Molecular cytogenetic detection of paternal chromosome fragments in allogynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch

In gynogenesis, sperm from related species activates egg and embryonic development, but normally does not contribute genetically to the offspring. In gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, however, gynogenetic offspring often show some phenotypes apparently derived from the heterologous sperm donor. This paternal effect of allogynogenesis is outstanding in an artificial clone F produced by cold treatment of clone E eggs after insemination with blunt-nose black bream (Megaloabrama amblycephala Yin) sperm. Karyotype analysis revealed 5-15 supernumerary microchromosomes in different individuals of clone F in addition to 156 normal chromosomes inherited from the maternal clone E. A painting probe was prepared from the microdissected microchromosomes, and used to investigate the origin of these microchromosomes. Strong positive signals were detected on each microchromosomes of clone F and on 4 pairs of chromosomes in blunt-nose black bream, whereas no signals were detected on the chromosomes of clone E. This result indicates that some paternal chromosome fragments of blunt-nose black bream have been incorporated into the artificial clone F. Therefore, the manipulation of allogynogenesis may provide a unique method to transfer DNA between diverse species for fish breeding.

Enhancement of quality factor for TE whispering-gallery modes in microcylinder resonators

The enhancement of quality factor for TE whispering-gallery modes is analyzed for three-dimensional microcylinder resonators based on the destructive interference between vertical leakage modes. In the microcylinder resonator, the TE whispering-gallery modes can couple with vertical propagation modes, which results in vertical radiation loss and low quality factors. However, the vertical loss can be canceled by choosing appropriate thickness of the upper cladding layer or radius of the microcylinder. A mode quality factor increase by three orders of magnitude is predicted by finite-difference time-domain simulation. Furthermore, the condition of vertical leakage cancellation is analyzed.

Mode coupling and vertical radiation loss for whispering-gallery modes in 3-D microcavities

The characteristics of whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in 3-D cylindrical, square, and triangular microcavities with vertical optical confinement of semiconductors are numerically investigated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. For a microcylinder with a vertical refractive index 3.17/3.4/3.17 and a center layer thickness 0.2 mu m, Q-factors of transverse electric (TE) WGMs around wavelength 1550 nm are smaller than 10(3), as the radius R < 4 mu m and reach the orders of 10(4) and 10(6) as R = 5 and 6 mu m, respectively. However, the Q-factor of transverse magnetic (TM) WGMs at wavelength 1.659 mu m reaches 7.5 x 10(5) as R = 1 mu m. The mode coupling between the WGMs and vertical radiation modes in the cladding layer results in vertical radiation loss for the WGMs. In the microcylinder, the mode wavelength of TM WGM is larger than the cutoff wavelength of the vertical radiation mode with the same mode numbers, so TM WGMs cannot couple with the vertical radiation mode and have high Q-factor. In contrast, TE WGMs can couple with the corresponding vertical radiation mode in the 3-D microcylinder as R < 5 mu m. However, the mode wavelength of the TE WGM approaches (is larger than) the cutoff wavelength of the corresponding radiation modes at R = 5 mu m (6 mu m), so TE WGMs have high Q-factors in such microcylinders too. The results show that a critical lateral size is required for obtaining high, Q-factor TE WGMs in the 3-D microcylinder. For 3-D square and triangular microcavities, we also find that the Q-factor of TM WGM is larger than that of TE WGM.

Whispering-gallery microcavity semiconductor lasers suitable for photonic integrated circuits and optical interconnects

The characteristics of whispering-gallery-like modes in the equilateral triangle and square microresonators are introduced, including directional emission triangle and square microlasers connected to an output waveguide. We propose a photonic interconnect scheme by connecting two directional emission microlasers with an optical waveguide on silicon integrated circuit chip. The measurement indicates that the triangle microlasers can work as a resonance enhanced photodetector for optical interconnect.

Mode coupling between first- and second-order whispering-gallery modes in coupled microdisks

The mode characteristics for two coupled microdisks are investigated by the finite-difference time-domain technique. In the two coupled micodisks, mode coupling between the same order whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) results in coupled WGMs with split mode wavelengths. The numerical results show that the split mode wavelengths of the coupled first- and second-order WGMs can have a crossing point in some cases, which can induce anticrossing mode coupling between them and greatly reduce the mode Q factor of the coupled first-order WGMs. The time variation of mode field pattern shows the transformation between the coupled first- and second-order WGMs. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America

High-Q TM whispering-gallery modes in three-dimensional microcylinders

We present a generation condition for realizing high-Q TM whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in semiconductor microcylinders. For microcylinders with symmetry or weak asymmetry vertical waveguiding, we show that TM WGMs can have a high Q factor, with the magnitude of 10(4) at the radius of the microcylinder of 1 mu m, by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The Q factor of TE WGMs is much less than that of TM WGMs in the semiconductor microcylinders due to a vertical radiation loss caused by mode coupling with the vertical propagating mode. The results open up a possible application of TM WGMs in semiconductor microcylinders for efficient current injection microlasers and single photon sources.

Whispering-gallery-likel modes in square resonators

The mode frequencies and field distributions of whispering-gallery (WG)-like modes of square resonators are obtained analytically, which agree very well with the numerical results calculated by the FDTD technique and Pade approximation method. In the analysis, a perfect electric wall for the transverse magnetic mode or perfect magnetic wall for the transverse electric mode is assumed at the diagonals of the square resonators, which not only provides the transverse mode confinement, but also requires the longitudinal mode number to be an even integer. The WG-like modes of square resonators are nondegenerate modes with high-quality factors, which make them suitable for fabricating single-mode low-threshold semiconductor microcavity lasers.

The whispering gallery mode in photonic crystal ring cavity - art. no. 698438

Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in microcavities possess ultra-high cavity Q factor. Such microcavity are easy to be fabricated, so WGMs have attracted much attention in the area of photonics and integrated photonic circuits. It is well known that the effect of total internal reflection restricts the size of this mirocavity. Such drawback goes against the integration of photon. However, the photonic crystal microcavities (PCMC) make a breakthrough recently. The WGMs in the PCMC are possible to gain both ultra-high Q and ultra-small mode volume. In this paper, the property of the mode in photonic crystal ring cavity is analyzed by FDTD and PWE. By modifying the airholes in the corners of the ring cavity, we can obtain the WGM. Also the Q factor of WGM in photonic crystal ring cavity is calculated. This favors the design of the photonic crystal microcavity components.

Investigation of vertical radiation loss for whispering-gallery modes in 3-D microresonators by FDTD simulation

The vertical radiation loss of three-dimensional (3-D) microresonators is investigated by 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. The simulation shows that the vertical radiation causes an important loss in the microresonators with weak waveguiding, and result in decrease of the quality factors (Q-factors) of whispering-gallery (WG) modes. Through the simulation, we find that TM-like modes have much weaker vertical radiation loss than TE-like modes. High Q-factor TM-like modes are observed in the 3-D microresonators with weak vertical waveguiding, but the Q-factors of TE-like modes decrease greatly.