Formation of reversible shell cross-linked micelles from the biodegradable amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(L-cysteine)-block-poly(L-lactide)

A novel biodegradable diblock copolymer, poly(L-cysteine)-b-Poly(L-lactide) (PLC-b-PLLA), was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of beta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Cysteine (ZLC-NCA) with amino-terminated Poly(L-lactide) (NH2-PLLA) as a macroinitiator in a convenient way. The diblock copolymer and its precursor were characterized by H-1 NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The length of each block polymer could be tailored by molecular design and the ratios of feeding monomers.

Effects of thermal annealing on polymer photovoltaic cells with buffer layers and in situ formation of interfacial layer for enhancing power conversion efficiency

We have investigated the effects of thermal annealing before and after cathode deposition on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend photovoltaic cells with different cathode buffer layers. The introduction of cathode buffer layer such as lithium fluoride (LiF) and calcium oxide (CaO) in pre-annealing cells can increase the open-circuit voltage (V-oc) and the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Post thermal annealing after cathode deposition further enhanced the PCE of the cells with LiF/Al cathode.

Ethanol-induced formation of silver nanoparticle aggregates for highly active SERS substrates and application in DNA detection

A controllable silver nanoparticle aggregate system has been synthesized by adding different amounts of ethanol to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) capped silver nanoparticles (Ag-nps), which could be used as highly efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrates. This ethanol-induced aggregation can be attributed to preferential dissolution of CTAB into ethanol, which leads a partial removal of the protective CTAB layer on Ag-nps. The optical and morphological properties of these aggregates under various volumes of ethanol were explored via UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.

In situ PEI and formic acid directed formation of Pt NPs/MWNTs hybrid material with excellent electrocatalytic activity

A hybrid material based on Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was fabricated with the assistance of PEI and formic acid. The cationic polyelectrolyte PEI not only favored the homogenous dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water, but also provided sites for the adsorption of anionic ions PtCl42- on the MWNTs' sidewalls. Deposition of Pt NPs on the MWNTs' sidewalls was realized by in situ chemical reduction of anionic ions PtCl42- with formic acid. The hybrid material was characterized with TEM, XRD and XPS. Its excellent electrocatalytic activity towards both oxygen reduction in acid media and dopamine redox was also discussed.

Effect of Shear Flow on the Formation of Ring-Shaped ABA Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Micelles

We have investigated the effect of Shear flow on the formation of rill.-shaped ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP(43)-b-PS260-b-P4VP(43)) micelles. The results reveal that Shear flow Plays an important role in the formation of the rings Both ring size and its, distribution are found to be dependent sensitively on the stirring rate. Sizable rings are more likely to be formed at moderate stirring rate, Interestingly, the ring formation mechanism is also dependent oil the Shear flow. Copolymers are likely to form rings via end-to-end cylinder connection at low stirring rates, whereas they tend to form rings via the pathway of the rod-sphere-vesicle-ring it high stirring rates.

Formation of Two Kinds of Hexagonally Arranged Structures in ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Films Induced by a Strongly Selective Solvent Vapor

An order-order transition (OOT) in the sequence of a hexagonally arranged core-shell cylinder to a double-hexagonally arranged dot in polystyrene-block-poly(butadiene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (SBV) triblock copolymer thin films is reported to be induced upon exposure to a solvent vapor that: is strongly selective for the two end blocks. These two kinds of hexagonally arranged structures could form when the film thickness is 44, 3.23, and 223 nm. When the film thickness is decreased to 13 nm, the ordered structure is absent. The sizes of the cylinder structures formed with the same annealing time in films of different thickness are compared to address the effects of film thickness on the phase structure. The mechanism is analyzed from the total surface area of the blocks and the effective interaction parameter in the solvent vapor.

Formation of low surface energy separators with undercut structures via a full-solution process and its application in inkjet printed matrix of polymer light-emitting diodes

In this paper, low surface energy separators With undercut structures were fabricated through a full solution process, These low Surface energy separators are more suitable for application in inkjet printed passive-matrix displays of polymer light-emitting diodes. A patterned PS film was formed on the P4VP/photoresist film by microtransfer printing firstly. Patterned Au-coated Ni film was formed on the uncovered P4VP/photoresist film by electroless deposition. This metal film was used as mask to pattern the photoresist layer and form undercut structures with the patterned photoresist layer. The surface energy of the metal film also decreased dramatically from 84.6 mj/m(2) to 21.1 mJ/m(2) by modification of fluorinated mercaptan self-assemble monolayer on Au surface. The low surface energy separators were used to confine the flow of inkjet printed PFO solution and improve the patterning resolution of inkjet printing successfully. Separated PFO stripes, complement with the pattern of the separators, formed through inkjet printing.

Coordination-Induced Formation of One-Dimensional Nanostructures of Europium Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate and Its Solid-State Thermal Transformation

Novel one-dimensional europium benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate compressed nanorods have been synthesized oil it large scale through direct precipitation in solution phase under moderate conditions without the assistance of any surfactant, catalyst, or template. The obtained nanorods have widths of about 50-100 not, thicknesses of 10-20 nm, and lengths ranging from a few hundred nanometers to several micrometers. X-ray powder diffraction. elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared Studies, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis show that the nanorods have the structural formula of Eu(1,3,5-BTC)center dot 6H(2)O. Upon UV excitation, these nanorods exhibit a highly efficient luminescence. which comes from the Eu3+ ions. Moreover, Eu2O3 nanorods Could also be obtained via a thermal decomposition method using the corresponding complex as a precursor. This synthetic route is promising for the preparation of other one-dimensional crystalline nanomaterials because of its simplicity and the low cost of the starting reagents.

