准噶尔盆地低阻油藏实验研究及储层评价方法

Low resistivity reservoir is a special reservoir which is different from normal reservoir in identification and evaluation.Through core experiment and analysis, the achievement of which resistivity is resulted from clay additive electric conductivities and high bound water saturation in Junggar basin is gained. For accurately evaluating low resistivity, a good many of experiment have been completed, such as resistivity index and formation factor in hi^jher temperature and higher pressure, semi-permeability board, cation exchange, bound water, NMR (nucleus magnetism response), non-Nad water in different temperature and salinity, the experiments result show that lower resistivity has complex relation with these electric-parameters and chloric ion content in non-NaCl water.Based on comprehensive interpretation of NMR and normal resistivity data, the volume of moved water, bound water, moved oil and residual oil in the strata can be determined quantitatively and which have significant influence on reservoir recognition and perforation optimized.Experiment data (SEM mold, thin section, X ray diffraction, mercury penetration) can be used to analysis low resistivity forming and the relation between low resistivity and pore texture, to set up relation between porosity, permeability and petrophysical property. The reservoir was sorted, evaluated and described. The oil bedding in southern margin of Junggar basin is low porosity, low resistivity reservoir.Based on invasion theory of electric well-logging, modelling and inversion of resistivity well-logging are accomplished. For enhancing low resistivity resulted from higher bound water saturation and cation exchange, invasion period, invasion radius, the relation between fluid distribution in pore and response of laterolog logging have been studied. Virgin zone resistivity, invasion zone resistivity and invasion radius were inversed and which enhanced evaluation accuracy of reservoir. The method was used to process well-logging data in Luliang oilfield and southern margin in Junggar basin, and reservoir resistivity was enhanced effectively, appropriate oil saturation gained and it has better effect on oil exploration.

花岗岩风化土微观结构及其工程地质特性研究

Saprolite is the residual soil resulted from completely weathered or highly weathered granite and with corestones of parent rock. It is widely distributed in Hong Kong. Slope instability usually happens in this layer of residual soil and thus it is very important to study the engineering geological properties of Saprolite. Due to the relic granitic texture, the deformation and strength characteristics of Saprolite are very different from normal residual soils. In order to investigate the effects of the special microstructure on soil deformation and strength, a series of physical, chemical and mechanical tests were conducted on Saprolite at Kowloon, Hong Kong. The tests include chemical analysis, particle size analysis, mineral composition analysis, mercury injection, consolidation test, direct shear test, triaxial shear test, optical analysis, SEM & TEM analysis, and triaxial shear tests under real-time CT monitoring.Based on the testing results, intensity and degree of weathering were classified, factors affecting and controlling the deformation and strength of Saprolite were identified, and the interaction between those factors were analyzed.The major parameters describing soil microstructure were introduced mainly based on optical thin section analysis results. These parameters are of importance and physical meaning to describe particle shape, particle size distribution (PSD), and for numerical modeling of soil microstructure. A few parameters to depict particle geometry were proposed or improved. These parameters can be used to regenerate the particle shape and its distribution. Fractal dimension of particle shape was proposed to describe irregularity of particle shapes and capacity of space filling quantitatively. And the effect of fractal dimension of particle shape on soil strength was analyzed. At the same time, structural coefficient - a combined parameter which can quantify the overall microstructure of rock or soil was introduced to study Saprolite and the results are very positive. The study emphasized on the fractal characteristics of PSD and pore structure by applying fractal theory and method. With the results from thin section analysis and mercury injection, it was shown that at least two fractal dimensions Dfl(DB) and Df2 (Dw), exist for both PSD and pore structure. The reasons and physical meanings behind multi-fractal dimensions were analyzed. The fractal dimensions were used to calculate the formation depth and weathering rate of granite at Kowloon. As practical applications, correlations and mathematical models for fractal dimensions and engineering properties of soil were established. The correlation between fractal dimensions and mechanical properties of soil shows that the internal friction angle is mainly governed by Dfl 9 corresponding to coarse grain components, while the cohesion depends on Df2 , corresponding to fine grain components. The correlations between the fractal dimension, friction angle and cohesion are positive linear.Fractal models of PSD and pore size distribution were derived theoretically. Fragmentation mechanism of grains was also analyzed from the viewpoint of fractal. A simple function was derived to define the theoretical relationship between the water characteristic curve (WCC) and fractal dimension, based on a number of classical WCC models. This relationship provides a new analytical tool and research method for hydraulic properties in porous media and solute transportation. It also endues fractal dimensions with new physical meanings and facilitates applications of fractal dimensions in water retention characteristics, ground water movement, and environmental engineering.Based on the conclusions from the fractal characteristics of Saprolite, size effect on strength was expressed by fractal dimension. This function is in complete agreement with classical Weibull model and a simple function was derived to represent the relationship between them.In this thesis, the phenomenon of multi-fractal dimensions was theoretically analyzed and verified with WCC and saprolite PSD results, it was then concluded that multi-fractal can describe the characteristics of one object more accurately, compared to single fractal dimension. The multi-fractal of saprolite reflects its structural heterogeneity and changeable stress environment during the evolution history.

