114 resultados para Virgilio Marón, Publio, 70-19 a. C..


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In this paper, we introduce a very convenient method to produce water soluble C-60 derivatives- fullerols by the reaction of C-60 with potassium in toluene solution, FT-IR, H-1 NMR and FABMS proved the multi-hydroxyl and C-60 cage structures of the products, The properties of unstability to light, heat, basicity of aqueous solution and the solubility in some common polar solvents were also described.

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The voltammetric behavior of cytochrome c entrapped in hydrogel membranes at paraffin wax-impregnated spectroscopic graphite electrodes (WISGE) was studied in this paper. A pair of well-defined peaks appeared at +70 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). Beside these two peaks, another pair of peaks emerged at around +225 mV. Further investigations suggested that at least three states of cytochrome c existed in the membranes due to the special structure of the hydrogel. The native conformation of cytochrome c molecules was stabilized by the hydrophilic environment that was formed by the hydroxyl structure of the membranes and facilitated the cytochrome c electron transfer reaction at +70 mV. The molecules directly adsorbed on the surface of the graphite electrode were responsible for the redox peaks at around +225 mV. Whether the adsorption peaks were detectable or not was related to the thickness of membranes and the pre-retaining time before the formation of membranes.

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[Cp3Yb] reacts with HOR (Cp = C5H5; R = CH2CH=CH2, CH2CH2Me) in thf (thf = tetrahydrofuran)at room temperature to give complexes [{Cp2Yb(mu-OR)}2], which are dehydrogenated to yield the new complex [{Cp2Yb(mu-OCH=C=CH2)}2] in refluxing thf solution; the X-ray crystal structure shows that the new complex is dimeric with oxygen atoms as bridging groups.

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结晶-非晶高聚物共混体系的相容性和结晶行为的研究已有许多报道。本工作研究了含酞侧基聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混物的相容性和结晶行为。 PEK-C徐州工程塑料厂产品,未作封端处理,η?p/c=0.70;PPS为日本东丽产品。两者用双螺杆挤出机在320~350℃制成共混物。仪器为Perkin-Elmer DSC-7型差示扫描量热仪,升温速率10℃/min;DDV-Ⅱ-EA全自动动态粘弹谱仪和理学D/max-ⅡBX-射线衍射仪。

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In addition to 10 known compounds (7-16), one new brominated diterpene, 10-hydroxykahukuene B (1), two new sesquiterpenes, 9-deoxyelatol (2) and isodactyloxene A (3), one new brominated C-15-acetogenin, laurenmariallene (4), and two new naturally occurring halogenated sesquiterpenes (5 and 6) that were previously obtained as intemediates in a biomimetic synthetic study of rhodolaureol and rhodolauradiol have been isolated and identified from the organic extract of the marine red alga Laurencia mariannensis. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of new compounds 1-4 were evaluated.

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Four new halogenated nonterpenoid C-15-acetogenins, 4:7,6:13-bisepoxy-9,10-diol-1,12-dibromopentadeca-1,2-diene (1, laurendecumallene A), 4:7,6:12-bisepoxy-9,10-diol-1,13-dibromopentadeca-1,2-diene (2, laurendecumallene 13), (3Z)-6:10,7:13-bisepoxy-12-bromo-9-hydroperoxylpentadeca-3-en-1-yne (3, laurendecumenyne A), and (3Z)-6:10,9:13-bisepoxy-12-bromo-7-chloropentadeca-3-en-1-yne (4, laurendecumenyne 13), together with one known halogenated C-15-acetogenin elatenyne (5) were isolated and identified from the organic extract of the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were established by means of spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and ID and 2D NMR techniques. All these metabolites were submitted for the cytotoxic assay against tumor cell line A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/mL).

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Seven parguerane diterpenes: 15-bromo-2,7,19-triacetoxyparguer-9(11)-en-16-ol (1), 15-bromo-2,7,16,19-tetraacetoxyparguer-9(11)-ene (2), 15-bromo-2,19-diacetoxyparguer-9(11)-en-7,16-diol (3), 15-bromo-2,16,19-triacetoxyparguer-9(11)-en-7-ol (4), 15bromo-2,16-diacetoxyparguer-9(11)-en-7-ol (5), 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-en-16-ol (6), 15-bromoparguer-7-en-16-ol (7), two polyether triterpenes: thyrsiferol (8) and thyrsiferyl 23-acetate (9), and one C15-acetogenin, neolaurallene (10), were isolated from a sample of marine red alga Laurencia saitoi collected off the coast of Yantai. Their structures were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data.