Formation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-containing microstructures induced by electrostatic assembly and their application in solid-state detection of electrochemiluminescence

Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ((Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)) is one of the most extensively studied and used electrochemiluminescent (ECL) compounds owing to its superior properties, which include high sensitivity and stability under moderate conditions in aqueous solution. In this paper we present a simple method for the preparation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-containing microstructures based on electrostatic assembly The formation of such micro-structures occurs in a single process by direct mixing of aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2 and K-3[Fe(CN)(6)] at room temperature. The electrostatic interactions between [Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2 cations and [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) anions cause them to assemble into the resulting microstructures. Both the molar ratio and concentration of reactants were found to have strong influences on the formation of these microstructures. Most importantly, the resulting [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)- containing microstructures exhibit excellent ECL behavior and, therefore, hold great promise for solid-state ECL detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE microchips.

Formation of Fullerooxazoles from C61HPh3-: The Regioselectivity of Heteroatom Additions

The formation of fullerooxazoles from C61HPh3- has been examined in benzonitrile (PhCN), m-methoxybenzonitrile (m-OCH3PhCN), m-tolunitrile (m-CH3PhCN), and o-tolunitrile (o-CH3PhCN), where cis-1 bisadducts wit h Ph-, m-OCH3Ph-, m-CH3Ph-, and o-CH3Ph-substituted cyclic imidate next to the phenylmethano are formed its evidenced by various characterizations. Interestingly, only regioisomers 2a-d with the oxygen atom bonded to C4/C5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to C3/C6 are generated its demonstrated by heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) NMR, while the alternative regioisomers 3a-d, which have the oxygen and nitrogen atoms at C3/C6 and C4/C5, respectively, are not formed from the reactions, even though the DFT (density functional theory) calculations have predicted that the energy differences between the two types of regioisomers are very small, with regioisomers 3a-d actually having lower energies than 2a-d The results are rationalized by the charge distributions Of C61HPh3-, where computational calculations have shown that the negative charges on C4 and C5 are greater than those on C3 and C6, indicating that the exhibited site selectivity of heteroatoms is a result of the charge-directed addition process

Evaluation of Effects of Bivalent Cations on the Formation of Purine-rich Triple-Helix DNA by ESI-FT-MS

The GGA triplet repeats are widely dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes. (GGA)n or (GGT)n oligonucleotides can interact with double-stranded DNA containing (GGA:CCT)n to form triple-stranded DNA. The effects of 8 divalent metal ions (3 alkaline-earth metals and 5 transition metals) on formation of these purine-rich triple-helix DNA were investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-MS). In the absence of metal ions, no triplex but single-strand, duplex, and purine homodimer ions were observed in mass spectra. The triple-helix DNA complexes were observed only in the presence of certain divalent ions. The effects of different divalent cations on the formation of purine-rich triplexes were compared. Transition-metal ions, especially Co2+ and Ni2+, significantly boost the formation of triple-helix DNA, whereas alkaline-earth metal ions have no positive effects on triplex formation. In addition, Ba2+ is notably beneficial to the formation of homodimer instead of triplex.

Study on the formation of beta-crystal during the crystallization process of polypropylene reactor granule

A notable amount of PP beta-crystal (30%, by X-ray diffraction pattern) has been found in the PP samples as polymerized at normal static isothermal crystallization conditions without using any extra nucleating agents. Existence of catalyst residues in the sample is decisive, which slows down the crystallization rate facilitating the formation of beta-form spherulites. Comparatively, high molecular weight PP favors the formation of beta-form spherulites, deducting from no beta-crystal detected in the degraded samples. Finally, high isotacticity is also required for obtaining qualitative beta-form spherulites, demonstrated by increased beta-crystal content after removal of weak crystalline fraction of the sample.

Application of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) in control and formation of gold surface nanostructure through oxidation-reduction cycling

It was studied that the nanostructure formed on a gold surface via a simple oxidation-reduction cycles (ORC) in 0.1 M KCl containing Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) with different concentrations. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy-dispersed spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the nanostructure formed on the gold surface. Sweep-step voltammetry and corresponding electroluminescence (ECL) response, in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurement were used to monitor the ORC. procedure. It was found that the surface structure became more uniform in the presence of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), and the surface roughness was decreasing with the increasing of Ru(bpY)(3)(2+) concentration, suggesting a simple and effective method to control the formation of nanostructure on the gold surface.

Synthesis of CdTe nanocrystals using Te nanorods as the Te source and the formation of microtubes with red fluorescence

Here, we report an alternative route to the preparation of highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) using Te nanorods instead of freshly prepared NaHTe as the Te source via a one-pot route under hydrothermal conditions. Furthermore, microtubes with red fluorescence were generated via simply aging the above CdTe NC suspension under ambient conditions.