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳次生石英表面结构、裂变径迹测年及其指示意义

我国西南地区分布有广阔的亚热带潮湿区岩溶，以贵州为中心，总面积达50万km2，是世界上连片分布面积最大的岩溶区。贵州高原地处青藏高原东南缘,云贵高原的东翼，是中国大陆“西高东低”地貌格局中重要的过渡区段，对其新生代地质、地貌演化进行研究无疑具有重要的意义，不仅是对贵州薄弱的新生代地质、地貌研究的补充，而且可以直接通过夷平面展开与青藏高原的对比，探讨青藏高原隆升对贵州高原的直接影响。风化壳作为夷平面的组成部分，在过去没有引起足够的重视，但随着成功实例的不断出现，人们逐渐开始认识到风化壳是夷平面识别和重建的重要依据，也是夷平面环境信息的重要载体。贵州作为碳酸盐岩集中分布区，碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面广泛存在，尤其在黔中、黔北等地区各级夷平面上均发育有红色风化壳，利用碳酸盐岩红色风化壳能为夷平面的识别和形成时代的确立提供可靠的证据，特别是风化壳形成年龄的确定对夷平面时标的建立更具有积极意义。有关贵州地区红色风化壳形成时代的确定，多年来已有一些学者对此展开了研究，但贵州红色风化壳形成时代的确定存在着很大争论。虽然存在其它原因的可能性，但造成这种争论的根本原因在于贵州红色风化壳形成时代是依据其它资料(如夷平面、气候事件等)推断出来的，而不是根据直接测年数据界定的。因此，风化壳直接测年才是解决问题的关键。 本文在前人工作研究的基础之上，利用扫描电镜手段对贵州碳酸盐岩地区上覆风化壳土层中的石英颗粒进行观察、统计、分析，为风化壳成土的物质来源寻找新的证据；同时，经地球化学分析、测试等手段，判断风化壳土层中的晶体石英颗粒为风化壳形成初期的新生矿物——次生石英颗粒，并利用裂变径迹测年法对这种次生石英颗粒进行测年，最终探讨贵州碳酸盐岩地区上覆风化壳土层的形成年代。主要取得了以下几点认识： 一、石英颗粒蚀刻条件的优选 由于石英颗粒裂变径迹的长度和数量与晶格、铀含量、年龄等因素有关，所以不同地区的石英颗粒样品的裂变径迹蚀刻条件也存在差别；目前国际上有关石英颗粒的裂变径迹测年应用的实例较少，还没有统一的有关石英颗粒蚀刻条件的国际标准；现有的石英颗粒蚀刻条件有多种，但是缺乏对这些方法的优缺点进行对比评价。因此，我们要进行反复的条件实验，对比不同石英蚀刻剂的蚀刻效率，找寻适合石英颗粒的最佳蚀刻剂。实验结果表明，40%的HF溶液为最佳蚀刻剂，最佳蚀刻时间：温度在4℃左右（冬季）时为40min；温度在29℃左右（夏季）时为30min。 二、石英的外形、表面机械作用特征及其指示意义 我们利用扫描电镜对石英颗粒外形特征进行观察、统计、分析，结果表明本次研究的石英颗粒形态类型主要有两种：棱状-次棱状石英颗粒以及圆状、次圆状石英颗粒，其中棱状-次棱状石英颗粒包含了一部分晶体形态较为完整的石英颗粒。 根据石英颗粒表面机械作用特征分析结果，结合剖面区域地质特征，可初步判断剖面中的石英颗粒有三种物质来源：碳酸盐岩中的原生碎屑石英，有长时间长距离搬运特征；燧石团块石英，有短距离搬运或原位沉积特征；晶形较完整的次生石英，无搬运特征。