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Arthropod defence responses (e.g. prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation and Toll pathway initiation) are mediated by serine proteinase cascades and regulated by serpins in haemolymph. A serpin (Fc-serpin) cDNA was cloned from the haemocytes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR and haemocyte cDNA library screening. The full-length cDNA consists of 1734 bp, encoding 411 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 46.55 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.70. Fc-serpin contains a typical serpin-like homologue (serine proteinase inhibitors domain). The deduced protein contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids and the serpin's signature sequence ((FHCNRPFLFLI389)-F-379). Fc-serpin showed some identity with Pacifastacus leniusculus serpin (42%) and Manduca sexta serpin-6 (34%). The reactive centre loop (RCL) sequences of Fc-serpin, P leniusculus serpin, M. sexta serpin-6 and Bombyx mori serpin-2 are highly similar. An Arg at the PI position of the reactive site indicates that Fc-serpin may have inhibitory activity against prophenoloxidase activating proteinase (PAP) and clotting enzyme. Transcripts of Fc-serpin mRNA were mainly detected in haemocytes and the lymphoid organ by RT-PCR. The variation of the mRNA transcription level in haemocytes followed by artificial infection with bacteria OF white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was quantified by SYBR Green real-time PCR analysis. Expression profiles of Fc-serpin greatly fluctuated after challenge. This work represents the first report Of a serpin in penaeid shrimp. The data provide clues that Fc-serpin might play potential roles in the innate immunity of shrimp. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) were purified simultaneously under alkaline condition (pH 9.0) from pituitary glands of sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicas) by a two-step procedure involving gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rpHPLC). At each step of purification, fractions were monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by immunoblotting with chum salmon GH. PRL and SL antisera. The yields of sea perch GH, PRL and SL were 4.2, 1.0 and 0.28 mg/g wet tissue, respectively. The molecular weights of 19,200 and 20,370 Da were estimated by SDS-PAGE for sea perch GH and PRL, respectively. Two forms of sea perch SL were found: one (28,400 Da) is probably glycosylated, while the other one (23,200 Da) is believed to be deglycosylated. GH bioactivity was examined by an in vivo assay. Intraperitoneal injection of sea perch GH at a dose of 0.01 and 0.1 mug/g body weight at 7-day intervals resulted in a significant increase in body weight and length of juvenile rainbow trout. The complete sea-perch GH amino acid sequence of 187 residues was determined by sequencing fragments cleaved by chemicals and enzymes. Alignment of sea-perch GH with those of other fish GHs revealed that sea-perch GH is most similar to advanced marine fish, such as tuna, gilthead sea bream, yellowfin porgy, red sea bream, bonito and yellow tail with 98.4, 