospheric mantle source, but wulahada high-Mg andesites derived from lithospheric mantle.