三种石英均具有原位特征，前两种类型的石英是直接对基岩的继承，第三种类型的石英是风化壳剖面的次生矿物。 三、石英颗粒表面的化学作用特征及其风化强度指示意义 我们通过对石英颗粒表面化学作用形态的观察，发现大兴剖面、新蒲剖面和官坝剖面的石英颗粒表面化学溶解作用和化学沉淀作用都非常强烈，这表明三个剖面均处于湿、热环境中，均处于强烈的化学风化阶段。而且大兴剖面中石英颗粒表面的化学作用最强烈，气候较其他两个剖面更湿热，剖面的风化强度也最大，即各剖面的风化强度由强到弱排序为：大兴、新蒲、官坝。这一结果与矿物组成分析、化学风化强度、硅铝、铝铁硅风化系数比以及相对风化强度等的地球化学分析指标相一致，这也再次证明了我们采用石英颗粒表面形态特征分析手段的可行性和可靠性。 四、石英颗粒的裂变径迹年龄 三种类型石英颗粒的裂变径迹测年数据表明：a、同一样点石英颗粒裂变径年龄呈现一定的规律：F.T.AGE圆状、次圆状＞F.T.AGE不规则状（棱状、次棱状）＞F.T.AGE标准晶形（次生石英）。b、不同剖面的不规则状石英颗粒形成于同一个时期；不同剖面的圆状、次圆状石英颗粒形成于同一个时期。这两种石英颗粒不适于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的测年研究。c、不同剖面的标准晶形石英颗粒形成于不同时期，形成于碳酸盐岩酸不溶物原地堆积过程中，即与风化壳剖面同期形成，可用于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的测年研究。这一测量结果与我们对石英颗粒表面形态特征的观察、统计、分析结果相一致。 五、风化壳物源的新证据 贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中的石英颗粒表面形态的分析结果表明，贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的物质来源于碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物原地风化残积的产物，与其下伏基岩有着明显的继承性。这一分析结果与王世杰等人的碳酸盐岩酸不溶物的提取实验、地球化学、矿物学、粒度特征及区域地质背景等多方面的分析结果相一致，为贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的物质来源及成因提供新的、更细致的证据。 六、贵州晚新生代地质-环境研究历史轮廓初建 由于目前对贵州及周边地区的风化-气候研究相对缺乏，数据资料较稀少，还没有形成完整的系统，我们本次研究也是建立在对风化壳中次生英颗粒年代学研究的基础上，研究还不是很透彻，因此只能对地质-环境研究历史轮廓进行初建。本文根据本次研究剖面土层中晶体次生石英颗粒的裂变径迹年龄分布情况，结合前人已有资料，对贵州25Ma以来的地质-环境演化历史的轮廓进行初建。从次生石英裂变径迹年龄值来看，中新世以来贵州主要经历了如下构造-风化期：25-19Ma、16-13Ma、10-6.5Ma、5-2Ma、1.7-1Ma。