96.2%, 95.7%, 95.2%, 94.1% and 91% sequence identity, respectively. Sea-perch GH has low identity to Atlantic cod (76.5%), hardtail (73.3%), flounder (68.4%), chum salmon (66.3%), carp (54%) and blue shark (38%). Partial amino-acid sequences of 127 of sea-perch PRL and the N-terminal of 16 amino-acid sequence of sea-perch SL have been determined. The data show that sea-perch PRL has a slightly higher sequence identity with tilapia PRL( 73.2%) than with chum salmon PRL(70%) in this 127 amino-acid sequence. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Lectin is regarded as a potential molecule involved in immune recognition and phagocytosis through opsonization in crustacean. Knowledge on lectin at molecular level would help us to understand its regulation mechanism in crustacean immune system. A novel C-type lectin gene (Fclectin) was cloned from hemocytes of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA consists of 1482 bp with an 861 bp open reading frame, encoding 287 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids. It also contains two carbohydrate recognition domains/C-type lectin-like domains (CRD1 and CRD2), which share 78% identity with each other. CRD1 and CRD2 showed 34% and 30% identity with that of mannose-binding lectin from Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum), respectively. Both CRD1 and CRD2 of Fclectin have I I amino acids residues, which are relatively invariant in animals' C-type lectin CRDs. Five residues at Ca2+ binding site I are conserved in Fclectin. The potential Ca2+/carbohydrate-binding (site 2) motif QPD, E, NP (Gln-Pro-Asp, Glu, Asn-Pro) presented in the two CRDs of Fclectin may support its ability to bind galactose-type sugars. It could be deduced that Fclectin is a member of C-type lectin superfamily. Transcripts of Fclectin were found only in hemocytes by Northern blotting and RNA in situ hybridization. The variation of mRNA transcription level in hemocytes during artificial infection with bacteria and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was quantitated by capillary electrophoresis after RT-PCR. An exploration of mRNA expression variation after LPS stimulation was carried out in primarily cultured hemocytes in vitro. Expression profiles of Fclectin gene were greatly modified after bacteria, LPS or WSSV challenge. The above-stated data can provide us clues to understand the probable role of C-type lectin in innate immunity of shrimp and would be helpful to shrimp disease control. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is an important member of the heat shock protein superfamily, and it plays a key role in the process of protecting cells, facilitating the folding of nascent peptides and responding to stress. The cDNA of bay scallop Argopecten irradians HSP70 (designated AIHSP70) was cloned by the techniques of homological cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). The full length of AIHSP70 cDNA was 2651 bp in length, having a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 96 bp, a 3' UTR of 575 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1980 bp encoding a polypeptide of 659 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 71.80 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 5.26. BLAST analysis revealed that the AIHSP70 gene shared high identity with other known HSP70 genes. Three classical HSP signature motifs were detected in AIHSP70 by InterPro, analysis. 3-D structural prediction of AIHSP70 showed that its N terminal ATPase activity domain and,C terminal substrate-binding domain shared high similarity with that in human heat shock protein 70. The results indicated that the AIHSP70 was a member of the heat shock protein 70 family. A semi-quantitive RT-PCR method was used to analyse the expression of AIHSP70 gene after the treatment of naphthalin which is one kind of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and the challenge of bacteria. mRNA expression of AIHSP70 in scallop was up-regulated significantly after the stimulation of naphthalin and increased with increasing naphthalin concentration. A clearly time-dependent expression pattern of AIHSP70 was observed after the scallops were infected by Vibrio anguillarum, and the mRNA expression reached a maximum level at 8 h and lasted to 16 h, and then dropped progressively. The results indicated that AIHSP70 could play an important role in mediating the environmental stress and immune response in scallop. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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热休克蛋白70是热休克蛋白家族中最重要的一类家族成员,它具有“分子伴侣”、细胞保护、抗凋亡以及肿瘤免疫治疗等独特复杂的生物学功能,它的研究已成为生命科学领域研究的热点之一。采用RACE方法从皱纹盘鲍中克隆到一种HSP70基因的全长cDNA列,该序列与其它物种的HSP70基因高度同源。克隆得到的皱纹盘鲍HSP70基因的全长cDNA列为2631bp,开放阅读框为1968bp,另外其5'-和3'-非翻译区长度分别是90和573bp,其中3'-非翻译区具有AATAAA mRNA尾信号及PolyA聚腺苷酸。开放阅读框编码655个氨基酸,包含N端包含的382个氨基酸的ATP酶结合域(约45kDa、由161个氨基酸编码的底物肽结合结构域(18kDa及112个氨基酸编码的C结构域(10kDa。构建了含有皱纹盘鲍HSP70的表达载体,以期得到体外表达的重组热激蛋白70,为制备抗体,通过Western blot杂交或酶联免疫等方法检测HSPs蛋白表达情况作准备。 为了研究皱纹盘鲍HSP70的转录表达,采用半定量RT-PCR法,对HSP70不同组织及热休克、鳗弧菌感染下的转录表达情况分析。试验结果表明,采用热应激及鳗弧菌处理皱纹盘鲍,均能导致皱纹盘鲍肌肉中HSP70 mRNA录水平明显增加,并在处理后96 h恢复至正常水平;与肌肉组织不同的是,鳃组织在温度及鳗弧菌处理后12 h后达到最高值,并一直维持相对较高的表达水平。在温度和鳗弧菌处理下,皱纹盘鲍HSP70上调表达表明HSP70的响应没有胁迫特异性,可能参与了皱纹盘鲍的免疫反应。 以皱纹盘鲍近交和杂交群体为材料,研究了不同群体的生长速率和HSP70的表达量的差异。试验结果表明,在较低的处理温度下,皱纹盘鲍近交群体HSP70的表达量高于杂交群体,随着处理温度的升高,在接近致死温度时,杂交群体的HSP70表达量要高于近交群体;不同群体达到最大HSP70表达量时的温度(Tpeak)也不同,近交群体的Tpeak为26C低于杂交群体(28C;近交群体的最大HSP70表达量高于杂交群体。以上试验结果表明杂交群体的HSP70的表达变化幅度较近交群体的变化幅度小,具有更宽的温度适应性。可能提供了关于杂交能够缓解皱纹盘鲍内在遗传压力的证据。 用荧光定量PCR法分析不同壳色皱纹盘鲍在热激胁迫下不同恢复时间和南方与北方越冬的皱纹盘鲍在不同程度温度胁迫下的HSP70变化。在南方与北方越冬的皱纹盘鲍由于其越冬环境的温度明显不同,表现出明显的热响应差异。具体表现如下几个方面:首先,两个群体在非胁迫的正常条件下,其HSP70的初始表达量明显不同。南方越冬群体在其正常生长温度下(16C的表达量高于北方群体的相应的表达量(12C;其次,随着热激温度的增高,两个群体HSP70的表达量升高的幅度也不同。第三,两个群体HSP70表达量达到最高值后,随着温度的升高,表达量开始下降,但两个群体的表达量下降幅度也有所不同。结果表明在南方的适用后,体内可能聚集了较多的热休克蛋白,可能更有利于渡过北方的高温季节。

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优良的种质是产业发展的重要保证,品种更新和养殖技术的发展已经给世界农业带来了令人瞩目的成就,然而我国水产生物的育种工作刚处于起步阶段,而育种技术的研究则更是滞后。借鉴陆生生物中发展起来的相对成熟的研究方法,可以帮助加快海洋生物遗传育种相关研究的进度。本研究以我国北方海区重要的海洋经济动物-皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,从表型遗传、数量性状遗传等2个方面开展了皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种研究,同时从幼鲍培育密度与分选效应等方面研究了皱纹盘鲍的中间培育技术。 主要结果如下: 1. 皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色遗传、食物对贝壳颜色表现型的影响,贝壳颜色与生长速度间的关系 将贝壳颜色为橘红色(O表型)的突变型皱纹盘鲍与贝壳颜色为绿色(G表型)的野生型皱纹盘鲍进行了连续2代的交配实验。