花岗岩-LiF-NaF-H_2O体系液相不混溶的实验研究

Liquid segregation phenomena have been found and explained in the F(Li)-rich granites in south China by Wang Linakui et al. (1979; 1983). A number of experimental investigations into the liquid immiscibilities in the granites systems have been carried out (Anfilogov et al., 1983; Glyuk et al., 1971; Glyuk et al., 1973a; 1973b; kovalenko, 1978; Wang Liangkui et al., 1987). Nevertheless, the detailed scenarios of the liquid immiscibilities in the granitic magmas are much less understood. This experimental study is amide to get access to this problem. Starting materials are biotite granite +LiF(3-10%)+NaF(3-10%)+H_2O(30%). The experimental results have shown that the liquid immiscibilities of melts of different compositions occur at 1 kbar and 840 ℃ when 5wt% (LiF + NaF) are added to the granite samples. three kinds of glasses indicating of three types of coexisting immiscible melts have been observed: light blue matrix glass, melanocratic glass balls and leucocratic glass balls. It is interesting that we have observed various kinds of textures as follows: spherulitic texture, droplets, flow bands, swirls. All these textures can be comparable to those in the natural granitic bodies. Electron microprobe data suggest that these different kinds of glasses are of different chemical compositions respectively; matrix glasses are F-poor silicate melts; melanocratic balls correspond to F-rich silicate melts; and leucocratic balls are the melts consisting mainly of fluorides. Raman spectrometric data have indicated that different glasses have different melt structures. TFM Diagrams at 1000 * 10~5 Pa have been plotted, in which two miscible gaps are found. One of the two gaps corresponds to the immiscibility between F - poor silicate melt and F-rich silicate melt, another to that between the silicate melt and fluoride melt. The experiments at different pressures have suggested that the decreases in pressures are favorable to the liquid immiscibility. Several reversal experiments have indicated that the equilibria in different runs have been achieved. We have applied the experimental results to explain the field evidence of immiscibilities in some of granites associated with W-Sn-Nb-Ta mineralization. These field phenomena include flow structure, globular structures,mineralized globular patche and glass inclusions in topaz. We believe that the liquid immiscibility (liquid segregation) is a possible way of generation of F(Li)-rich granites. During the evolution of the granitic magmas, the contents of Li, F, H_2O and ore-forming elements in the magmas become higher and higher. The granites formed in the extensional tectonic settings commonly bear higher abundences of the above-mentioned elements. the pressures of the granitic magmas are relatively lower during the processes of their emplacements and cooling. The late-staged magmas will produce liquid immiscibilities, leading to the production of several coexisting immiscible melts with different chemical compositions. The flow of immiscible consisting magmas will produce F(Li)-rich granites. It is also considered that liquid immiscibilities are of great significance in the production of rare metal granites. The ore-forming processes and magmatic crystallization and metasomatic processes can be occur at the same time. The mineralisations of rare metals are related to both magmatic and hydrothermal processes.

Low temperature synthesis of perovskite oxide using the adsorption properties of cellulose

La-0.8Sr(0).2CoO(3) (LSCO) oxide powder was prepared using the adsorption properties of cellulose. The preparation process was studied by XRD, FTIR, TG-DTA and CO2-TPD techniques. The results of XRD, IR and TG-DTA testified that cellulose could successfully reserve the homogeneity of the solution system to the solid precursor. During the early stage of pyrolysis, cellulose was partially oxidized, and some COO- groups appeared in its texture, which were then complexed with the adsorbed metal ions, and effectively suppressed the aggregation of metal ions. Formation of a pure perovskite and the properties of the powder resulted were found to be significantly influenced by the cellulose to metal nitrate ratio. Also the properties of the resulting powder were greatly influenced by the calcination conditions. If the produced carbon dioxide could not be eluted in time, carbonate would be formed in the bulk. Hence, a high calcination temperature (> 800 degreesC) was needed to acquire a pure phase LSCO. At optimized conditions, nano-crystal LSCO could be obtained at as low as 500 degreesC.