结果表明:皱纹盘鲍橘红色的贝壳颜色相对于绿色的贝壳颜色为隐性性状,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表型受单位点、2个等位基因遗传控制,其中基因型为oo的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为橘红色(O表型),而基因型为GG或Go的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为野生型(G表型)。 为探讨食物类型对不同基因型皱纹盘鲍贝壳颜色表现型的影响,对不同贝壳颜色表型的个体投喂不同种类的食物,结果表明,除遗传因素外,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型显著地受食物类型的调控。其中oo基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻(Navicula sp.)和红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为橘红色;而在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为黄色。GG和Go基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻、红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为褐红色;在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为绿色。该结果表明,相同基因型的皱纹盘鲍在摄食不同类型的食物时,贝壳表现型不同,即不同类型的食物可以导致2种基因型皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型在一定范围内发生转换:oo基因型的个体,贝壳的颜色可以表现为橘红色或者黄色,不会出现野生型皱纹盘鲍的褐红色或绿色;而GG与Go基因型的个体,相应的贝壳颜色表型只能是褐红色或者绿色,不会出现oo基因型可能表现的橘红色或黄色。特定基因型的皱纹盘鲍,在摄食特定类型的食物时贝壳的相应部位可表现出特定的颜色。皱纹盘鲍的这种“食物-贝壳颜色”的相关性可作为一种形态标记,用于标识皱纹盘鲍的个体和群体,该标记技术可用于皱纹盘鲍的养殖技术和遗传学研究。 此外,选用了贝壳颜色遗传学实验中建立的贝壳颜色发生分离的家系为实验材料,以壳长为指标,分析比较了来自相同家系的O表型与G表型个体之间的生长速度。结果表明,在幼鲍发育至412天止的3-5个统计时段内,没有在同一家系来源的2种贝壳颜色表型个体之间检验到生长速度的显著差异。 2. 皱纹盘鲍不同选育群体及杂交群体的贝壳形态参数分析 在皱纹盘鲍的7个群体中(包括已经对生长速度为指标进行了多代人工选育的群体4个、野生群体之间直接杂交繁育的杂交F1群体3个),测量了4-6龄成体样本的壳长(L)、壳宽(W)、壳高(H)和壳重(Sw),并计算了L/(L+W+H)、W/(L+W+H)、H/(L+W+H)和Sw/(L×W×H)等4个壳形态学参数。用方差分析方法(MANOVAANOVA统计并比较了这些壳形态参数在皱纹盘鲍群体间的遗传变异。结果表明,4个壳形态参数在不同群体间变异系数分别为0.34、0.74、2.62和6.54,其中,H/(L+W+H)与Sw/(L×W×H)在各供试群体间均具有较高的多态性且差异达显著水平,表明这2个参数在不同群体间存在较高的遗传变异。由于在活体情况下无法测量壳重(Sw)性状,建议以参数H/(L+W+H)为指标对皱纹盘鲍贝壳形态(如壳型)等进行人工选择。 3. 皱纹盘鲍成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数估计 采用巢式设计,分析了成体阶段不同发育期皱纹盘鲍的壳长与生长速率的遗传力、不同发育期的壳长性状之间的遗传相关、以及不同发育期的生长速率之间的遗传相关,结果表明:(1)壳长遗传力在受精后第70 、130、320、320、380、490与550天的雄性组分估计值分别为0.161 ± 0.075、0.312 ± 0.131、0.326 ± 0.331、0.135 ± 0.228、0.153 ± 0.185和0.180 ± 0.106;雌亲组分估计分别为0.312 ± 0.172、0.699 ± 0.168、0.695 ± 0.168、0.977 ± 0.407、0.427 ± 0.195和0.449 ± 0.027。(2)生长速率遗传力在受精后第320~380天、490 ~ 550天,雄、雌组分估计值分别为0.080 ± 0.120(雄)、 0.210 ± 0.191(雌)以及0.299 ± 0.146(雄)、0.306± 0.148(雌)。雌亲组分的壳长遗传力和生长速率遗传力估计值较大且均达显著水平,表明皱纹盘鲍在成体阶段依然受母性效应的影响。成体阶段生长性状遗传力水平的估计对制定科学的皱纹盘鲍育种方案有指导意义。(3)雄亲组分估计的不同发育期(第390 ~ 550天)壳长间遗传相关为0.597 ~ 1.000,雌亲组分估计为0.589 ~ 1.177。由雄亲、雌亲组分估计,受精后第320~380天与第490 ~ 550天两个发育阶段生长速率间遗传相关均接近于0。雌亲组分估计不同发育期壳长间遗传相关均达显著水平(t0.05, d.f.=13 = 4.33 ~ 11.69,P<0.01),表明壳长性状早期选择有效,即在皱纹盘鲍早期阶段依据壳长性状对个体进行择优或去劣可在后期阶段获得壳长较大的个体。由于使用的雄亲数目少(8个父系半同胞),实验中以雄亲组分估计的遗传参数误差较大。 4. 皱纹盘鲍选育系间的群体杂交 进行了皱纹盘鲍4个人工选育系之间的完全双列杂交实验,以群体交配的方式共建立了16个组合;此外,以大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群为亲本,以群体交配的方式建立了4个交配组合。对不同方向的杂交组合进行了中亲杂种优势、超亲杂种优势以及配合力等方面的评价。 (1)测量了4个选育群体(R、97、S和J)及其各杂交组合在受精后第9、20和30天时的壳长,统计分析了不同选育系间壳长性状的差异、评价了不同方向杂交组合的中亲与超亲杂种优势、以及配合力。结果如下: 选育系群体内交配繁育的4个组合,在受精后第9、20和30天的壳长均有显著差异,其中,97  97组合在早期发育各阶段均为最小,分别为0.462 ± 0.023mm、0.698 ± 0.057mm和1.476 ± 0.234mm;S  S组合的3次测量值均为最大,分别为0.522 ± 0.023mm、0.824 ± 0.084mm和1.798 ± 0.229mm。 两个方向杂交组合与选育系亲本群体内交配组合的平均值和高亲值比较,得到如下结果:(A受精后第9天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有6个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合6个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为9.05%;R  S组合最低,为-6.61%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有4个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有8个,其中S  J组合的高亲优势率最高,为5.77%;R  S组合最低,为-7.96%。(B)受精后第20天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为12.60%;J  R组合最低,为-8.72%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有3个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有11个,其中J  97组合的高亲优势率最高,为12.20%;J  R组合最低,为-12.67%。(C受精后第30天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中97  S组合的中亲优势率最高,为24.08%;S  97组合最低,为-12.69%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有6个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有6个,其中97  S组合的高亲优势率最高,为15.95%;S  J组合最低,为-19.44%。上述结果表明,皱纹盘鲍不同选育系之间的交配组合,杂种优势率差异很大,因此,通过组配实验,将杂种优势率高的交配组合选择出来应用于生产,可望显著提高目标性状的产量。 对早期发育阶段各生长期壳长性状,亲本一般配合力(GCA、各杂交组合间特殊配合力(SCA以及正反交(REC效应值进行方差分析,结果表明:各亲本GCA异显著,说明各选育群体存在显著的遗传差异,其中汕头选群“S”在测量的各个生长期均为正值且显著大于其它各亲本;特殊配合力(SCA以及正反交(REC效应值较大在各杂交组合间存在显著差异,说明在早期生长发育阶段非加性遗传效应(显性和上位效应)占主导地位。综合各个生长期亲本GCA杂交组特殊配合力(SCA以及正反交(REC效应值,杂交组合97×S在早期生长阶段不仅有较高SCA而且两个亲本也具有较大的GCA,表明选育系97和S较适宜作为杂交亲本使用。 (2)大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群进行2×2因子设计的群体杂交实验,比较了各交配组合早期存活相关性状如受精率、孵化率、变态率以及壳长性状,评价了两个方向杂交组合平均以及不同方向杂交组合的中亲杂种优势率。结果表明早期发育阶段各组合间的受精率无显著差异,而孵化率、变态率等两个杂交方向平均的中亲杂种优势率为5.49%与12.53%,高于壳长性状的优势率(0.936-1.534%)。方差分析结果表明不同方向的杂交组合在早期发育阶段存活相关性状以及壳长性状存在显著差异。孵化率、变态率性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率分别为13.21%与21.10%,均高于98×S的-3.84%与3.85%;而第10和25d壳长性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率为1.14%与-2.52%,低于98×S的1.93%与4.41%。 为进一步评价“98”选群与“S”选群不同交配组合在不同温度条件下的生长,进行了基因型与环境的互作研究。从“98”选群与“S”选群的4个交配组合中分别取5月龄幼鲍100头,各组合随机分成3组,每组1个重复,分别于12°C16°C 22°C度条件下进行培育,比较各交配组合基因型与温度对幼鲍生长的影响。不同温度条件下,各组合壳长生长的方差分析结果表明,基因型和温度都能够对幼鲍生长以及最终壳长产生极显著的影响(P < 0. 01),它们的交互作用也达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。杂交子代的幼鲍壳长在12°C16°C 22°C度条件下均表现出杂种优势,双向杂交的中亲杂种优势率分别为5.32%、5.55%和0.03%,表明低温条件(12°C,比高温条件(22°C下有更强的杂种优势。汕头“S”选群的早期孵化率、变态率、生长性状以及低温条件下幼鲍生长性状的单亲杂种优势率分别为16.64%、42.49%、3.42~5.79%和5.73~9.15%,单亲杂种优势率较大,表明可通过杂交手段,显著地改良汕头“S”选群在早期发育阶段的生长速度、存活率以及幼鲍期的生长性状。本研究的结果支持了Lerner(1954)杂种优势的基因与环境互作学说。 5. 皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的中间培育技术研究 (1)对南方越冬方式的评价 目前,每年的11月前后,将6-7月龄幼鲍运往南方的闽东、闽中、闽南沿海越冬,翌年4月至6月再运回到北方(大连、山东半岛)的养殖模式已经普遍应用于皱纹盘鲍的实际生产,为评价南方越冬的幼鲍培育方式,本研究分别以不同幼鲍材料在闽东三都海湾进行了越冬培育实验。 选择生产上壳长分别为18.37 ± 1.28 mm、15.89 ± 1.10 mm、14.55 ± 1.10 mm与10.59 ± 0.84 mm的幼鲍进行了为期6.5个月的越冬培育,实验结束时,存活率分别为95.56 ± 2.21%、90.55 ± 1.96%、83.97 ± 1.63%与63.30 ± 2.79%。回归分析表明,供试幼鲍在实验起始时的壳长与越冬阶段的存活率成正相关(P = 0.018 < 0.05)。该结果表明,提高幼鲍的规格可显著提高皱纹盘鲍的越冬成活率,因此对于实际生产而言,采取适当措施提高皱纹盘鲍越冬苗种的规格将大幅增加生产的收益,而采用生长速率快的品种、品系或提早采苗均可实现该目标。综合各规格组幼鲍,幼鲍在南方开放性水域进行越冬培育的平均存活率较高,可达到91.38±0.01%,从幼鲍南方越冬的存活曲线可以看出,幼鲍的死亡主要集中在从大连运至福建某地后的15天内,出现死亡高峰的原因可能是由于运输过程的胁迫。此外,2月及4月中下旬水温出现显著降低或回升时也有较明显的死亡出现。该部分结果,对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的养成管理有指导意义,可以通过合理安排越冬时间、避开死亡的敏感期等措施减少苗种越冬阶段的死亡量。 以中国大连野生群体繁育的子一代为亲本(10♀,10♂),以群体交配的方式繁育F2代个体为实验材料,分别于南方海区以及北方室内升温水方式下进行生长、存活比较,结果表明南方越冬培育方式下,幼鲍壳长的日增长率为81.37-108.89 &micro;m•day-1,与北方室内升温培育条件相比,壳长生长提高了1.08 ~ 1.68倍;而存活率无显著差异。皱纹盘鲍幼鲍南方越冬方式的优势主要体现在鲍鱼幼鲍的生长速度加快,同时节约养殖场的能耗 (2)幼鲍培育过程中的养殖密度与分选效应评价 以3种规格皱纹盘鲍幼鲍为材料比较幼鲍在4个培育密度以及分选或混养条件下壳长的平均日生长及特定生长率。在南方越冬培育方式下实验进行106天,多因素方差分析结果表明实验初始幼鲍的壳长以及培育密度对壳长的生长有显著影响,而且密度效应在不同幼鲍起始规格组中有不同表现;分选没有能够提高不同规格组的生长。本研究的结果对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的越冬培育有一定的指导作用。