长时记忆中图形不同特征的加工与提取

Information can be represented both conceptually and imaginarily in long-term memory. However, it seems that only conceptual representation appears, neglecting imaginary information, in most of the long-term memory (LTM) models. In the matter of fact, picture can be stored in LTM directly and conceptually. There is no evidence for what specific type of information, conceptual or imaginary, for the color, shape, or texture to be represented. However, it is evident that the shape and color can be represented separately in LMT. Further research is needed on whether features are represented separately or not, such as color and texture, texture and shape etc. Rehearsal plays important role in picture memory besides the types of storage and representation. Memory of picture is indeed enhanced by rehearsal. There are two types of rehearsal. One is for creating image, another is articulatory loop. Which one will be taken during picture memory process depends on the characteristics of stimuli, subjects' encoding preferences and/or task requirements. Nevertheless, the relation between two types of rehearsal is not very clear yet up to now. Different features could be activated at different time course or possibilities since they can be represented separately. Six experiments were conducted dealing with the characteristics of representation, rehearsal and retrieval of picture in LTM. From these experiments, further understanding of picture information processing was expected. It would add more evidence to the LTM models, and make practical sense to the computer visual identification. The first two experiments were based on the paradigm from Hanna et al.(1996) to investigate separable representation of texture and shape, texture and color. The results indicated that texture could be represented separately with color and shape respectively. It suggested that different features might be processed in different way during remembering. Another interest finding is that recognition performance for shape, color and texture are quite different. What for shape is highest, for color is lowest, and for texture is between of them. Three features of picture can be represented separately. How about the roles of rehearsal when they enter the LTM from short-term memory(STM)? The second three experiments assigned three different types of rehearsal, i. e. visual, verbal, and subject-run(might be both of visual and verbal). The findings are that performances of picture memory were affected significantly by different types of rehearsal. Both visual and verbal rehearsal played important role during remembering process. It seems that verbal rehearsal, which might enhance the relative strength of memory trace, was much more effective than visual one. In addition, subjects tended to choose those difficult-to-name, features to rehearse, to improve the memory performance. Only two features were changed in each of the first two experiments. They might interact (facilitate or disturb) each other when they were retrieved. So it was difficult to identify the retrieval difference between them. In the last experiment, easy-to-name pictures were studied, and only one feature could be recognized. The results indicated that the retrieval performances of three features(shape, color, and texture) were quite different. They were different on the relative strength of memory trace, with the shape was strongest, color was lightest, and texture was in between. No difference was found on the absolute strength of them.

Sol-gel derived oxides and mixed oxides catalysts with narrow mesoporous distribution

A novel sol-gel process for preparing oxides and mixed oxides sols from precipitation and peptization process is reported in this article. Inorganic salts are used as raw materials in this study. It is found that the amount of acid has great influence on the stability and particle diameter distribution of the precursor sols. Ultrasonic treatment is used to prepare alumina sol at room temperature. The result of Al-27 NMR shows that there exist Al-13(7+) species in the sol. By controlling the sol particles with narrow particle diameter distribution, alumina, titania and silica-alumina (SA) materials with narrow mesoporous distribution are formed by regular packing of sol particles during gelation without using any templates. The results also show that the structure and particle diameter distribution of precursor sol determine the final materials' texture.

Uniformly carbon-covered alumina and its surface characteristics

Uniformly carbon-covered alumina (CCA) was prepared via the carbonization of sucrose highly dispersed on the alumina surface. The CCA samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, DTA-TG, UV Raman, nitrogen adsorption experiments at 77 K, and rhodamine B (RB) adsorption in aqueous media. UV Raman spectra indicated that the carbon species formed were probably conjugated olefinic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can be considered molecular subunits of a graphitic plane. The N(2) adsorption isotherms, pore size distributions, and XPS results indicated that carbon was uniformly dispersed on the alumina surface in the as-prepared CCA. The carbon coverage and number of carbon layers in CCA could be controlled by the tuning of the sucrose content in the precursor and impregnation times. RB adsorption isotherms suggested that the monolayer adsorption capacity of RB on alumina increased drastically for the sample with uniformly dispersed carbon. The as-prepared CCA possessed the texture of alumina and the surface properties of carbon or both carbon and alumina depending on the carbon coverage.