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热休克蛋白70是热休克蛋白家族中重要的成员,参与新生蛋白的折叠、转运、重折叠变性蛋白、协助降解变性蛋白和抗逆环境胁迫等功能。海带和裙带菜是浅海潮下带典型的褐藻,孔石莼和浒苔是潮间带典型的绿藻,四种大型海藻均有重要的经济价值和生态价值。随着潮汐变化固着藻类生境理化因素变化剧烈,藻类面临着严重的环境胁迫,因此研究藻类抗逆机理有着重要的意义。 本研究采用同源克隆法配合RACE-PCR克隆了海带、孔石莼、裙带菜和浒苔HSP70基因的全序列(分别命名为LJHSP70、UPHSP70、QDHSP70和EPHSP70)。利用生物信息学方法分析了四种藻类HSP70结构特征、同源性关系和进化地位。获得的海带HSP70基因全序列长为2918 bp,5’非翻译区为248 bp,3’非翻译区为696 bp,开放阅读框为1974 bp,编码657个氨基酸,预测的分子量为72.03 kDa等电点为4.97。获得的裙带菜HSP70基因全序列长为3243 bp,5’非翻译区为248 bp,3’非翻译区为1021 bp,开放阅读框为1974 bp,编码657个氨基酸,预测的分子量为72.03 kDa等电点为4.96。获得的孔石莼HSP70基因全序列长为2283 bp,5’非翻译区为65 bp,3’非翻译区为247 bp,开放阅读框为1971 bp,编码656个氨基酸,预测的分子量为71.13 kDa等电点为5.04。获得的浒苔HSP70基因全序列长为2265 bp,5’非翻译区为65 bp,3’非翻译区为217 bp,开放阅读框为1983 bp,编码660个氨基酸,预测的分子量为71.39 kDa等电点为5.03。四种海藻HSP70氨基酸序列均含有四肽重复序列GGMP,具有三个典型的HSP70签名基序。细胞质定位的HSP70 C-端特征基序为EEID或EEVD,并且N-端氨基酸序列保守性高于C-。海带和裙带菜HSP70蛋白同源性为98%,孔石莼和浒苔HSP70蛋白同源性为96%,四种海藻HSP70蛋白序列与陆地植物和其他藻类HSP70蛋白序列同源性为70-80%。 利用荧光定量RT-PCR术对不同胁迫条件处理的海带和孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达水平进行定量分析。不同热激温度(5-40 ℃)处理组中,30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA达量最高是10 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA达量的3倍,而35 ℃或40 ℃处理组的海带HSP70表达量却低于25 ℃或30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA达量。25 ℃不同热激时间(0-12 h)处理组中,海带HSP70 mRNA达量呈先上升后下降趋势。热激1 h后海带HSP70 mRNA达量迅速上升,热激7 h后mRNA达量达到最大,是对照组表达量的4倍。不同盐度(0‰-45‰)胁迫处理组中,0‰或5‰盐度处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA达量是30‰盐度处理组海带HSP70 mRNA达量的3倍。35‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组之间HSP70 mRNA达量较低且无显著差异。 不同热激温度(5-40℃)处理组中,20 ℃或25 ℃处理的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量较低,而5 ℃、35 ℃、或40 ℃处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量是25 ℃处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量的2倍以上。30 ℃不同热激时间(0-12 h)处理组中,孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量也呈先上升后下降趋势。热激5 h后孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量达到最大,是对照组的3.5倍。不同盐度(0‰-45‰)胁迫处理组中,0‰或5‰盐度处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量是30‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70表达量的3倍。30‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量较低,且无显著差异。不同紫外线照射时间(0-4.0 h)和不同干燥时间(0-4.0 h)处理组中,孔石莼HSP70 mRNA达量都在3 h后达到最高值,之后表达量维持在较高水平。 为进一步研究藻类HSP70的生物学功能,将海带HSP70基因的开放阅读框区域克隆到表达载体pEASY-E2中,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS。将阳性重组子培养于含有AMP(100 U/mL)的LB培养基,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定。经5 h诱导,其表达量达到平台期,继续培养HSP70表达量并不显著增高。5 mM IPTG诱导海带HSP70蛋白表达量高于1 mM IPTG诱导蛋白表达量。

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海洋是一个巨大的天然产物宝库,约占地球表面积70%的海洋蕴藏着80%的生物资源。由于海洋生态环境的特殊性,导致海洋生物能够产生大量结构独特多变和活性特殊多样的代谢产物。我国海域辽阔,海洋资源丰富,为寻找结构新颖、生理活性独特的先导化合物,加强对海洋资源的开发利用,本论文对中国沿海的三种海洋红藻和两株放线菌次生代谢产物以及生物活性进行研究,为新药研究与开发提供模式结构和药物前体。 对红藻似瘤凹顶藻Laurencia similis乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,从中得到单体化合物35个,通过波谱学方法(IR、MS、NMR等)鉴定了他们的结构。分别为:2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 6-sixibromo-3, 3-bi-1H-indole (1),3,5-dibromo- 1-methyl-indole (2),3',5',6,6'-tetrabromo-2,4-dimmethyldiphenyl ether (3),1,2,5- tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (4),2,5,8-tribromo-3-bromo- amino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (5),2,5,6-tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromo- methylnaphthalene (6), 2,5,6,5',6'-pentabromo-3,4,3',4'-tetramethoxybenzophenone (7), (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*,3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl] -3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (8),4-hydroxy-Palisadin C (9),Isopalisol (10),Luzonensol (11),Palisadin B (12),Aplysistatin (13),Palisadin A (14),5-Acetoxypalisadin B (15),Aristolan-1(10)- en-9-ol (16),Aristol-8-en-1-one (17),Aristolan-9-en-1-one (18),Aristolan-1(10)-en- 9-one (19),Aristofone (20),Aristolan-1(10)-8-diene (21),Aristolan-1,9-diene (22),10-Hydroxyaristolan-9-one (23),7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylene-hexadecan-1,2-diol (24),3β-Hydroxyergosta- 5,24(28)-dien-7-one (25),Isofucosterol (26),β-sitosterol (27),豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (28),Cholesta-5-en-3β-ol (29),Stigmasterol (30),2,3,5,6-四溴-吲哚 (31),2,3,6-tribromo-1H-indole (32),3,5,6-tribromo-1-methylindole (33),3,5,6-tribromo -1H-indole (34),2,3,5-tribromo-1-methylindole (35),其中化合物1-9为新化合物,化合物10-15、20和化合物24-30均为首次从该种海藻中得到。对新化合物1-9进行PTP1B酶抑制剂活性筛选,新化合物1、3、7显示强的PTP1B酶抑制活性。 对红藻齐藤凹顶藻Laurencia saitoi乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,从中得到单体化合物11个,通过波谱学方法(IR、MS、NMR等)鉴定了他们的结构,分别为:2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone (1),2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone B (2),4-hydroxyl-Palisudin C (3),2-bromo-γ-ionone (4),Aplysistatin (5),5-Acetoxypalisadin B (6),Palisadin B (7),Palisadin A (8),Pacifigorgiol (9),豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (10),2, 3, 5, 6-四溴-吲哚 (11),其中化合物1-4为新化合物,所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。通过MTT法对分离得到的新化合物1-4进行肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选,结果显示4个新化合物对所测肿瘤细胞株均无明显的活性。 对红藻瘤状软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus papillous乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,从中得到单体化合物5个,通过波谱学方法(MS、NMR等)鉴定了他们的结构,分别为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (1),邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯 (2),胆甾醇 (3),3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-ol (4),4-羟基苯甲醛 (5),所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。 对海洋放线菌M159乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,从中得到单体化合物13个,通过波谱学方法(MS、NMR等)鉴定了他们的结构,分别为:5-(4',6'-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (A),phenethyl alcohol (1),4-羟基苯甲醛(2),anthranilic acid (3),4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy- phenyl-propionic acid (4),5-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (5),p-Hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (6),3-Indoleacrylic acid (7),Indol-3-carboxylic acid (8),Adenine cordyceposide (9),腺嘌呤核苷(10),尿嘧啶核苷(11),Thymidine (12),其中化合物A新化合物。所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。 对海洋放线菌L211乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,从中得到单体化合物15个,通过波谱学方法(MS、NMR等)鉴定了7个结构,分别为:spatozoate (1),anthranilic acid (2),3-Indolylethanol (3),1-Acetyl-β-carbolin (4),p-Hydroxyphen- ylethyl alcohol (5),Indole-3-acetic acid (6),Indol-3-carboxylic acid (7),所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。